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Cellulase-assisted refining in a paperboard mill: Avoided emissions from energy savings. A case study of a Finnish paperboard mill 纸板厂的纤维素酶辅助精炼:通过节能避免排放。芬兰一家纸板厂的案例研究
Q2 ENGINEERING, ENVIRONMENTAL Pub Date : 2024-06-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.clet.2024.100760
Olli Saira , Crystal Vauhkonen

The 2023 being on its way to be the warmest year in the 174-year global surface temperature history it is becoming more and more evident how crucial it is to break the linkage between economic growth and greenhouse gas emissions.

The pulp and paper industry is highly energy intensive industry sector. It is the fourth largest industrial energy user and currently produces approximately 1.3% of global greenhouse gas emissions. While the demand for paper and paperboard products keeps rising, it is essential for the industry to find energy efficient solutions for reducing the environmental impact of the pulp and paper products. 80% of the progress in energy efficiency in Finnish paper mills is due to improved technology and more optimal operational modes. Optimizing existing processes has bigger effect on energy efficiency than closing old and starting new paper mills.

Pulp refining is one of the most energy intense steps in the paperboard production, representing 15%–18% of the total energy consumption of a paper mill. The effect of a commercial cellulase enzyme product was evaluated for energy savings and avoided emissions in the refining process of a paperboard mill. Data from a paperboard line using Bleached Softwood Kraft Pulp (BSKP) from a separate pulp mill was provided by a Finnish paperboard mill containing production runs both with and without commercial cellulase product ECOPULP® R. Data was collected from the mill automation system to evaluate and compare a refining capacity restricted run and a run that was not refining capacity restricted.

Analysis of the data showed a reduction of refining energy by approximately 16%–17% when the cellulase enzyme was used. This corresponds to 2 kg of CO2 emissions avoided per tonne of pulp refined when calculated using the Finnish average electricity emissions intensity in 2022. Use of the cellulase enzyme enabled the refining results that could not have been reached with the bare mechanical refining capacity of the mill.

Cellulases can be efficient processing aids in pulp refining. The reduction of required mechanical refining and electrical power to run the refiners to achieve the required freeness can significantly affect the carbon footprint of the paperboard products, whereas the negative impact of emissions from enzyme production is negligible. Reduction of CO2 emissions is especially significant in the areas where the electricity mix used for the production is based heavily on fossil fuels.

2023 年即将成为全球 174 年地表温度历史上最温暖的一年,这也越来越清楚地表明,打破经济增长与温室气体排放之间的联系是多么重要。纸浆和造纸业是高度能源密集型的工业部门,是第四大工业能源用户,目前产生的温室气体排放量约占全球总量的 1.3%。虽然对纸张和纸板产品的需求不断增长,但该行业必须找到节能解决方案,以减少纸浆和纸张产品对环境的影响。芬兰造纸厂在能源效率方面取得的进步有 80% 归功于技术的改进和更优化的运营模式。在纸板生产过程中,磨浆是能耗最高的步骤之一,占造纸厂总能耗的 15%-18%。我们评估了商用纤维素酶产品在纸板厂磨浆过程中节能和避免排放的效果。芬兰一家纸板厂提供了一条纸板生产线的数据,该生产线使用的是来自一家独立纸浆厂的漂白软木牛皮浆 (BSKP),包括使用和不使用商用纤维素酶产品 ECOPULP® R 的生产运行。根据 2022 年芬兰平均电力排放强度计算,这相当于每精炼一吨纸浆可减少 2 千克二氧化碳排放。纤维素酶是纸浆精炼的高效加工助剂。纤维素酶可作为纸浆磨浆的高效加工助剂,减少磨浆机运行所需的机械磨浆和电能,以达到所需的洁净度,这可显著影响纸板产品的碳足迹,而酶生产所产生的排放的负面影响则微乎其微。在生产用电严重依赖化石燃料的地区,二氧化碳排放量的减少尤为重要。
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引用次数: 0
A green and eco-efficient protocol for the synthesis of benzo-[7]-annulene-1,3-dicarbonitriles by using simple mortar pestle grinding 利用简单的研杵研磨法合成苯并-[7]-annulene-1,3-二甲腈的绿色环保高效方案
Q2 ENGINEERING, ENVIRONMENTAL Pub Date : 2024-05-31 DOI: 10.1016/j.clet.2024.100762
Sai Kumar Badam , Battula Sreenivasa Rao , Satya Guru T.V. S. P. V , Suresh Maddila

The synthesis of novel benzo-[7]-annulene-1,3-dicarbonitrile analogues has been accomplished using an environmentally friendly and green protocol. This mortar and pestle grinding method that is both ethically responsible and commercially practical. By producing the necessary benzo-[7]-annulene-1,3-dicarbonitrile analogues with good results (89%–97%) in a short reaction time (≤30 min), this approach successfully indicates that even aldehydes with severe steric hindrance play an active part in the process. The faster work-up processes, the reduction of operating difficulties, and the increased yields are notable among its advantages over earlier systems. This strategy uses a mortar and pestle grinding method, which is well known for following guidelines that are both economically sensible and environmentally friendly. It is important to note that this novel approach offers a considerable advancement over earlier approaches that were characterized by drawn-out work-up procedures, operational complexity, and low yields.

新型苯并-[7]-annulene-1,3-二甲腈类似物的合成采用了一种环境友好型绿色方案。这种研钵和研杵研磨法既符合道德规范,又具有商业实用性。通过在较短的反应时间(≤30 分钟)内生产出所需的苯并-[7]-annulene-1,3-二甲腈类似物,并取得了良好的结果(89%-97%),这种方法成功地表明,即使是具有严重立体阻碍的醛类也能在该过程中发挥积极作用。与早期的系统相比,该方法的显著优势包括工作流程更快、操作难度降低以及产量增加。该策略采用研钵和研杵研磨法,众所周知,这种方法既经济又环保。值得注意的是,这种新方法与早期的方法相比有很大进步,早期方法的特点是加工程序冗长、操作复杂和产量低。
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引用次数: 0
The Impact of Circular Economy Strategies on Municipal Waste Management: A System Dynamics approach 循环经济战略对城市废物管理的影响:系统动力学方法
Q2 ENGINEERING, ENVIRONMENTAL Pub Date : 2024-05-31 DOI: 10.1016/j.clet.2024.100761
Danny Ibarra Vega , Sandra Bautista-Rodriguez

The low levels of reuse and recycling of solid waste in cities in developing countries can be attributed to decision-making processes with sub investment that do not consider waste streams, recovery capacities, and potential for recycling. This is due to a lack of understanding of the systemic structure of urban waste management.

This article presents the development of a model of an urban waste management system that integrates decisions based on strategies that close cycles, belonging to the concept of a circular economy. These strategies aim to increase the potential use of organic waste, plastics, and glass.

The model was built using the Systems Dynamics methodology, which allows obtaining mathematical models for the study and observation of trends and future scenarios of complex systems. The model is made up of three modules: health, financial, and circular economy. The strategies evaluated and compared in the simulation environment were: Economic incentives at the price of the material used; Increase in waste sorting capacity; Increase in the capacity to use waste.

Methodologically, novel mathematical representations were achieved for the estimation of the useful life of sanitary landfills. Likewise, a mathematical formulation was found for the automatic evaluation of the efficiency in the capacity to use different wastes, which allows to know the need for investment or increase of capacity to use the type of waste evaluated.

Methodologically, novel mathematical representations were achieved for the estimation of the useful life of sanitary landfills. These new mathematical representations allow for the automatic evaluation of the efficiency in the capacity to use different wastes. This information can be used to determine the need for investment or increase of capacity to use the type of waste evaluated.

发展中国家城市固体废物的再利用和再循环水平较低,这可归因于次投资决策过程没有考虑废物流、回收能力和再循环潜力。这是因为对城市废物管理的系统结构缺乏了解。本文介绍了城市废物管理系统模型的开发情况,该模型根据循环经济的概念,整合了基于闭合循环战略的决策。该模型是利用系统动力学方法建立的,该方法可以获得数学模型,用于研究和观察复杂系统的趋势和未来情景。该模型由三个模块组成:健康、金融和循环经济。在模拟环境中评估和比较的战略包括在方法上,对卫生填埋场使用寿命的估算采用了新颖的数学表达方式。同样,还找到了自动评估不同废物利用能力效率的数学公式,从而可以了解投资需求或增加利用所评估废物类型的能力。通过这些新的数学表达式,可以自动评估使用不同废物的能力效率。这些信息可用于确定是否需要投资或提高使用所评估废物类型的能力。
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引用次数: 0
Eco-friendly sugarcane biochar filler for enhanced mechanical properties in S-glass/polyester hybrid composites 生态友好型甘蔗生物炭填料用于增强 S 玻璃/聚酯混合复合材料的机械性能
Q2 ENGINEERING, ENVIRONMENTAL Pub Date : 2024-05-25 DOI: 10.1016/j.clet.2024.100759
Sundarakannan Rajendran , Geetha Palani , K. Arunprasath , Vigneshwaran Shanmugam , Uthayakumar Marimuthu , Arumugaprabu Veerasimman

In the pursuit of sustainable materials for composite fabrication, this study investigates the utilization of eco-friendly sugarcane biochar as a filler to enhance the mechanical properties of S-Glass/polyester hybrid composites. The incorporation of sugarcane biochar aims to mitigate environmental concerns associated with conventional fillers while simultaneously improving composite performance. Two techniques were utilized in the fabrication composites such as hand layup and vacuum bagging methods. Composite was fabricated with varying weight percentage of sugarcane biochar concentrations such as 5, 10, and 15 wt%. The mechanical behaviour of the composites was assessed through tensile, flexural, impact, and hardness tests. It is noted that the composites that comprised sugarcane biochar at concentrations as high as 10 wt% demonstrated the highest mechanical strength and performance. The maximum tensile strength of 119 MPa, flexural strength of 154 MPa and impact strength of 45 MPa was noted on the 10 wt% biochar composite. The findings underscore the effectiveness of sugarcane biochar as a filler in improving the mechanical behaviour of S-Glass/polyester hybrid composites. The successful integration of sugarcane biochar not only contributes to the development of sustainable composite materials but also highlights its potential to achieve superior mechanical performance.

为了追求复合材料制造的可持续材料,本研究调查了利用生态友好型甘蔗生物炭作为填料来提高 S-玻璃/聚酯混合复合材料的机械性能。加入甘蔗生物炭的目的是减轻与传统填料相关的环境问题,同时提高复合材料的性能。复合材料的制造采用了两种技术,即手糊法和真空袋法。复合材料的制造采用了不同重量百分比的甘蔗生物炭浓度,如 5、10 和 15 wt%。通过拉伸、弯曲、冲击和硬度测试评估了复合材料的机械性能。结果表明,甘蔗生物炭浓度高达 10 wt% 的复合材料具有最高的机械强度和性能。10 wt%生物炭复合材料的最大拉伸强度为 119 兆帕,弯曲强度为 154 兆帕,冲击强度为 45 兆帕。研究结果表明,甘蔗生物炭作为一种填料可有效改善 S-玻璃/聚酯混合复合材料的机械性能。甘蔗生物炭的成功应用不仅有助于可持续复合材料的开发,还凸显了其实现优异机械性能的潜力。
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引用次数: 0
Pozzolanic activity of FCC catalyst waste slag (CWS) for cement and geopolymer production 用于生产水泥和土工聚合物的催化裂化催化剂废渣(CWS)的胶凝活性
Q2 ENGINEERING, ENVIRONMENTAL Pub Date : 2024-05-24 DOI: 10.1016/j.clet.2024.100758
Zehao Lei, Sara Pavia

Catalyst waste slag (CWS) is generated in large amounts when fabricating the catalyst required in the fluid cracking catalyst (FCC) process used for oil refining. Currently, CWS is landfilled. This paper characterizes the CWS and measures its pozzolanic activity. It determines whether the CWS can be used as partial Portland cement (PC) replacement for the first time in the literature. CWS is primarily composed of Al2O3 and CaO. It contains a negligible quantity of heavy metals that can be immobilised in a matrix. The raw CWS is totally amorphous and extremely reactive which results in flash set. Calcination is an effective method to control the reactivity of CWS. Reactivity increased when CWS was calcined between 300 and 600 °C and it peaked at 500 °C, but this caused flash set. Calcination at 800 °C lowers reactivity (as the highly disordered aluminium phases achieve a greater order) which allows for proper handling. Temperatures over 800 °C caused partial crystallization significantly lowering reactivity.

The 800°C-calcined CWS reached high mechanical index (6.25), comparable to other pozzolans such as fly ash and red mud, and greater than alum sludge. CWS combines lime profusely and develops more abundant cementing hydrates than similar pozzolans such as calcined alum sludge. The pozzolanic reaction of the 800°C-calcined CWS provides abundant cementing minerals including AFt and AFm phases, calcium aluminium carbonate hydrates and calcium aluminium hydrates.

The high reactivity of CWS and its prolific production of cementing phases in pozzolanic reactions indicate that it can be used as a supplementary cementitious material in PC and lime systems; and that it can be used as a precursor to produce low-carbon and geopolymer cements. CWS constitutes a reactive aluminium source which, in a PC system, participates in hydration reactions and can enhance the properties of the resultant materials.

在制造用于炼油的流体裂解催化剂 (FCC) 工艺所需的催化剂时,会产生大量催化剂废渣 (CWS)。目前,CWS 被填埋。本文描述了 CWS 的特性,并测量了它的胶凝活性。它首次在文献中确定了 CWS 是否可用作部分硅酸盐水泥 (PC) 的替代品。CWS 主要由 Al2O3 和 CaO 组成。它所含的重金属微乎其微,可以固定在基质中。未加工的 CWS 完全是无定形的,具有极高的活性,会产生闪凝现象。煅烧是控制 CWS 反应性的有效方法。在 300 至 600 °C 之间煅烧 CWS 时,反应活性会增加,在 500 °C 时达到峰值,但这会导致闪凝。800 °C 煅烧可降低反应活性(因为高度无序的铝相达到了更高的有序度),从而可进行适当的处理。800°C 煅烧后的 CWS 具有较高的机械指数(6.25),可与粉煤灰和赤泥等其他合成物相媲美,并高于明矾污泥。与煅烧明矾污泥等同类灰泥相比,CWS 能大量结合石灰,并产生更多的胶结水合物。800°C 煅烧 CWS 的水胶凝反应提供了丰富的胶结矿物,包括 AFt 和 AFm 相、铝碳酸钙水合物和铝钙水合物。CWS 的高反应活性及其在水胶凝反应中产生的大量胶结相表明,它可用作 PC 和石灰系统中的补充胶凝材料;还可用作生产低碳水泥和土工聚合物水泥的前体。CWS 是一种活性铝源,在 PC 体系中可参与水化反应,并可增强所得材料的性能。
{"title":"Pozzolanic activity of FCC catalyst waste slag (CWS) for cement and geopolymer production","authors":"Zehao Lei,&nbsp;Sara Pavia","doi":"10.1016/j.clet.2024.100758","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.clet.2024.100758","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Catalyst waste slag (CWS) is generated in large amounts when fabricating the catalyst required in the fluid cracking catalyst (FCC) process used for oil refining. Currently, CWS is landfilled. This paper characterizes the CWS and measures its pozzolanic activity. It determines whether the CWS can be used as partial Portland cement (PC) replacement for the first time in the literature. CWS is primarily composed of Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> and CaO. It contains a negligible quantity of heavy metals that can be immobilised in a matrix. The raw CWS is totally amorphous and extremely reactive which results in flash set. Calcination is an effective method to control the reactivity of CWS. Reactivity increased when CWS was calcined between 300 and 600 °C and it peaked at 500 °C, but this caused flash set. Calcination at 800 °C lowers reactivity (as the highly disordered aluminium phases achieve a greater order) which allows for proper handling. Temperatures over 800 °C caused partial crystallization significantly lowering reactivity.</p><p>The 800°C-calcined CWS reached high mechanical index (6.25), comparable to other pozzolans such as fly ash and red mud, and greater than alum sludge. CWS combines lime profusely and develops more abundant cementing hydrates than similar pozzolans such as calcined alum sludge. The pozzolanic reaction of the 800°C-calcined CWS provides abundant cementing minerals including AFt and AFm phases, calcium aluminium carbonate hydrates and calcium aluminium hydrates.</p><p>The high reactivity of CWS and its prolific production of cementing phases in pozzolanic reactions indicate that it can be used as a supplementary cementitious material in PC and lime systems; and that it can be used as a precursor to produce low-carbon and geopolymer cements. CWS constitutes a reactive aluminium source which, in a PC system, participates in hydration reactions and can enhance the properties of the resultant materials.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":34618,"journal":{"name":"Cleaner Engineering and Technology","volume":"20 ","pages":"Article 100758"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2666790824000387/pdfft?md5=ebd26bb5b2abe0ea818492185b8469a1&pid=1-s2.0-S2666790824000387-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141136425","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Additive manufacturing advancement through large-scale screw-extrusion 3D printing for precision parawood powder/PLA furniture production 通过大规模螺旋挤压 3D 打印技术推进增材制造技术,用于生产精密 Parawood 粉末/PLA 家具
Q2 ENGINEERING, ENVIRONMENTAL Pub Date : 2024-05-21 DOI: 10.1016/j.clet.2024.100753
Chakrit Suvanjumrat , Kanchanabhorn Chansoda , Watcharapong Chookaew

In this paper, a large-scale screw-extrusion 3D printer specifically tailored for additive manufacturing applications is introduced, primarily focusing on crafting parawood powder/polylactic acid (PLA) furniture. Boasting a large build volume (700 × 700 × 700 mm3), the printer incorporates a meticulously designed screw extruder to ensure the precise feeding of composite material pellets. The investigation delves into the nuanced relationship between variations in the extruder nozzle orifice diameter and the resulting impact on the extrusion rate, directly correlating these variations with the motor speed. Additionally, the influence of the parawood powder/PLA ratio is explored through comprehensive mechanical property testing of the printed specimens. Optimal outcomes were attained with a 15 %w/w parawood powder composition, yielding an impressive ultimate strength of 54 MPa under specific printing conditions. The efficacy of the large-scale screw-extrusion 3D printer was robustly validated through the successful production of a parawood powder/PLA stacking chair, meeting the criteria stipulated in the Thai industrial standard. Furthermore, an identified parawood powder/PLA component, characterized by a rectangular cylinder with a cross-sectional area of 19.4 × 24.0 mm2, holds promising potential for versatile applications in furniture assembly. This innovative extrusion 3D printing approach, combined with meticulously optimized parameters, has unequivocal potential for manufacturing a diverse array of parawood powder/PLA furniture, elevating the value of parawood byproducts and contributing to waste reduction during processing.

本文介绍了一种专门为增材制造应用定制的大型螺杆挤出三维打印机,主要用于制作刨花板粉末/聚乳酸(PLA)家具。该打印机拥有较大的构建体积(700 × 700 × 700 mm3),采用了精心设计的螺杆挤出机,以确保复合材料颗粒的精确进料。研究深入探讨了挤出机喷嘴孔径变化与挤出速率影响之间的微妙关系,并将这些变化与电机转速直接联系起来。此外,还通过对打印试样进行全面的机械性能测试,探讨了对位木粉/聚乳酸比例的影响。在特定的印刷条件下,15%w/w 的刨花板粉末成分达到了最佳效果,产生了 54 兆帕的惊人极限强度。通过成功生产出符合泰国工业标准规定的对伞木粉/聚乳酸(PLA)堆叠椅,大规模螺旋挤压式三维打印机的功效得到了有力的验证。此外,已确定的一种对伞木粉/PLA 部件的横截面积为 19.4 × 24.0 mm2,呈矩形圆柱体,有望在家具组装中得到广泛应用。这种创新的挤出 3D 打印方法与精心优化的参数相结合,具有制造各种对位木粉末/PLA 家具的明确潜力,可提高对位木副产品的价值,并有助于减少加工过程中的废物。
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引用次数: 0
Synergistic control for enhancing frequency stability in grid-integrated network with decentralized renewable energy resources, energy storage, and electric vehicles 协同控制以增强具有分散式可再生能源资源、储能和电动汽车的电网集成网络的频率稳定性
Q2 ENGINEERING, ENVIRONMENTAL Pub Date : 2024-05-19 DOI: 10.1016/j.clet.2024.100757
Sonali R. Nandanwar , Narayan Prasad Patidar , Siddharth Panda , Jalpa Thakkar , Mohan Lal Kolhe

The integration of Decentralized Energy Resources (DERs), Energy Storage Systems (ESS), and Electric Vehicles (EVs) into grid-connected networks presents a transformative paradigm in modern power systems. This article introduces a synergistic control framework tailored for optimizing frequency stability within grid-integrated distributed networks. The proposed approach leverages advanced control algorithms to orchestrate the dynamic interaction between DERs, ESS, and EVs, ensuring seamless operation and enhanced grid resilience. The effectiveness of the proposed control strategy is demonstrated in mitigating frequency deviations, thereby contributing to a more stable and reliable grid infrastructure. This article introduces a novel approach utilizing the Selfish Herd Optimization (SHO) algorithm to address this critical issue. Inspired by the self-preservation behavior observed in animal herding, the SHO algorithm is adapted to coordinate the operation of DERs with loads within a distributed network. By dynamically adjusting their output based on local frequency measurements, DERs collectively exhibit a self-organizing behavior, resulting in improved frequency stability. The SHO based PID controller is also proven to be far more effective at controlling frequency than the traditional PI controller. The findings underscore the potential of bio-inspired algorithms in enhancing the resilience of grid-integrated DER systems, offering a promising avenue for future grid control methodologies.

将分散式能源资源 (DER)、储能系统 (ESS) 和电动汽车 (EV) 整合到并网网络中,是现代电力系统的一种变革模式。本文介绍了一种为优化并网分布式网络频率稳定性而量身定制的协同控制框架。所提出的方法利用先进的控制算法来协调 DER、ESS 和电动汽车之间的动态互动,从而确保无缝运行并增强电网弹性。建议的控制策略在缓解频率偏差方面的有效性得到了验证,从而有助于建立更加稳定可靠的电网基础设施。本文介绍了一种利用自私羊群优化(SHO)算法解决这一关键问题的新方法。受动物放牧中自我保护行为的启发,SHO 算法适用于协调分布式网络中 DER 与负载的运行。通过根据本地频率测量结果动态调整输出,DER 集体表现出自组织行为,从而提高频率稳定性。事实证明,基于 SHO 的 PID 控制器在频率控制方面远比传统的 PI 控制器更有效。研究结果强调了生物启发算法在增强电网集成 DER 系统的恢复能力方面的潜力,为未来的电网控制方法提供了一条前景广阔的途径。
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引用次数: 0
Exergetic and exergoeconomic analyses of a large-scale industrial beer processing system 大型工业啤酒加工系统的能效和经济效益分析
Q2 ENGINEERING, ENVIRONMENTAL Pub Date : 2024-05-17 DOI: 10.1016/j.clet.2024.100755
O.M. Oyewola , O.S. Jemigbeyi , T.A.O. Salau

This research evaluated the performance of components and sections involved in industrial beer production using exergetic and exergoeconomics methodologies. The system was segmented into five production sections, and three energy input types were considered. The exergetic studies showed an operational exergetic efficiency of 3.33%, with an overall exergetic destruction rate of 5.54 MW and a specific destruction rate of 9.72 kW/hl for beer production. The overall improvement potential and sustainability index were estimated at 4.98 MW and 1.03, respectively. The brewhouse and packaging hall were identified as the sections with the highest production inefficiency, 58.73% and 30.40%, respectively. The exergoeconomic studies revealed a cost rate of 0.1704 USD/s for beer production, with the wort kettle, filling and cocking machine, Kieselguhr candle filter, whirlpool, and brite beer tank identified as the top five significant components in descending order. The efficiency of the system was critically affected by the activities in the packaging hall, particularly those involving energy inputs that cannot be recovered or attributed to the processed stream, beer. Further research is required to determine the cost savings of optimization measures identified from additional steam throttling, downsizing of some main pumps, and exergy loss during heating of wort and beer chilling processes.

这项研究采用能效学和功效经济学方法,对工业啤酒生产所涉及的组件和工段的性能进行了评估。该系统分为五个生产部分,并考虑了三种能源输入类型。能效研究表明,啤酒生产的运行能效为 3.33%,总能效破坏率为 5.54 兆瓦,具体破坏率为 9.72 千瓦/小时。总体改进潜力和可持续性指数估计分别为 4.98 兆瓦和 1.03。酿酒车间和包装车间被认为是生产效率最高的区域,分别为 58.73% 和 30.40%。经济效益研究表明,啤酒生产的成本率为 0.1704 美元/秒,其中麦汁釜、灌装机、Kieselguhr 烛式过滤器、漩涡池和硬质啤酒槽依次被确定为最重要的五个组成部分。系统的效率受到包装车间活动的严重影响,特别是那些涉及无法回收或无法归因于啤酒加工流的能源投入。还需要进一步研究,以确定从额外的蒸汽节流、缩小某些主泵的尺寸以及麦汁加热和啤酒冷却过程中的放能损失中确定的优化措施所节约的成本。
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引用次数: 0
Optimized deep neural network to estimate orientation angles for solar photovoltaics intelligent systems 优化深度神经网络,估算太阳能光伏智能系统的方向角
Q2 ENGINEERING, ENVIRONMENTAL Pub Date : 2024-05-15 DOI: 10.1016/j.clet.2024.100754
Nadia AL-Rousan , Hazem AL-Najjar

Using a single hidden layer neural network in estimating orientation angles for solar photovoltaics lacks the complexity required to model nonlinear relationships between input variables and the optimal orientation angles for solar photovoltaics. It struggles to generalize well to new and unseen data. More sophisticated neural network architectures such as deep learning with multi-hidden perceptron (MLP) can solve these issues by changing the architecture by deepening the network. Deepening the network will increase complexity, energy consumption, and time complexity. The study uses a novel approach to outperform traditional MLP models with two, three, four, and five hidden layers. An innovative approach was proposed by enhancing a single hidden layer MLP with a quadratic polynomial function, utilizing two robust methodologies, Least Absolute Residuals (LAR) and Bisquare methods. The results demonstrate that these approaches yield significant improvements in Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) and coefficient of determination (R squared). LAR-based MLP showed superiority over both bisquare-based and conventional MLPs methods in R2 and RMSE, ranging from 1.13 to 1.18 and 2.53 to 3.06, respectively. The study outperformed conventional MLP architectures with five hidden layers regarding accuracy and efficiency. The proposed model offers a more effective and less complex solution for data prediction tasks.

使用单隐层神经网络估算太阳能光伏发电的朝向角度,缺乏对输入变量与太阳能光伏发电最佳朝向角度之间的非线性关系建模所需的复杂性。它难以很好地泛化到新的和未见过的数据中。更复杂的神经网络架构,如采用多隐感知器(MLP)的深度学习,可以通过深化网络来改变架构,从而解决这些问题。深化网络会增加复杂性、能耗和时间复杂性。本研究采用一种新颖的方法来超越具有两、三、四和五层隐藏层的传统 MLP 模型。研究提出了一种创新方法,即利用二次多项式函数增强单隐层 MLP,并采用两种稳健方法,即最小绝对残差法(LAR)和双平方法。结果表明,这些方法显著改善了均方根误差(RMSE)和判定系数(R 平方)。基于 LAR 的 MLP 在 R2 和 RMSE 方面优于基于双平方的 MLP 和传统 MLP 方法,分别为 1.13 至 1.18 和 2.53 至 3.06。在准确性和效率方面,该研究优于传统的五层隐藏式 MLP 架构。所提出的模型为数据预测任务提供了更有效、更低复杂度的解决方案。
{"title":"Optimized deep neural network to estimate orientation angles for solar photovoltaics intelligent systems","authors":"Nadia AL-Rousan ,&nbsp;Hazem AL-Najjar","doi":"10.1016/j.clet.2024.100754","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.clet.2024.100754","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Using a single hidden layer neural network in estimating orientation angles for solar photovoltaics lacks the complexity required to model nonlinear relationships between input variables and the optimal orientation angles for solar photovoltaics. It struggles to generalize well to new and unseen data. More sophisticated neural network architectures such as deep learning with multi-hidden perceptron (MLP) can solve these issues by changing the architecture by deepening the network. Deepening the network will increase complexity, energy consumption, and time complexity. The study uses a novel approach to outperform traditional MLP models with two, three, four, and five hidden layers. An innovative approach was proposed by enhancing a single hidden layer MLP with a quadratic polynomial function, utilizing two robust methodologies, Least Absolute Residuals (LAR) and Bisquare methods. The results demonstrate that these approaches yield significant improvements in Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) and coefficient of determination (R squared). LAR-based MLP showed superiority over both bisquare-based and conventional MLPs methods in R2 and RMSE, ranging from 1.13 to 1.18 and 2.53 to 3.06, respectively. The study outperformed conventional MLP architectures with five hidden layers regarding accuracy and efficiency. The proposed model offers a more effective and less complex solution for data prediction tasks.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":34618,"journal":{"name":"Cleaner Engineering and Technology","volume":"20 ","pages":"Article 100754"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S266679082400034X/pdfft?md5=81078ed1974f573f1f69842b87b98493&pid=1-s2.0-S266679082400034X-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141046809","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Environmental impact assessment on polymer electrolyte fuel cell co-generation system, lithium-ion battery, and photovoltaic hybrid system combination and operation, considering performance degradation 聚合物电解质燃料电池热电联产系统、锂离子电池和光伏发电混合系统组合和运行的环境影响评估,考虑性能退化问题
Q2 ENGINEERING, ENVIRONMENTAL Pub Date : 2024-05-15 DOI: 10.1016/j.clet.2024.100756
Kenta Mandai, Shan Miao, Kiyoshi Dowaki

In recent years, fuel cell co-generation systems (FC-CGS) have attracted attention for contributing to the environment and are becoming increasingly popular. Considering the current situation, technical specifications for general FC-CGS environmental impact assessments have been published by the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) Technical Committee 105 Working Group 14 (TC105WG14). Additionally, several combinations of renewable energy systems, energy storage, and energy-saving technologies have been proposed to obtain more environmental benefits. In this study, several scenarios for combining a polymer electrolyte fuel cell co-generation system (PEFC-CGS) with a battery and PV were created, system operation was discussed, and an environmental impact assessment was conducted. The evaluation was based on IEC standards, considering performance degradation during the usage phase. As a result, it was found that a system in which PEFC-CGS operated in load-following mode, combined with battery and PV, could reduce global warming potential (GWP) by about 36%. There was almost no difference in the PEFC-CGS degradation rate owing to the difference in the operating methods. However, the battery degradation rate showed approximately a 45% difference depending on the scenario. In addition, an environmental gain of ηecogain was proposed that expresses the reduction rate from the BAU scenario. Finally, a sensitivity analysis was conducted by changing the weather conditions. The results showed that even when solar radiation was varied, eco-gain was much better than when PV was not installed.

近年来,燃料电池热电联产系统(FC-CGS)因其对环境的贡献而备受关注,并越来越受欢迎。考虑到当前形势,国际电工委员会(IEC)第 105 技术委员会第 14 工作组(TC105WG14)发布了一般 FC-CGS 环境影响评估技术规范。此外,还提出了几种可再生能源系统、储能和节能技术的组合,以获得更多的环境效益。在本研究中,提出了几种将聚合物电解质燃料电池联合发电系统(PEFC-CGS)与电池和光伏相结合的方案,讨论了系统运行问题,并进行了环境影响评估。评估以 IEC 标准为基础,考虑了使用阶段的性能衰减。结果发现,PEFC-CGS 以负载跟随模式运行的系统与电池和光伏相结合,可将全球升温潜能值(GWP)降低约 36%。由于运行方式不同,PEFC-CGS 的降解率几乎没有差异。然而,电池降解率则因方案不同而有约 45% 的差异。此外,还提出了一个环境增益 ηeco-gain,表示与 BAU 情景相比的降解率。最后,通过改变天气条件进行了敏感性分析。结果表明,即使太阳辐射不同,生态增益也比不安装光伏发电设备时要好得多。
{"title":"Environmental impact assessment on polymer electrolyte fuel cell co-generation system, lithium-ion battery, and photovoltaic hybrid system combination and operation, considering performance degradation","authors":"Kenta Mandai,&nbsp;Shan Miao,&nbsp;Kiyoshi Dowaki","doi":"10.1016/j.clet.2024.100756","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.clet.2024.100756","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>In recent years, fuel cell co-generation systems (FC-CGS) have attracted attention for contributing to the environment and are becoming increasingly popular. Considering the current situation, technical specifications for general FC-CGS environmental impact assessments have been published by the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) Technical Committee 105 Working Group 14 (TC105WG14). Additionally, several combinations of renewable energy systems, energy storage, and energy-saving technologies have been proposed to obtain more environmental benefits. In this study, several scenarios for combining a polymer electrolyte fuel cell co-generation system (PEFC-CGS) with a battery and PV were created, system operation was discussed, and an environmental impact assessment was conducted. The evaluation was based on IEC standards, considering performance degradation during the usage phase. As a result, it was found that a system in which PEFC-CGS operated in load-following mode, combined with battery and PV, could reduce global warming potential (GWP) by about 36%. There was almost no difference in the PEFC-CGS degradation rate owing to the difference in the operating methods. However, the battery degradation rate showed approximately a 45% difference depending on the scenario. In addition, an environmental gain of <span><math><mrow><msub><mi>η</mi><mrow><mi>e</mi><mi>c</mi><mi>o</mi><mo>−</mo><mi>g</mi><mi>a</mi><mi>i</mi><mi>n</mi></mrow></msub></mrow></math></span> was proposed that expresses the reduction rate from the BAU scenario. Finally, a sensitivity analysis was conducted by changing the weather conditions. The results showed that even when solar radiation was varied, eco-gain was much better than when PV was not installed.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":34618,"journal":{"name":"Cleaner Engineering and Technology","volume":"20 ","pages":"Article 100756"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2666790824000363/pdfft?md5=4ffe3115bb1d092d4334f30b8e4658d6&pid=1-s2.0-S2666790824000363-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141030668","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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Cleaner Engineering and Technology
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