The authors present a voltage-fed/voltage-clamped high frequency induction heating quasi-resonant inverter circuit which uses a static induction transistor (B-SIT) for soft switching and a specially designed matching transformer which efficiently operates at zero-current soft-switching (ZCS) mode under a phase-shifting power regulation strategy. This voltage-clamped quasi-resonant inverter version using the newly developed B-SIT module is more suitable for modern induction heating and melting power supply in industrial production plants. Its operating principle is presented, including the control strategy, and its distinctive features are discussed. A detailed computer-aided characteristic analysis has been performed; various open-loop steady-state operating characteristics have been evaluated.<>
{"title":"Zero-current soft-switched high-frequency induction-heating inverter using bipolar-mode normally-off SITs","authors":"H. Ogiwara, M. Nakaoka","doi":"10.1109/IAS.1993.299035","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/IAS.1993.299035","url":null,"abstract":"The authors present a voltage-fed/voltage-clamped high frequency induction heating quasi-resonant inverter circuit which uses a static induction transistor (B-SIT) for soft switching and a specially designed matching transformer which efficiently operates at zero-current soft-switching (ZCS) mode under a phase-shifting power regulation strategy. This voltage-clamped quasi-resonant inverter version using the newly developed B-SIT module is more suitable for modern induction heating and melting power supply in industrial production plants. Its operating principle is presented, including the control strategy, and its distinctive features are discussed. A detailed computer-aided characteristic analysis has been performed; various open-loop steady-state operating characteristics have been evaluated.<<ETX>>","PeriodicalId":345027,"journal":{"name":"Conference Record of the 1993 IEEE Industry Applications Conference Twenty-Eighth IAS Annual Meeting","volume":"18 2","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1993-10-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121011435","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
An instance of poorly damped oscillations in computer simulation has been observed in the connection of an industrial cogeneration power system to the utility grid. An extensive investigation of this problem is presented. Both time-domain and frequency-domain analyses are used to determine the fundamental characteristics of the system, the major factor of the system oscillation, and a possible solution for the problem. Study results indicate that installation of a PSS (power system stabilizer) may improve the dynamic stability problems of the system. However, it requires accurate system information in the design stage and on-site field tuning after installation. Retuning services are required if the system configuration and/or generation conditions are changed dramatically. Several examples have shown the PSS did not reach its expected performance due to the inaccurate system parameters that were used to determine the parameters of the PSS. Therefore, more system operation information is desired before installation of a PSS.<>
{"title":"Dynamic stability analysis of an industrial power system","authors":"W. Lee, M. Chen, J. Gim, K. Yoshimura, S.P. Wang","doi":"10.1109/IAS.1993.299199","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/IAS.1993.299199","url":null,"abstract":"An instance of poorly damped oscillations in computer simulation has been observed in the connection of an industrial cogeneration power system to the utility grid. An extensive investigation of this problem is presented. Both time-domain and frequency-domain analyses are used to determine the fundamental characteristics of the system, the major factor of the system oscillation, and a possible solution for the problem. Study results indicate that installation of a PSS (power system stabilizer) may improve the dynamic stability problems of the system. However, it requires accurate system information in the design stage and on-site field tuning after installation. Retuning services are required if the system configuration and/or generation conditions are changed dramatically. Several examples have shown the PSS did not reach its expected performance due to the inaccurate system parameters that were used to determine the parameters of the PSS. Therefore, more system operation information is desired before installation of a PSS.<<ETX>>","PeriodicalId":345027,"journal":{"name":"Conference Record of the 1993 IEEE Industry Applications Conference Twenty-Eighth IAS Annual Meeting","volume":"40 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1993-10-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123823300","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
M.I. Castro Simas, J. Costa Freire, S. Finco, F. Behrens
Medium-voltage lateral structures for power NMOS devices, suitable for integration with standard low-voltage CMOS control circuits in power ICs, are presented. Two device types were fabricated on 1.5- mu m micron, N-well, two-metal-layer, 10-mask CMOS standard technology. Design rules and device mask geometry were adapted for enlarging the operating voltage range beyond 5 V. The LDD (lightly doped drain) NMOS transistor is based on the LDD concept. The LDSD (light doped source drain) NMOS transistor applies the same concept to both source and drain terminals. On-resistance as low as 9 m Omega cm/sup 2/ and breakdown voltages of 20 V were experimentally obtained. Monolithic integration of multiple switches with low-voltage control is possible, since structures are electrically compatible. The electric characterization and proposed model for LDD and LDSD NMOS devices in commutation are presented. These structures are aimed at smart power ICs using standard CMOS technologies, for low power applications. Experimental results are presented.<>
提出了功率NMOS器件的中压横向结构，适合与功率集成电路中的标准低压CMOS控制电路集成。采用1.5 μ m微米、n阱、双金属层、10掩模CMOS标准工艺制备了两种器件。设计规则和器件掩模几何适应扩大工作电压范围超过5 V。LDD(轻掺杂漏极)NMOS晶体管是基于LDD的概念。LDSD(光掺杂源漏极)NMOS晶体管将相同的概念应用于源极和漏极端。导通电阻低至9 m ω cm/sup 2/，击穿电压为20 V。多个开关与低压控制的单片集成是可能的，因为结构是电气兼容的。介绍了lddd和LDSD NMOS器件在换相中的电特性和所提出的模型。这些结构旨在使用标准CMOS技术的智能功率ic，用于低功耗应用。给出了实验结果。
{"title":"Modeling and characterization of LDD and LDSD NMOS transistors","authors":"M.I. Castro Simas, J. Costa Freire, S. Finco, F. Behrens","doi":"10.1109/IAS.1993.299047","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/IAS.1993.299047","url":null,"abstract":"Medium-voltage lateral structures for power NMOS devices, suitable for integration with standard low-voltage CMOS control circuits in power ICs, are presented. Two device types were fabricated on 1.5- mu m micron, N-well, two-metal-layer, 10-mask CMOS standard technology. Design rules and device mask geometry were adapted for enlarging the operating voltage range beyond 5 V. The LDD (lightly doped drain) NMOS transistor is based on the LDD concept. The LDSD (light doped source drain) NMOS transistor applies the same concept to both source and drain terminals. On-resistance as low as 9 m Omega cm/sup 2/ and breakdown voltages of 20 V were experimentally obtained. Monolithic integration of multiple switches with low-voltage control is possible, since structures are electrically compatible. The electric characterization and proposed model for LDD and LDSD NMOS devices in commutation are presented. These structures are aimed at smart power ICs using standard CMOS technologies, for low power applications. Experimental results are presented.<<ETX>>","PeriodicalId":345027,"journal":{"name":"Conference Record of the 1993 IEEE Industry Applications Conference Twenty-Eighth IAS Annual Meeting","volume":"40 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1993-10-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123839205","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A linear analysis is used to compare the static torque produced by a mutually coupled variable reluctance motor to that produced by a conventional SRM (switched reluctance motor). A similar analysis has also been completed to compare the static torque of a variable reluctance motor with anisotropic rotor to that produced by an SRM. The motors were compared on the basis of fixed source voltage and current. It is shown that for motors with a similar number of poles and phases, the maximum improvement in static torque of the mutually coupled motor over that of the SRM is 200% while the maximum improvement in static torque of the anisotropic motor is 222% over that of the SRM. However, end turn length differences and saturation tend to reduce the benefits from these designs. Effects associated with end turn length due to aspect ratio pole, and phase combinations have also been studied. It is shown that the greatest benefit from the alternative variable reluctance structures occurs for low diameter to length ratio and a small number of poles and phases.<>
{"title":"Variable reluctance motor structures for low speed operation","authors":"J. Suriano, C. Ong","doi":"10.1109/IAS.1993.298912","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/IAS.1993.298912","url":null,"abstract":"A linear analysis is used to compare the static torque produced by a mutually coupled variable reluctance motor to that produced by a conventional SRM (switched reluctance motor). A similar analysis has also been completed to compare the static torque of a variable reluctance motor with anisotropic rotor to that produced by an SRM. The motors were compared on the basis of fixed source voltage and current. It is shown that for motors with a similar number of poles and phases, the maximum improvement in static torque of the mutually coupled motor over that of the SRM is 200% while the maximum improvement in static torque of the anisotropic motor is 222% over that of the SRM. However, end turn length differences and saturation tend to reduce the benefits from these designs. Effects associated with end turn length due to aspect ratio pole, and phase combinations have also been studied. It is shown that the greatest benefit from the alternative variable reluctance structures occurs for low diameter to length ratio and a small number of poles and phases.<<ETX>>","PeriodicalId":345027,"journal":{"name":"Conference Record of the 1993 IEEE Industry Applications Conference Twenty-Eighth IAS Annual Meeting","volume":"26 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1993-10-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121514636","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A detailed examination of the factors that affect the design of resonant DC link inverters using IGBTs (insulated-gate bipolar transistors) is presented. A detailed design of a 50 kVA IGBT-based resonant DC link inverter is used as a design example. Measured loss data for IGBTs operating under zero voltage switching conditions are provided, and various loss mechanisms are identified. An approach that includes measured device characteristics in the converter design optimization process is proposed. The suitability of the resonant DC link inverters in view of better device understanding is also addressed. It is shown that performance of this family of power converters can be substantially improved by properly choosing the resonant components for a desired link frequency. Under such criteria, loss calculation and comparison with the family of PWM (pulse-width-modulated) VSIs has highlighted the fact that the resonant link inverter can offer a far better performance in terms of device loss reduction with a moderate peak voltage stress (K) of 1.3 or 1.4.<>
{"title":"Impact of IGBT behavior on design optimization of soft switching inverter topologies","authors":"A. Kurnia, H. Cherradi, D. Divan","doi":"10.1109/IAS.1993.298992","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/IAS.1993.298992","url":null,"abstract":"A detailed examination of the factors that affect the design of resonant DC link inverters using IGBTs (insulated-gate bipolar transistors) is presented. A detailed design of a 50 kVA IGBT-based resonant DC link inverter is used as a design example. Measured loss data for IGBTs operating under zero voltage switching conditions are provided, and various loss mechanisms are identified. An approach that includes measured device characteristics in the converter design optimization process is proposed. The suitability of the resonant DC link inverters in view of better device understanding is also addressed. It is shown that performance of this family of power converters can be substantially improved by properly choosing the resonant components for a desired link frequency. Under such criteria, loss calculation and comparison with the family of PWM (pulse-width-modulated) VSIs has highlighted the fact that the resonant link inverter can offer a far better performance in terms of device loss reduction with a moderate peak voltage stress (K) of 1.3 or 1.4.<<ETX>>","PeriodicalId":345027,"journal":{"name":"Conference Record of the 1993 IEEE Industry Applications Conference Twenty-Eighth IAS Annual Meeting","volume":"19 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1993-10-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125226409","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A novel iterative method for the analysis of the bipolar ionized field in HVDC (high-voltage direct-current) transmission lines without resort to Deutsch's assumption is described. The finite-element technique is used to solve Poisson's equation where the constancy of the conductor's surface field at the corona inception value is directly implemented in the finite-element formulation. The proposed method has been tested on laboratory and full-scale models. The calculated V-I characteristics agreed well with those calculated and measured before. The dependency of the corona current as well as its monopolar and bipolar components on the conductors' height is discussed. The simplicity in the computer programming in addition to the low number of iterations required to achieve convergence characterize the proposed method of analysis.<>
{"title":"A universal finite-element analysis of the bipolar ionized field","authors":"M. Abdel-Salam, Z. Al-Hamouz","doi":"10.1109/IAS.1993.299090","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/IAS.1993.299090","url":null,"abstract":"A novel iterative method for the analysis of the bipolar ionized field in HVDC (high-voltage direct-current) transmission lines without resort to Deutsch's assumption is described. The finite-element technique is used to solve Poisson's equation where the constancy of the conductor's surface field at the corona inception value is directly implemented in the finite-element formulation. The proposed method has been tested on laboratory and full-scale models. The calculated V-I characteristics agreed well with those calculated and measured before. The dependency of the corona current as well as its monopolar and bipolar components on the conductors' height is discussed. The simplicity in the computer programming in addition to the low number of iterations required to achieve convergence characterize the proposed method of analysis.<<ETX>>","PeriodicalId":345027,"journal":{"name":"Conference Record of the 1993 IEEE Industry Applications Conference Twenty-Eighth IAS Annual Meeting","volume":"3 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1993-10-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121871559","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The author examines the most successful methods for ventilation of large electrical equipment enclosures in the metals industry. He notes that sufficient technical improvements in ventilation equipment design have occurred in recent years to mandate increased attention to this subject. Recent innovations include self-cleaning, high-efficiency filters; packaged ventilation units with capacities as high as 250000 CFMp; advanced corrosion protection systems; and improved heating and cooling technologies.<>
{"title":"Control of the environment in electrical equipment rooms in the metals industry","authors":"W. Frank","doi":"10.1109/IAS.1993.299213","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/IAS.1993.299213","url":null,"abstract":"The author examines the most successful methods for ventilation of large electrical equipment enclosures in the metals industry. He notes that sufficient technical improvements in ventilation equipment design have occurred in recent years to mandate increased attention to this subject. Recent innovations include self-cleaning, high-efficiency filters; packaged ventilation units with capacities as high as 250000 CFMp; advanced corrosion protection systems; and improved heating and cooling technologies.<<ETX>>","PeriodicalId":345027,"journal":{"name":"Conference Record of the 1993 IEEE Industry Applications Conference Twenty-Eighth IAS Annual Meeting","volume":"78 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1993-10-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128030070","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pitfalls associated with performing manual DC voltage drop calculations are examined. The possible consequences of these errors are discussed, demonstrating the need for iterative calculation techniques. A method for calculating voltages and currents using computerized load-flow (iterative) techniques is presented. Differences between AC and DC systems are explored, demonstrating the need for time-dependent analysis. The analytical model is expanded to include fault current calculations. Finally, a method for manually verifying load flow models is demonstrated.<>
{"title":"Computerised DC (battery) load flow calculations","authors":"M. J. Hartmann, G. P. McCarthy","doi":"10.1109/IAS.1993.299206","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/IAS.1993.299206","url":null,"abstract":"Pitfalls associated with performing manual DC voltage drop calculations are examined. The possible consequences of these errors are discussed, demonstrating the need for iterative calculation techniques. A method for calculating voltages and currents using computerized load-flow (iterative) techniques is presented. Differences between AC and DC systems are explored, demonstrating the need for time-dependent analysis. The analytical model is expanded to include fault current calculations. Finally, a method for manually verifying load flow models is demonstrated.<<ETX>>","PeriodicalId":345027,"journal":{"name":"Conference Record of the 1993 IEEE Industry Applications Conference Twenty-Eighth IAS Annual Meeting","volume":"16 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1993-10-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128129831","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A novel method for implementing a variable hysteresis band current controller is described which achieves constant switching frequency without requiring a precise knowledge of the motor parameters. The controller works by using feedback and feedback variables to create a variable hysteresis band envelope, and then compensating for the interaction between phase back-EMFs that occurs when the neutral of a three-phase motor is left floating. The controller has good dynamic and steady-state response, and its performance is substantially immune to variations in the inverter DC supply voltage and motor parameters. It can be readily implemented in hardware, and only requires a few additional components compared to a conventional hysteresis current controller. Analytical, hardware implementation, simulation, FFT (fast Fourier transform) analysis, and experimental results are presented.<>
{"title":"A simple, novel method for variable-hysteresis-band current control of a three phase inverter with constant switching frequency","authors":"Q. Yao, D. G. Holmes","doi":"10.1109/IAS.1993.299038","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/IAS.1993.299038","url":null,"abstract":"A novel method for implementing a variable hysteresis band current controller is described which achieves constant switching frequency without requiring a precise knowledge of the motor parameters. The controller works by using feedback and feedback variables to create a variable hysteresis band envelope, and then compensating for the interaction between phase back-EMFs that occurs when the neutral of a three-phase motor is left floating. The controller has good dynamic and steady-state response, and its performance is substantially immune to variations in the inverter DC supply voltage and motor parameters. It can be readily implemented in hardware, and only requires a few additional components compared to a conventional hysteresis current controller. Analytical, hardware implementation, simulation, FFT (fast Fourier transform) analysis, and experimental results are presented.<<ETX>>","PeriodicalId":345027,"journal":{"name":"Conference Record of the 1993 IEEE Industry Applications Conference Twenty-Eighth IAS Annual Meeting","volume":"8 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1993-10-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132338466","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A PWM (pulse width modulation) algorithm is proposed by which the switching commands of a PWM inverter can be generated from the space vector components of the reference voltage. In this method the line voltages are calculated directly. The corresponding duty cycle quantities indicate the switching sequence of the three phases as well as the distances of the switching instants. The method is discussed in comparison with space vector modulation and phase voltage modulation. Different possibilities of choosing the zero component which is necessary for full voltage utilization are discussed.<>
{"title":"Line voltage modulation-a new possibility of PWM for three phase inverters","authors":"H. Grotstollen","doi":"10.1109/IAS.1993.298980","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/IAS.1993.298980","url":null,"abstract":"A PWM (pulse width modulation) algorithm is proposed by which the switching commands of a PWM inverter can be generated from the space vector components of the reference voltage. In this method the line voltages are calculated directly. The corresponding duty cycle quantities indicate the switching sequence of the three phases as well as the distances of the switching instants. The method is discussed in comparison with space vector modulation and phase voltage modulation. Different possibilities of choosing the zero component which is necessary for full voltage utilization are discussed.<<ETX>>","PeriodicalId":345027,"journal":{"name":"Conference Record of the 1993 IEEE Industry Applications Conference Twenty-Eighth IAS Annual Meeting","volume":"24 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1993-10-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134426582","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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