The selective suppression or elimination of the function of individual proteins, enabled by the mechanisms of RNA Interference, is a new promising approach in the treatment of various diseases. The minor in vitro transfection rates besides the poor in vivo stability wellknown for "naked" double stranded siRNA oligonucleotides raise the question of how to accomplish in vitro or even in vivo transfection. Due to their advantageous properties in drug delivery and drug targeting, nanoparticulate carrier systems lend themselves to an application in siRNA transfection. Thus, the aim of this study was to show that nanoparticles made of gelatin can be used as a potential drug delivery system for double stranded siRNA oligonucleotides.
{"title":"A New Delivery System for Double Stranded siRNA Oligonucleotides Based on Gelatin Nanoparticles","authors":"J. Zillies, C. Coester","doi":"10.1109/ICMENS.2004.13","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ICMENS.2004.13","url":null,"abstract":"The selective suppression or elimination of the function of individual proteins, enabled by the mechanisms of RNA Interference, is a new promising approach in the treatment of various diseases. The minor in vitro transfection rates besides the poor in vivo stability wellknown for \"naked\" double stranded siRNA oligonucleotides raise the question of how to accomplish in vitro or even in vivo transfection. Due to their advantageous properties in drug delivery and drug targeting, nanoparticulate carrier systems lend themselves to an application in siRNA transfection. Thus, the aim of this study was to show that nanoparticles made of gelatin can be used as a potential drug delivery system for double stranded siRNA oligonucleotides.","PeriodicalId":344661,"journal":{"name":"2004 International Conference on MEMS, NANO and Smart Systems (ICMENS'04)","volume":"9 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2004-08-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133395214","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The uncertainties introduced during some stages of the micro-fabrication process can introduce a variation in the thermal response and calculated sensitivity of micromachined gas sensors. In this paper a parametric study is conducted to investigate the effect of the variation in the thermal characteristics and the electrical characteristics (induced at different levels of the micro-fabrication of CMOS thin films) on the sensitivity of gas micro sensors. Three dimensional finite element modeling was used to conduct the parametric study. The multilevel substructuring modeling technique was used to reduce the computational cost of the analysis. The used substructuring technique is proven to reduce the computational cost of the parametric analysis by a factor that ranges from 57.8 to 78.7%. This expensive computational task has shown that the variation of some material properties can alter the sensitivity of gas micro sensors by a factor that can reach up to 40%. This large variation in sensor performance highlights the essential need for a close monitoring of different parameters involved in various micromachining stages of the gas micro sensors.
{"title":"Assessment of the Effect of Micro-Fabrication Uncertainties on the Sensitivity of Gas Sensors Using 3-D Finite Element Modeling","authors":"K. Sadek, W. Moussa","doi":"10.1109/ICMENS.2004.36","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ICMENS.2004.36","url":null,"abstract":"The uncertainties introduced during some stages of the micro-fabrication process can introduce a variation in the thermal response and calculated sensitivity of micromachined gas sensors. In this paper a parametric study is conducted to investigate the effect of the variation in the thermal characteristics and the electrical characteristics (induced at different levels of the micro-fabrication of CMOS thin films) on the sensitivity of gas micro sensors. Three dimensional finite element modeling was used to conduct the parametric study. The multilevel substructuring modeling technique was used to reduce the computational cost of the analysis. The used substructuring technique is proven to reduce the computational cost of the parametric analysis by a factor that ranges from 57.8 to 78.7%. This expensive computational task has shown that the variation of some material properties can alter the sensitivity of gas micro sensors by a factor that can reach up to 40%. This large variation in sensor performance highlights the essential need for a close monitoring of different parameters involved in various micromachining stages of the gas micro sensors.","PeriodicalId":344661,"journal":{"name":"2004 International Conference on MEMS, NANO and Smart Systems (ICMENS'04)","volume":"28 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2004-08-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133300663","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
B. Wu, Chung-Kai Chen, G. Young, Yu-Ching Liu, Su-Jan Lee
This paper presents an innovative approach for the prototyping of a microfluidic chip. By design modularization, unit mold batch fabrication, and mold assembly, the prototyping of polymeric microfluidic chips can be efficient and cost effective. The development of a microfluidic chip for protein reactions, including structure fabrication and chip testing for the initial and modified versions, is reported. Using the proposed approach, design modifications can be realized easily, without remaking photolithography masks or repeating the costly MEMS process. Initial results from testing two micro- fluidic chips (5cm by 1cm and 4cm by 3cm) prove the feasibility of the proposed method and show as well the potential for dramatic savings in time and cost in microfluidic chip prototyping.
{"title":"Fast Prototyping of Protein Reaction Microfluidic Chips","authors":"B. Wu, Chung-Kai Chen, G. Young, Yu-Ching Liu, Su-Jan Lee","doi":"10.1109/ICMENS.2004.67","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ICMENS.2004.67","url":null,"abstract":"This paper presents an innovative approach for the prototyping of a microfluidic chip. By design modularization, unit mold batch fabrication, and mold assembly, the prototyping of polymeric microfluidic chips can be efficient and cost effective. The development of a microfluidic chip for protein reactions, including structure fabrication and chip testing for the initial and modified versions, is reported. Using the proposed approach, design modifications can be realized easily, without remaking photolithography masks or repeating the costly MEMS process. Initial results from testing two micro- fluidic chips (5cm by 1cm and 4cm by 3cm) prove the feasibility of the proposed method and show as well the potential for dramatic savings in time and cost in microfluidic chip prototyping.","PeriodicalId":344661,"journal":{"name":"2004 International Conference on MEMS, NANO and Smart Systems (ICMENS'04)","volume":"33 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2004-08-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124307259","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
An electrostatically driven peristaltic micropump is presented in this paper. A colloidal particle suspended in an electrolyte inside a charged cylindrical capillary will experience an electrical double layer force due to the charged capillary wall. Perturbations in the geometry of the capillary wall result in modification of the electrical force on the particle. If moving these perturbations of the capillary wall along its axis can set up a peristaltic motion of the capillary wall, it will drag the colloidal particle along the capillary. This type of motion can be employed to develop a microfluidic pumping device. This article describes a finite element simulation procedure employed to model such a device.
{"title":"A Numerical Investigation of an Electrostatic-Peristaltic Colloidal Micro Pump","authors":"N. Quddus, Subir Bhattacharjee, W. Moussa","doi":"10.1109/ICMENS.2004.17","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ICMENS.2004.17","url":null,"abstract":"An electrostatically driven peristaltic micropump is presented in this paper. A colloidal particle suspended in an electrolyte inside a charged cylindrical capillary will experience an electrical double layer force due to the charged capillary wall. Perturbations in the geometry of the capillary wall result in modification of the electrical force on the particle. If moving these perturbations of the capillary wall along its axis can set up a peristaltic motion of the capillary wall, it will drag the colloidal particle along the capillary. This type of motion can be employed to develop a microfluidic pumping device. This article describes a finite element simulation procedure employed to model such a device.","PeriodicalId":344661,"journal":{"name":"2004 International Conference on MEMS, NANO and Smart Systems (ICMENS'04)","volume":"39 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2004-08-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116972320","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A graph grammar is described that can be used to replicate arbitrarily labeled strands of particles (modeled as linear graphs). The rules of the grammar dictate how pairs of particles should attach or disassociate upon random collisions, and thus describes a parallel and completely distributed algorithm for replication. The correctness of the algorithm is proved and the rate at which replication occurs is characterized. The algorithm may be applied to systems of programmable parts (stirred or agitated in a fluid) that can encode the (very simple) rules of the grammar and that can attach and dis-attach to create strands and other structures.
{"title":"Universal Self-Replication Using Graph Grammars","authors":"E. Klavins","doi":"10.1109/ICMENS.2004.149","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ICMENS.2004.149","url":null,"abstract":"A graph grammar is described that can be used to replicate arbitrarily labeled strands of particles (modeled as linear graphs). The rules of the grammar dictate how pairs of particles should attach or disassociate upon random collisions, and thus describes a parallel and completely distributed algorithm for replication. The correctness of the algorithm is proved and the rate at which replication occurs is characterized. The algorithm may be applied to systems of programmable parts (stirred or agitated in a fluid) that can encode the (very simple) rules of the grammar and that can attach and dis-attach to create strands and other structures.","PeriodicalId":344661,"journal":{"name":"2004 International Conference on MEMS, NANO and Smart Systems (ICMENS'04)","volume":"42 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2004-08-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129449127","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
X. Zhu, Z. Liu, K. Buchanan, G. Woltersdorf, J. Liang, P. Grutter, V. Metlushko, A. Meldrum, J. Xu, B. Heinrich, M. R. Freeman
The spin relaxation from continuous iron film, to lithographically patterned submicron Permalloy disks, and to iron and nickel nanoparticles were studied by ultrafast magnetooptical technique. In the continuous film, the damping parameter is obtained through fitting the experimental data. In the lithographically confined submicron disks, the excitation due to the formation of the standing waves is found. Ultrafast spin relaxation and spin relaxation due to magnetic coupling are investigated.
{"title":"Spin Relaxation from Continuous Film to Magnetic Nanostructures","authors":"X. Zhu, Z. Liu, K. Buchanan, G. Woltersdorf, J. Liang, P. Grutter, V. Metlushko, A. Meldrum, J. Xu, B. Heinrich, M. R. Freeman","doi":"10.1109/ICMENS.2004.132","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ICMENS.2004.132","url":null,"abstract":"The spin relaxation from continuous iron film, to lithographically patterned submicron Permalloy disks, and to iron and nickel nanoparticles were studied by ultrafast magnetooptical technique. In the continuous film, the damping parameter is obtained through fitting the experimental data. In the lithographically confined submicron disks, the excitation due to the formation of the standing waves is found. Ultrafast spin relaxation and spin relaxation due to magnetic coupling are investigated.","PeriodicalId":344661,"journal":{"name":"2004 International Conference on MEMS, NANO and Smart Systems (ICMENS'04)","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2004-08-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129874252","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
We propose a comprehensive approach to characterize the contact stiffness of surfaces using the contact-mode of the Atomic Force Microscope (AFM). Our procedure utilizes the subharmonic resonance of order one-half of the probe-tip-sample system in conjunction with higher-order spectralmeasurements to determine independently the quadratic and cubic contact stiffness coefficients.
{"title":"Parametric Identification of Contact Forces Using AFM","authors":"E. Abdel-Rahman, A. Nayfeh","doi":"10.1109/ICMENS.2004.122","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ICMENS.2004.122","url":null,"abstract":"We propose a comprehensive approach to characterize the contact stiffness of surfaces using the contact-mode of the Atomic Force Microscope (AFM). Our procedure utilizes the subharmonic resonance of order one-half of the probe-tip-sample system in conjunction with higher-order spectralmeasurements to determine independently the quadratic and cubic contact stiffness coefficients.","PeriodicalId":344661,"journal":{"name":"2004 International Conference on MEMS, NANO and Smart Systems (ICMENS'04)","volume":"67 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2004-08-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128633429","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
M. Akashi, T. Akagi, T. Kaneko, M. Baba, M. Hayami
We have previously reported that concanavalin A-immobilized polystyrene nanospheres (Con A-NS) could efficiently capture HIV-1 particles and that intranasal immunization with inactivated HIV-1- capturing nanospheres (HIV-NS) induced vaginal anti-HIV-1 IgA antibody response in mice. In this study, to evaluate the protective effect of immunization, each three macaques was intranasally immunized with Con A-NS or inactivated simian/human immunodeficiency virus KU-2- capturing nanospheres (SHIV-NS) and then intravaginally challenged with a pathogenic virus, SHIV KU-2. After a series of six immunizations, vaginal anti-HIV-1 gp120 IgA and IgG antibodies were detected in all SHIV-NS-immunized macaques. After intravaginal challenge, one of the three macaques in each of the Con A-NS- and SHIV-NS-immunized groups was infected. Plasma viral RNA load of infected macaque in SHIV-NS-immunized macaques was substantially less than that in unimmunized control macaque and reached below the detectable level. Thus, SHIV-NS-immunized macaques exhibited partial protection to vaginal challenges with SHIV KU-2.
{"title":"Anti-Retroviral Vaccine Using Polymeric Nanoparticles","authors":"M. Akashi, T. Akagi, T. Kaneko, M. Baba, M. Hayami","doi":"10.1109/ICMENS.2004.33","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ICMENS.2004.33","url":null,"abstract":"We have previously reported that concanavalin A-immobilized polystyrene nanospheres (Con A-NS) could efficiently capture HIV-1 particles and that intranasal immunization with inactivated HIV-1- capturing nanospheres (HIV-NS) induced vaginal anti-HIV-1 IgA antibody response in mice. In this study, to evaluate the protective effect of immunization, each three macaques was intranasally immunized with Con A-NS or inactivated simian/human immunodeficiency virus KU-2- capturing nanospheres (SHIV-NS) and then intravaginally challenged with a pathogenic virus, SHIV KU-2. After a series of six immunizations, vaginal anti-HIV-1 gp120 IgA and IgG antibodies were detected in all SHIV-NS-immunized macaques. After intravaginal challenge, one of the three macaques in each of the Con A-NS- and SHIV-NS-immunized groups was infected. Plasma viral RNA load of infected macaque in SHIV-NS-immunized macaques was substantially less than that in unimmunized control macaque and reached below the detectable level. Thus, SHIV-NS-immunized macaques exhibited partial protection to vaginal challenges with SHIV KU-2.","PeriodicalId":344661,"journal":{"name":"2004 International Conference on MEMS, NANO and Smart Systems (ICMENS'04)","volume":"23 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2004-08-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130623919","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The design of a stress sensor for a scoliosis surgery application is presented. Designed specifically for detecting forces and moments placed on spinal hooks and screws used in scoliosis correction, the sensor is less 2mm in the largest dimension and less than 0.5mm in thickness. The operative range is approximately 1000MPa in shear and normal stress directions. Preliminary FEA simulation of a piezoresistive sensor incorporating these design constraints demonstrates that different output signals are produced as the sensor is subjected to shear and normal stresses. When the separate signal patterns from several sensors are combined, the hooks and screws will be able to resolve forces and moments in three dimensions.
{"title":"A High-Load Stress Sensor for Scoliosis Surgery Application","authors":"D. Benfield, W. Moussa, E. Lou","doi":"10.1109/ICMENS.2004.11","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ICMENS.2004.11","url":null,"abstract":"The design of a stress sensor for a scoliosis surgery application is presented. Designed specifically for detecting forces and moments placed on spinal hooks and screws used in scoliosis correction, the sensor is less 2mm in the largest dimension and less than 0.5mm in thickness. The operative range is approximately 1000MPa in shear and normal stress directions. Preliminary FEA simulation of a piezoresistive sensor incorporating these design constraints demonstrates that different output signals are produced as the sensor is subjected to shear and normal stresses. When the separate signal patterns from several sensors are combined, the hooks and screws will be able to resolve forces and moments in three dimensions.","PeriodicalId":344661,"journal":{"name":"2004 International Conference on MEMS, NANO and Smart Systems (ICMENS'04)","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2004-08-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130788523","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
K. Oya, T. Nakazawa, S. Kittaka, K. Tsunetomo, K. Kintaka, J. Nishii, Kazuyuki Hirao
Binary gratings with high first-order transmission diffraction efficiency were covered with a thin SiO₂ film without the filling in the grooves by plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition. The diffraction efficiencies of about 90% were attained for transverse-electric (TE) and transverse-magnetic (TM) polarized lights at a wavelength of 1.55 µm when the period and depth were 1.5 and 2.8 µm, respectively. The grating was used for the integrated spectrographic chip. A four-channel demultiplexer with 20-nm spacing was fabricated on a silica substrate of 5.1 x 9.2 mm², in which a buried grating, a pair of parabolic mirrors and channel waveguides were integrated. It was confirmed by the numerical calculation that the angular dispersion of the grating was increased drastically if the input and output surfaces were tilted against its grating vector, which should be effective to minimize the device size.
采用等离子体增强化学气相沉积的方法，在具有高一阶透射衍射效率的二元光栅表面覆盖一层不填充沟槽的SiO 2薄膜。在波长为1.55µm的横电偏振光(TE)和横磁偏振光(TM)中，当周期为1.5µm和深度为2.8µm时，衍射效率约为90%。该光栅用于集成光谱芯片。在5.1 x 9.2 mm²的二氧化硅衬底上制备了一个间距为20 nm的四通道解复用器，其中集成了埋地光栅、一对抛物面镜和通道波导。数值计算证实，当光栅的输入和输出面相对于光栅矢量倾斜时，光栅的角色散会急剧增加，这应该是减小器件尺寸的有效方法。
{"title":"Fabrication of One-Dimensional Photonic Crystal with Large Dispersion in SiO₂ Glass Substrate Using Deep Dry Etching Technique","authors":"K. Oya, T. Nakazawa, S. Kittaka, K. Tsunetomo, K. Kintaka, J. Nishii, Kazuyuki Hirao","doi":"10.1109/ICMENS.2004.65","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ICMENS.2004.65","url":null,"abstract":"Binary gratings with high first-order transmission diffraction efficiency were covered with a thin SiO₂ film without the filling in the grooves by plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition. The diffraction efficiencies of about 90% were attained for transverse-electric (TE) and transverse-magnetic (TM) polarized lights at a wavelength of 1.55 µm when the period and depth were 1.5 and 2.8 µm, respectively. The grating was used for the integrated spectrographic chip. A four-channel demultiplexer with 20-nm spacing was fabricated on a silica substrate of 5.1 x 9.2 mm², in which a buried grating, a pair of parabolic mirrors and channel waveguides were integrated. It was confirmed by the numerical calculation that the angular dispersion of the grating was increased drastically if the input and output surfaces were tilted against its grating vector, which should be effective to minimize the device size.","PeriodicalId":344661,"journal":{"name":"2004 International Conference on MEMS, NANO and Smart Systems (ICMENS'04)","volume":"43 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2004-08-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116100786","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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