Pub Date : 1937-04-01DOI: 10.1086/intejethi.47.3.2989388
C. Clark
IT IS now some centuries since Aristotle announced the philosophic principle of induction as the process by which the universal is extracted from a number of varying cases, to be followed by definition, fixing the principle thus extracted for use in all subsequent thinking. In so doing he not only developed a logical theory which furnished the intellectual method of Europe for almost two thousand years but laid the seeds of an intellectual controversy still rife today. As the lines came eventually to be drawn, the battle is between rationalism, on the one hand, and empiricism, on the other; the former devoted to principles, the latter to facts. The protagonist of the former is typically Descartes; of the latter, Francis Bacon. We have long been assured by our leading philosophers that the battle is largely sham, that all thinking worth while must make use of the rationalistic process of deduction, and of the empirical process of induction, of speculation and experimentation, of theorizing and of observing facts, each as complements of the other. If, therefore, an individual emphasizes one process more than the other, it is because of his tastes and inclination and not for reasons of eternal verity. In the natural sciences there seems a fair agreement on this, and it is accepted that the essence of scientific method is the verification of intelligent theory or even of shrewd guess. But in the social sciences such reconciliation is far from being obtained. John Dewey refers to the split as tragic, pointing to our oscillation "between a normative and rationalistic logic in morals and an empirical, purely descriptive method in concrete matters of fact," so that "our supposed ultimate ideals and aims
{"title":"The Higher Learning in a Democracy","authors":"C. Clark","doi":"10.1086/intejethi.47.3.2989388","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1086/intejethi.47.3.2989388","url":null,"abstract":"IT IS now some centuries since Aristotle announced the philosophic principle of induction as the process by which the universal is extracted from a number of varying cases, to be followed by definition, fixing the principle thus extracted for use in all subsequent thinking. In so doing he not only developed a logical theory which furnished the intellectual method of Europe for almost two thousand years but laid the seeds of an intellectual controversy still rife today. As the lines came eventually to be drawn, the battle is between rationalism, on the one hand, and empiricism, on the other; the former devoted to principles, the latter to facts. The protagonist of the former is typically Descartes; of the latter, Francis Bacon. We have long been assured by our leading philosophers that the battle is largely sham, that all thinking worth while must make use of the rationalistic process of deduction, and of the empirical process of induction, of speculation and experimentation, of theorizing and of observing facts, each as complements of the other. If, therefore, an individual emphasizes one process more than the other, it is because of his tastes and inclination and not for reasons of eternal verity. In the natural sciences there seems a fair agreement on this, and it is accepted that the essence of scientific method is the verification of intelligent theory or even of shrewd guess. But in the social sciences such reconciliation is far from being obtained. John Dewey refers to the split as tragic, pointing to our oscillation \"between a normative and rationalistic logic in morals and an empirical, purely descriptive method in concrete matters of fact,\" so that \"our supposed ultimate ideals and aims","PeriodicalId":346392,"journal":{"name":"The International Journal of Ethics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1937-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126191704","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1937-04-01DOI: 10.1086/intejethi.47.3.2989389
W. Warren
{"title":"Philosophy, Politics, and Education Our Basic Dilemma","authors":"W. Warren","doi":"10.1086/intejethi.47.3.2989389","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1086/intejethi.47.3.2989389","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":346392,"journal":{"name":"The International Journal of Ethics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1937-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124429859","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1937-04-01DOI: 10.1086/intejethi.47.3.2989403
So valuable are the individual essays that it is difficult to choose among them. No doubt the historian of general philosophical ideas will welcome the pellucid handling of Bruno Bauer and the fecund Feuerbach. No doubt the historian of political philosophy will welcome the discussion of Marx's neglected analysis of Max Stirner. The student of political movements will profit from the conceptually less significant passages which are devoted to Arnold Ruge and Moses Hess. The handling of Strauss clearly shows the extent to which the doctrine of "myth" and "ideology" depends upon the doughty author of the Leben Jesu and Die Christliche Glaubenslehre in ihrer geschichtlichen Entwicklung und in Kampf mit der modernen Wissenschaft. Indeed, if one interrelationship stands out above the rest, it is the debt of Marx (and of social critics generally) to the spirit, and especially the method, of those scholars who were revolutionizing the attitude of modern thinkers toward ecclesiastical forms and dogmas.
{"title":"Shorter Notices","authors":"","doi":"10.1086/intejethi.47.3.2989403","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1086/intejethi.47.3.2989403","url":null,"abstract":"So valuable are the individual essays that it is difficult to choose among them. No doubt the historian of general philosophical ideas will welcome the pellucid handling of Bruno Bauer and the fecund Feuerbach. No doubt the historian of political philosophy will welcome the discussion of Marx's neglected analysis of Max Stirner. The student of political movements will profit from the conceptually less significant passages which are devoted to Arnold Ruge and Moses Hess. The handling of Strauss clearly shows the extent to which the doctrine of \"myth\" and \"ideology\" depends upon the doughty author of the Leben Jesu and Die Christliche Glaubenslehre in ihrer geschichtlichen Entwicklung und in Kampf mit der modernen Wissenschaft. Indeed, if one interrelationship stands out above the rest, it is the debt of Marx (and of social critics generally) to the spirit, and especially the method, of those scholars who were revolutionizing the attitude of modern thinkers toward ecclesiastical forms and dogmas.","PeriodicalId":346392,"journal":{"name":"The International Journal of Ethics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1937-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122377334","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1937-04-01DOI: 10.1086/intejethi.47.3.2989392
T. Parsons
{"title":"Remarks on Education and the Professions","authors":"T. Parsons","doi":"10.1086/intejethi.47.3.2989392","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1086/intejethi.47.3.2989392","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":346392,"journal":{"name":"The International Journal of Ethics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1937-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122905377","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1937-04-01DOI: 10.1086/intejethi.47.3.2989390
C. Perry
ed knowledge of spatial relations and of characteristics applicable to the kind of places and objects dealt with. Conversely, apprehension of abstract systems of classification and of relations depends upon knowledge of particulars, upon the arrangement of particulars on the basis of similarities and uniformities, and upon the generalization of the prin-systems of classification and of relations depends upon knowledge of particulars, upon the arrangement of particulars on the basis of similarities and uniformities, and upon the generalization of the principles of order discovered. When speaking of "facts," President Hutchins doubtless refers primarily to items falling within the first mode of knowledge, namely, the designation and description of specific objects and events. There is no doubt but that in recent generations there has been an overemphasis or wrong emphasis on this type of knowledge. If one considers how many things and events there are in the world and how lengthily each might be described, one is appalled at the amount of information that might be accumulated if men were not restrained. There are a billion or more human beings now in existence whose heights, weights, head shapes, habits, travels, opinions, incomes, diets, tools, diseases, and scars might be recorded; and men long dead are not entirely beyond the reach of investigation. A census of farm animals has been made; but we can only guess at how many other animals are waiting to have facts about them made public. Without mentioning stars, mountains, trees, brooks, houses, or telephone poles, one can readily see that any person with imagination would be horrified by the huge mass of available facts pressing for admission into university curriculums, and by realization that large batches of such facts are from time to time actually slipping into university courses. Of course professors do not demand that university courses present descriptions of all particulars that might be described; and most of them resent the accusation that the particulars which they describe are unimportant. It is true, nevertheless, that there are various factors tending to encourage more or less random dipping into the huge reservoir of possible description. One basic factor is that the problem of formulating principles for determining what is important has not been dealt with adequately. Another is that many scholars, eager to discover laws and general principles but having no clear notions as to the methods and principles relevant to such research, proceed hopefully and vigorously on the asThis content downloaded from 157.55.39.215 on Wed, 31 Aug 2016 04:18:18 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms
培养空间关系和适用于所处理的地点和物体的特征的知识。相反地，理解抽象的分类和关系系统依赖于对细节的认识，依赖于在相似和一致的基础上对细节的安排，依赖于对分类和关系的主要系统的概括，依赖于对细节的认识，依赖于在相似和一致的基础上对细节的安排，以及对所发现的秩序原则的概括。当谈到“事实”时，哈钦斯校长无疑主要指的是属于第一种知识模式的项目，即对特定对象和事件的指定和描述。毫无疑问，最近几代人过分强调或错误地强调了这类知识。如果一个人考虑到世界上有多少事物和事件，以及每一件事情都可以被描述得有多长，那么如果人们不受限制，可能会积累如此多的信息，他会感到震惊。现在世界上有10亿甚至更多的人，他们的身高、体重、头型、习惯、旅行、观点、收入、饮食、工具、疾病和伤疤都可能被记录下来;死去很久的人也不是完全无法调查的。对农场动物进行了一次普查;但我们只能猜测有多少其他动物在等待有关它们的事实公之于众。如果不提星星、山脉、树木、小溪、房屋或电线杆，我们就不难看出，任何一个有想象力的人都会被大学课程中大量的事实所震惊，并且意识到这些事实中有大量的事实确实不时地溜进大学课程。当然，教授们并不要求大学课程描述所有可能被描述的细节;他们中的大多数人对他们所描述的细节不重要的指责感到反感。然而，确实有各种各样的因素倾向于鼓励或多或少地随机地进入可能描述的巨大储存库。一个基本因素是，制定确定什么是重要的原则的问题没有得到充分处理。另一种情况是，许多学者急于发现规律和一般原则，但对相关研究的方法和原则没有明确的概念，因此满怀希望地、积极地进行研究。本内容下载于157.55.39.215，星期三，31 Aug 2016 04:18:18 UTC
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Pub Date : 1937-04-01DOI: 10.1086/INTEJETHI.47.3.2989401
H. Alexander
{"title":"Philosophical Fragments, or A Fragment of Philosophy. Johannes Climacus , David F. Swenson","authors":"H. Alexander","doi":"10.1086/INTEJETHI.47.3.2989401","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1086/INTEJETHI.47.3.2989401","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":346392,"journal":{"name":"The International Journal of Ethics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1937-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115743538","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1937-04-01DOI: 10.1086/INTEJETHI.47.3.2989398
M. Otto
{"title":"On the Contented Life. Edgar A. Singer, Jr.","authors":"M. Otto","doi":"10.1086/INTEJETHI.47.3.2989398","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1086/INTEJETHI.47.3.2989398","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":346392,"journal":{"name":"The International Journal of Ethics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1937-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121071869","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1937-04-01DOI: 10.1086/intejethi.47.3.2989387
George Morgan,
T nHE status of values suffered aprogressive degradation parallel to that of knowledge in modern philosophy. Descartes's "bifurcation. of nature" banned tertiary as well as secondary qualities from the physical world. With values confined to the realm of minds conceived to be independent substances, the complete subjectivity of values was inevitable, no matter how much philosophers might dignify their retreat with moral "postulates." Finally, values took flight altogether, and the nineteenth century witnessed nihilistic doctrines which completely severed the realm of values from the realm of facts-the one unreal, the other worthless. Whitehead's philosophy strikes at the presuppositions of this whole development, which lie in the category of substance and the derivative fallacies of "simple location," "misplaced concreteness," and "vacuous actuality." If the ultimate actualities are not isolated substances but acts of experience related by mutual immanence, so that each is part of the "real internal constitution" of the other, and if none is purely mental or purely physical but each is both, then no "mind" is cut off from community with others, nor are "minds" excommunicated from nature. And, if the actualities themselves are infected with flux and relativity, there is no reason to banish values for a kindred crime. Thus it is a feature of Whitehead's theory of value that it is part of a general reconstruction of categories, not an isolated argument thriving on suppressed metaphysical premises. He opposes the compartmentalization of philosophy as a major source of sterility and guides his own thinking by the ideal of a coherent system in which all parts presuppose one another. Hence his philosophy includes values from the start and does not have to bring them in later as an apologetic afterthought.
{"title":"Whitehead's Theory of Value","authors":"George Morgan,","doi":"10.1086/intejethi.47.3.2989387","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1086/intejethi.47.3.2989387","url":null,"abstract":"T nHE status of values suffered aprogressive degradation parallel to that of knowledge in modern philosophy. Descartes's \"bifurcation. of nature\" banned tertiary as well as secondary qualities from the physical world. With values confined to the realm of minds conceived to be independent substances, the complete subjectivity of values was inevitable, no matter how much philosophers might dignify their retreat with moral \"postulates.\" Finally, values took flight altogether, and the nineteenth century witnessed nihilistic doctrines which completely severed the realm of values from the realm of facts-the one unreal, the other worthless. Whitehead's philosophy strikes at the presuppositions of this whole development, which lie in the category of substance and the derivative fallacies of \"simple location,\" \"misplaced concreteness,\" and \"vacuous actuality.\" If the ultimate actualities are not isolated substances but acts of experience related by mutual immanence, so that each is part of the \"real internal constitution\" of the other, and if none is purely mental or purely physical but each is both, then no \"mind\" is cut off from community with others, nor are \"minds\" excommunicated from nature. And, if the actualities themselves are infected with flux and relativity, there is no reason to banish values for a kindred crime. Thus it is a feature of Whitehead's theory of value that it is part of a general reconstruction of categories, not an isolated argument thriving on suppressed metaphysical premises. He opposes the compartmentalization of philosophy as a major source of sterility and guides his own thinking by the ideal of a coherent system in which all parts presuppose one another. Hence his philosophy includes values from the start and does not have to bring them in later as an apologetic afterthought.","PeriodicalId":346392,"journal":{"name":"The International Journal of Ethics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1937-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127290780","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1937-04-01DOI: 10.1086/intejethi.47.3.2989393
R. Mckeon
{"title":"Education and the Disciplines","authors":"R. Mckeon","doi":"10.1086/intejethi.47.3.2989393","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1086/intejethi.47.3.2989393","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":346392,"journal":{"name":"The International Journal of Ethics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1937-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116796552","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1937-04-01DOI: 10.1086/intejethi.47.3.2989391
B. Wright
{"title":"History as a Central Study","authors":"B. Wright","doi":"10.1086/intejethi.47.3.2989391","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1086/intejethi.47.3.2989391","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":346392,"journal":{"name":"The International Journal of Ethics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1937-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124877558","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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