Fundamental Research最新文献

英文中文

Non-small-molecule therapeutics for drug addiction: From pharmaco-kinetics modulating to synthetic biology 药物成瘾的非小分子疗法:从药代动力学调节到合成生物学

IF 6.2 3区综合性期刊 Q1 Multidisciplinary

Fundamental Research

Pub Date : 2024-11-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.fmre.2022.09.027

Yuanpeng Li , Yibo Wang , Lin Lu , Jie Shi , Xiaohui Wang

Drug addiction is a pervasive problem worldwide. It not only affects the abuser's life, but also poses a serious threat to public health. Accordingly, there is a strong demand for the development of novel and effective therapies for drug addiction. Considering that small-molecule drugs have only had limited success, there is great interest in developing alternative strategies that extend the reach of small-molecule-based therapies. The antibody-based trapping approach and the enzyme catalytic strategy have been considered as promising ways to reduce the euphoria of drug users by altering drug pharmacokinetics and decreasing drug concentrations in the central nervous system. However, these biological macromolecules are generally unstable and their in vivo half-lives are short. With the rapid development of gene editing technologies, it is possible to perform ex vivo gene therapy for the long-term and stable delivery of enzymes and other effector proteins, which could free abusers from frequent injections of therapeutics. By constructing programmed gene switches that regulate spatiotemporal gene expression in response to illicit drugs, this perspective proposed the concept of preventing drug addiction by the drug itself. This strategy enables the controlled release of therapeutic proteins in vivo and is expected to improve patient safety and compliance. This will open up new opportunities for next-generation medicine and hold great promise for expanding our ability to treat drug addiction.

吸毒成瘾是全世界普遍存在的问题。它不仅影响施虐者的生活，而且对公众健康构成严重威胁。因此，迫切需要开发新型有效的药物成瘾治疗方法。考虑到小分子药物只有有限的成功，有很大的兴趣开发替代策略，扩大小分子为基础的治疗范围。基于抗体的诱捕方法和酶催化策略被认为是通过改变药物药代动力学和降低中枢神经系统药物浓度来降低吸毒者欣快感的有希望的方法。然而，这些生物大分子通常是不稳定的，它们的体内半衰期很短。随着基因编辑技术的快速发展，可以进行体外基因治疗，长期稳定地递送酶和其他效应蛋白，这可以使滥用者免于频繁注射治疗药物。通过构建程序化的基因开关，调节对非法药物的时空基因表达，这一观点提出了药物本身预防药物成瘾的概念。该策略使治疗性蛋白在体内的控制释放成为可能，并有望提高患者的安全性和依从性。这将为下一代医学开辟新的机会，并为扩大我们治疗药物成瘾的能力带来巨大的希望。

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引用次数: 0

The dead lithium formation under mechano-electrochemical coupling in lithium metal batteries 金属锂电池力学-电化学耦合作用下死锂的形成

IF 6.2 3区综合性期刊 Q1 Multidisciplinary

Fundamental Research

Pub Date : 2024-11-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.fmre.2022.11.005

Xin Shen , Rui Zhang , Peng Shi , Xue-Qiang Zhang , Xiang Chen , Chen-Zi Zhao , Peng Wu , Yi-Ming Guo , Jia-Qi Huang , Qiang Zhang

Lithium metal is one of the most promising anode materials for next-generation high-energy-density rechargeable batteries. A fundamental mechanism understanding of the dead lithium formation under the interplay of electrochemistry and mechanics in lithium metal batteries is strongly considered. Herein, we proposed a mechano-electrochemical phase-field model to describe the lithium stripping process and quantify the dead lithium formation under stress. In particular, the rupture of solid electrolyte interphase and the shift of equilibrium potential caused by stress are coupled into stripping kinetics. The impact of external pressure on dead lithium formation with various electrolyte properties and initial electrodeposited morphologies is revealed. The overlooked detrimental effect of external pressure on Li stripping affords fresh insights into cell configuration and pressure management, which is critical for practical applications of lithium metal batteries.

锂金属是下一代高能量密度可充电电池最有前途的负极材料之一。在电化学和力学的相互作用下，对锂金属电池中死锂形成的基本机制进行了深入的研究。在此，我们提出了一个力学-电化学相场模型来描述锂汽提过程，并量化应力下死锂的形成。特别是固体电解质界面的破裂和应力引起的平衡电位的移动耦合到汽提动力学中。揭示了外部压力对具有不同电解质性质和初始电沉积形态的死锂形成的影响。外界压力对锂剥离的不利影响被忽视，这为电池结构和压力管理提供了新的见解，这对锂金属电池的实际应用至关重要。

引用次数: 0

Accelerating defect analysis of solar cells via machine learning of the modulated transient photovoltage

IF 6.2 3区综合性期刊 Q1 Multidisciplinary

Fundamental Research

Pub Date : 2024-11-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.fmre.2023.02.002

Yusheng Li , Yiming Li , Jiangjian Shi , Licheng Lou , Xiao Xu , Yuqi Cui , Jionghua Wu , Dongmei Li , Yanhong Luo , Huijue Wu , Qing Shen , Qingbo Meng

Fast and non-destructive analysis of material defect is a crucial demand for semiconductor devices. Herein, we are devoted to exploring a solar-cell defect analysis method based on machine learning of the modulated transient photovoltage (m-TPV) measurement. The perturbation photovoltage generation and decay mechanism of the solar cell is firstly clarified for this study. High-throughput electrical transient simulations are further carried out to establish a database containing millions of m-TPV curves. This database is subsequently used to train an artificial neural network to correlate the m-TPV and defect properties of the perovskite solar cell. A Back Propagation neural network has been screened out and applied to provide a multiple parameter defect analysis of the cell. This analysis reveals that in a practical solar cell, compared to the defect density, the charge capturing cross-section plays a more critical role in influencing the charge recombination properties. We believe this defect analysis approach will play a more important and diverse role for solar cell studies.

快速、无损地分析材料缺陷是半导体器件的关键需求。在此，我们致力于探索一种基于机器学习的调制瞬态光电压（m-TPV）测量的太阳能电池缺陷分析方法。本研究首次阐明了太阳能电池的微扰光电压产生和衰减机理。进一步进行了高通量电瞬态仿真，建立了包含数百万m-TPV曲线的数据库。该数据库随后用于训练人工神经网络，以关联钙钛矿太阳能电池的m-TPV和缺陷特性。筛选出一种反向传播神经网络，并将其应用于电池的多参数缺陷分析。分析表明，在实际太阳能电池中，电荷捕获截面对电荷复合性能的影响比缺陷密度更重要。我们相信这种缺陷分析方法将在太阳能电池的研究中发挥更重要和多样化的作用。

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引用次数: 0

Consolidating passenger and freight transportation in an urban–rural transit system 在城乡交通系统中整合客运和货运

IF 6.2 3区综合性期刊 Q1 Multidisciplinary

Fundamental Research

Pub Date : 2024-11-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.fmre.2023.06.008

Tao Wang , Hongzhang Shao , Xiaobo Qu , Jonas Eliasson

Buses are the most critical part of urban–rural transit systems. However, bus transit services in urban–rural areas face a trade-off between the need for better services and the low profitability resulting from low travel demand. In this study, we show that we can improve the utilization and profitability of urban–rural buses by merging freight transportation with passenger transportation. We developed a mixed-integer program to model and analyze the coordination between freight and passenger transportation in an urban–rural transit system. We then conducted a case study to evaluate the effectiveness of the proposed approach. The numerical results indicate that the consolidation of passenger and freight transportation significantly reduces the operation cost of logistics companies and improves the profit of bus companies. We finally discuss the consolidation’s positive impacts on logistics companies, bus service providers, and society.

公共汽车是城乡交通系统中最关键的部分。然而，城乡公交服务面临着更好的服务需求和低出行需求导致的低盈利之间的权衡。研究结果表明，通过货运与客运并轨，可以提高城乡公交的利用率和盈利能力。我们开发了一个混合整数程序来模拟和分析城乡交通系统中货运和客运之间的协调。然后，我们进行了一个案例研究来评估所提出方法的有效性。数值计算结果表明，客货并轨大大降低了物流公司的运营成本，提高了公交公司的利润。最后，我们讨论了整合对物流公司、巴士服务供应商和社会的积极影响。

引用次数: 0

Geobacter-associated prophages confer beneficial effect on dissimilatory reduction of Fe(III) oxides 地杆菌相关的噬菌体对Fe(III)氧化物的异化还原具有有益的作用

IF 6.2 3区综合性期刊 Q1 Multidisciplinary

Fundamental Research

Pub Date : 2024-11-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.fmre.2022.10.013

Guiqin Yang, Annian Lin, Xian Wu, Canfen Lin, Siyue Zhu, Li Zhuang

The dissimilatory reduction of Fe(III) oxides driven by Fe(III)-reducing bacteria (FRB) is an important biogeochemical process that influences not only iron cycling but also the biogeochemical cycles of carbon, trace metals, nutrients and contaminants. Phages have central roles in modulating the population and activity of FRB, but the mechanism for phage-involved Fe(III) oxide reduction is still unclear. This work used a common FRB, Geobacter soli, to explore the roles and underlying mechanisms of FRB-harboring prophages in the dissimilatory reduction of Fe(III) oxides. Bioinformatic analysis predicted 185 phage-related genes in the G. soli genome, comprising functional prophages that were verified to be induced to form tailed phage particles. Ferrihydrite reduction was facilitated as prophage induction was stimulated and declined as prophage induction was inhibited, which indicated a positive role of G. soli-harboring prophages in Fe(III) oxide reduction. A comparison of gene expression and released phage particles in the cells grown with Fe(III)-citrate and ferrihydrite suggested that microbial ferrihydrite reduction would activate the SOS response and consequently induce the prophages to enter lytic cycles. The prophage-mediated lysis of the subpopulation resulted in an increased release of extracellular DNA and membrane vesicles that were conducive to Fe(III) oxide reduction, which might explain the positive role of prophages in ferrihydrite reduction. In summary, our results revealed the functional roles and underlying mechanisms of FRB-associated prophages in facilitating the dissimilatory reduction of Fe(III) oxides, which will advance our understanding of iron cycling in natural ecosystems.

铁（III）还原菌（FRB）驱动铁（III）氧化物的异化还原是一个重要的生物地球化学过程，不仅影响铁的循环，而且影响碳、微量金属、营养物质和污染物的生物地球化学循环。噬菌体在调节FRB的数量和活性方面发挥着核心作用，但噬菌体参与铁（III）氧化物还原的机制尚不清楚。本研究使用了一种常见的FRB，土杆菌，来探索FRB在Fe（III）氧化物的异化还原中的作用和潜在机制。生物信息学分析预测了185个与噬菌体相关的基因，包括功能性噬菌体，这些噬菌体被证实可以诱导形成尾状噬菌体颗粒。刺激原噬菌体诱导有利于水合铁还原，抑制原噬菌体诱导有利于水合铁还原，说明G. soli- containing原噬菌体对Fe（III）氧化物还原具有积极作用。用铁(III)-柠檬酸盐和水铁酸盐培养的细胞中基因表达和释放的噬菌体颗粒的比较表明，微生物水铁酸盐还原会激活SOS反应，从而诱导噬菌体进入裂解循环。原噬菌体介导的亚群裂解导致细胞外DNA和膜囊泡的释放增加，有利于Fe（III）氧化物的还原，这可能解释了原噬菌体在还原水合铁中的积极作用。总之，我们的研究结果揭示了frb相关噬菌体在促进Fe（III）氧化物异化还原中的功能作用和潜在机制，这将有助于我们对自然生态系统中铁循环的理解。

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引用次数: 0

The retinal pigment epithelium: Functions and roles in ocular diseases 视网膜色素上皮：在眼部疾病中的功能和作用

IF 6.2 3区综合性期刊 Q1 Multidisciplinary

Fundamental Research

Pub Date : 2024-11-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.fmre.2023.08.011

Shasha Wang , Wanhong Li , Min Chen , Yihai Cao , Weisi Lu , Xuri Li

The retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) between retinal photoreceptors and choroidal capillaries is a single layer of cells that are of critical importance to the eye. RPE cells are derived from the anterior neural plate of neuroectodermal origin. Instructed by specific molecules and signaling pathways, the RPE undergoes formation and maturation to form a functional unit together with photoreceptors. The RPE plays crucial roles in maintaining normal retinal structure and functions, such as phagocytosis; barrier function; transportation of nutrients, ions, and water; resistance to oxidative damage; maintenance of visual cycle; and production of various important factors. RPE cells have an efficient metabolic machinery to provide sufficient energy to the retina. RPE dysfunction or atrophy can lead to many retinopathies, such as age-related macular degeneration and proliferative vitreoretinopathy. Here, we discuss RPE development, functions, and roles in various ocular diseases, and the mechanisms involved. A better understanding of the functions of the RPE and related regulatory pathways may help identify novel or better therapies for the treatment of many blinding diseases.

视网膜色素上皮（RPE）介于视网膜光感受器和脉络膜毛细血管之间，是对眼睛至关重要的单层细胞。RPE细胞来源于神经外胚层起源的前神经板。在特定分子和信号通路的指导下，RPE与光感受器一起形成和成熟，形成一个功能单元。RPE在维持正常的视网膜结构和功能（如吞噬）中起着至关重要的作用；屏障功能;输送营养物质、离子和水分；抗氧化损伤；视觉周期的维持；和生产的各种重要因素。RPE细胞具有高效的代谢机制，为视网膜提供足够的能量。RPE功能障碍或萎缩可导致许多视网膜病变，如年龄相关性黄斑变性和增殖性玻璃体视网膜病变。在这里，我们讨论RPE的发展，功能，在各种眼病中的作用，以及涉及的机制。更好地了解RPE的功能和相关的调控途径可能有助于确定新的或更好的治疗许多致盲疾病的方法。

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引用次数: 0

Intelligent vehicles and Smart transportation 智能车辆和智能交通

IF 6.2 3区综合性期刊 Q1 Multidisciplinary

Fundamental Research

Pub Date : 2024-09-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.fmre.2024.08.004

Jin Huang , Samuel Labi , Balázs Adam Kulcsár , Yue Gao , Cristina Olaverri Monreal , Fei Wu , Zhicheng He , Xiaobo Qu

引用次数: 0

Bi-level ramp merging coordination for dense mixed traffic conditions 密集混合交通条件下的双层匝道合流协调

IF 6.2 3区综合性期刊 Q1 Multidisciplinary

Fundamental Research

Pub Date : 2024-09-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.fmre.2023.03.015

Connected and Autonomous Vehicles (CAVs) hold great potential to improve traffic efficiency, emissions and safety in freeway on-ramp bottlenecks through coordination between mainstream and on-ramp vehicles. This study proposes a bi-level coordination strategy for freeway on-ramp merging of mixed traffic consisting of CAVs and human-driven vehicles (HDVs) to optimize the overall traffic efficiency and safety in congested traffic scenarios at the traffic flow level instead of platoon levels. The macro level employs an optimization model based on fundamental diagrams and shock wave theories to make optimal coordination decisions, including optimal minimum merging platoon size to trigger merging coordination and optimal coordination speed, based on macroscopic traffic state in mainline and ramp (i.e., traffic volume and penetration rates of CAVs). Furthermore, the micro level determines the real platoon size in each merging cycle as per random arrival patterns and designs the coordinated trajectories of the mainline facilitating vehicle and ramp platoon. A receding horizon scheme is implemented to accommodate human drivers’ stochastics as well. The developed bi-level strategy is tested in terms of improving efficiency and safety in a simulation-based case study under various traffic volumes and CAV penetration rates. The results show the proposed coordination addresses the uncertainties in mixed traffic as expected and substantially improves ramp merging operation in terms of merging efficiency and traffic robustness, and reducing collision risk and emissions, especially under high traffic volume conditions.

车联网和自动驾驶汽车（CAV）通过协调主流车辆和匝道车辆，在提高高速公路匝道瓶颈的交通效率、排放和安全性方面具有巨大潜力。本研究针对高速公路匝道上由 CAV 和人类驾驶车辆（HDV）组成的混合交通提出了一种双层协调策略，以便在交通流层面而非排层面优化拥堵交通场景下的整体交通效率和安全性。宏观层面采用基于基本图和冲击波理论的优化模型，根据主线和匝道的宏观交通状态（即交通流量和 CAV 的渗透率）做出最优协调决策，包括触发并线协调的最优最小并线排数和最优协调速度。此外，微观层面根据随机到达模式确定每个合流周期的实际排量，并设计主线促进车辆和匝道排量的协调轨迹。此外，还实施了一个后退视平线方案，以适应人类驾驶员的随机性。在不同交通流量和 CAV 渗透率的情况下，通过基于仿真的案例研究，测试了所开发的双层策略在提高效率和安全性方面的效果。结果表明，所提出的协调方法如预期般解决了混合交通中的不确定性问题，并在合并效率和交通稳健性方面大大改善了匝道合并操作，降低了碰撞风险和排放，尤其是在高交通流量条件下。

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引用次数: 0

Recent progress on mechanisms that allocate cellular space to plastids 细胞空间分配给质体机制的最新进展

IF 6.2 3区综合性期刊 Q1 Multidisciplinary

Fundamental Research

Pub Date : 2024-09-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.fmre.2022.09.004

Mechanisms that allocate cellular space to organelles are of fundamental importance to biology but remain poorly understood. A detailed understanding of mechanisms that allocate cellular space to plastids, such as chloroplasts, will lead to high-yielding crops with enhanced nutritional value. The HIGH PIGMENT (HP) genes in tomato contribute to regulated proteolysis and abscisic acid metabolism. The HP1 gene was the first gene reported to influence the amount of cellular space occupied by chloroplasts and chromoplasts almost 20 years ago. Recently, our knowledge of mechanisms that allocate cellular space to plastids was enhanced by new information on the influence of cell type on the amount of cellular space occupied by plastids and the identification of new genes that help to allocate cellular space to plastids. These genes encode proteins with unknown and diverse biochemical functions. Several transcription factors were recently reported to regulate the numbers and sizes of chloroplasts in fleshy fruit. If these transcription factors do not induce compensating effects on cell size, they should affect the amount of cellular space occupied by plastids. Although we can now propose more detailed models for the network that allocates cellular space to plastids, many gaps remain in our knowledge of this network and the genes targeted by this network. Nonetheless, these recent breakthroughs provide optimism for future progress in this field.

为细胞器分配细胞空间的机制对生物学至关重要，但人们对这一机制仍然知之甚少。详细了解为叶绿体等质体分配细胞空间的机制将有助于培育出营养价值更高的高产作物。番茄中的高色素（HP）基因有助于调节蛋白分解和脱落酸代谢。近 20 年前，HP1 基因是第一个被报道影响叶绿体和染色质所占细胞空间大小的基因。最近，关于细胞类型对质体所占细胞空间大小的影响的新信息，以及有助于为质体分配细胞空间的新基因的发现，增进了我们对质体细胞空间分配机制的了解。这些基因编码的蛋白质具有未知的多种生化功能。最近有报道称，有几种转录因子可以调节肉质果实中叶绿体的数量和大小。如果这些转录因子不会对细胞大小产生补偿作用，那么它们应该会影响质体占据的细胞空间。虽然我们现在可以为质体分配细胞空间的网络提出更详细的模型，但我们对这一网络以及这一网络所针对的基因的了解仍有许多空白。不过，这些最新的突破为这一领域未来的进展提供了乐观的前景。

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引用次数: 0

Structural rejuvenation of a well-aged metallic glass 老化金属玻璃的结构返老还老

IF 6.2 3区综合性期刊 Q1 Multidisciplinary

Fundamental Research

Pub Date : 2024-09-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.fmre.2022.12.004

Rejuvenation of glassy structures in general is characterized by the exothermic enthalpy prior to the glass transition. In the present work, we find that this situation is not applicable to a heavily-aged Zr-based metallic glass that rejuvenates by anelastic deformation before yield. Instead, its rejuvenation can be precisely captured by the low-temperature boson heat capacity peak as well as the effective enthalpy change with the glass-to-liquid transition. These results demonstrate that a structurally stable glass could rejuvenate by decreasing mechanical stability of its basin of potential energy landscape, but without changing the basin's energy level. The underlying mechanism points toward the redistribution of the atomic free volume with a constant system-averaged value. We further find that the rejuvenation limit of this glass is its steady-flow state with self-similar inherent structures at both short- and long-time scales. Our findings refresh the understanding of glass rejuvenation and suggest that the boson peak is a better probe for the structural rejuvenation of glasses.

玻璃结构的返老还童一般以玻璃转变前的放热焓为特征。在本研究中，我们发现这种情况并不适用于一种严重老化的锆基金属玻璃，这种玻璃在屈服前会通过非弹性形变恢复活力。相反，低温玻色子热容量峰以及玻璃到液体转变过程中的有效焓变可以精确捕捉到它的年轻化过程。这些结果表明，结构稳定的玻璃可以通过降低其势能景观盆地的机械稳定性而恢复活力，但盆地的能级不会发生变化。其基本机制是以恒定的系统平均值重新分配原子自由体积。我们进一步发现，这种玻璃的年轻化极限是其在短期和长期尺度上具有自相似固有结构的稳定流动状态。我们的发现刷新了人们对玻璃年轻化的认识，并表明玻色子峰是玻璃结构年轻化的更好探针。

引用次数: 0

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