Pub Date : 2009-05-04DOI: 10.1109/RADAR.2009.4977038
T. Bryllert, K. Cooper, R. Dengler, N. Llombart, G. Chattopadhyay, E. Schlecht, J. Gill, Choonsup Lee, A. Skalare, I. Mehdi, P. Siegel
We present the hardware and the experimental results from a 600 GHz imaging radar with sub-centimeter resolution in all three spatial dimensions. The FMCW radar transceiver is built on a back-end of commercial microwave components - with a front-end of custom designed frequency multipliers and mixers. The optics consists of a 40 cm diameter ellipsoidal primary reflector with a 4 m focal length. The acquired images will be compared with those achieved with a more traditional sub-millimeter wave active imaging technique.
{"title":"A 600 GHz imaging radar for concealed objects detection","authors":"T. Bryllert, K. Cooper, R. Dengler, N. Llombart, G. Chattopadhyay, E. Schlecht, J. Gill, Choonsup Lee, A. Skalare, I. Mehdi, P. Siegel","doi":"10.1109/RADAR.2009.4977038","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/RADAR.2009.4977038","url":null,"abstract":"We present the hardware and the experimental results from a 600 GHz imaging radar with sub-centimeter resolution in all three spatial dimensions. The FMCW radar transceiver is built on a back-end of commercial microwave components - with a front-end of custom designed frequency multipliers and mixers. The optics consists of a 40 cm diameter ellipsoidal primary reflector with a 4 m focal length. The acquired images will be compared with those achieved with a more traditional sub-millimeter wave active imaging technique.","PeriodicalId":346898,"journal":{"name":"2009 IEEE Radar Conference","volume":"64 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-05-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121979717","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2009-05-04DOI: 10.1109/RADAR.2009.4976965
R. A. Simpson, G. Tyler, B. Hausler, M. Patzold, S. Asmar
Bistatic radar provides a simple, cost-effective way to obtain survey information about planetary surfaces on scales important to landers and rovers. The centimeter-scale waves interact most strongly with surface structure on similar and slightly larger scales yielding estimates of rms surface slopes ζ and material dielectric constant ε (which can be related to density). Recent experiments in the Mars north polar region show an unusually heterogeneous surface with some segments having ζ less than 0.2°. The dielectric constants appear to vary only between 1.8 within the polar cap (snow) and 3–4 outside (sand). Uplink experiments (transmissions from ground to spacecraft) have been successfully conducted using Mars Odyssey; future possibilities include spacecraft-to-spacecraft experiments.
{"title":"Bistatic radar probing of planetary surfaces","authors":"R. A. Simpson, G. Tyler, B. Hausler, M. Patzold, S. Asmar","doi":"10.1109/RADAR.2009.4976965","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/RADAR.2009.4976965","url":null,"abstract":"Bistatic radar provides a simple, cost-effective way to obtain survey information about planetary surfaces on scales important to landers and rovers. The centimeter-scale waves interact most strongly with surface structure on similar and slightly larger scales yielding estimates of rms surface slopes ζ and material dielectric constant ε (which can be related to density). Recent experiments in the Mars north polar region show an unusually heterogeneous surface with some segments having ζ less than 0.2°. The dielectric constants appear to vary only between 1.8 within the polar cap (snow) and 3–4 outside (sand). Uplink experiments (transmissions from ground to spacecraft) have been successfully conducted using Mars Odyssey; future possibilities include spacecraft-to-spacecraft experiments.","PeriodicalId":346898,"journal":{"name":"2009 IEEE Radar Conference","volume":"61 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-05-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122263052","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2009-05-04DOI: 10.1109/RADAR.2009.4976929
M. Lamanna
The The implementation of the S-APAS (Scalable Multifunction Radio Frequency - Active Phased Array System) concept[1], [2] requires the use of autonomous T/R modules connected to a common digital bus. The T/R modules have the functions of radiating energy in the radar space, collecting the relative returns and exchanging data and commands with the processing/control blocks. The technological aspects related to producing a T/R module, that is flexible and cheap enough to be used in different radar systems, at least within the same operating band, have been analyzed in previous papers[1], [2], [3], [4], [5], [6]. Further aspects derived from the S-APAS architectural concept have been considered here, in order to find the right intercepts with available technologies and with new technologies under development. In particular, the transmitter performance, the bus throughput and the performance of the data/ signal processing blocks are among the most critical items, to be analyzed carefully. This paper defines the dimensioning criteria for the proposed architecture in a number of cases related to different applications at different operating frequencies, defines the basic design principles and discusses the results, with respect to the above parameters, in order to find the technological constraints related to the physical implementation of the S-APAS architectural concept. The study is limited to applications with operating frequencies ranging from L band to X band, but the results can be easily extended to other frequencies of interest.
{"title":"Technology intercepts for the S-APAS architecture","authors":"M. Lamanna","doi":"10.1109/RADAR.2009.4976929","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/RADAR.2009.4976929","url":null,"abstract":"The The implementation of the S-APAS (Scalable Multifunction Radio Frequency - Active Phased Array System) concept[1], [2] requires the use of autonomous T/R modules connected to a common digital bus. The T/R modules have the functions of radiating energy in the radar space, collecting the relative returns and exchanging data and commands with the processing/control blocks. The technological aspects related to producing a T/R module, that is flexible and cheap enough to be used in different radar systems, at least within the same operating band, have been analyzed in previous papers[1], [2], [3], [4], [5], [6]. Further aspects derived from the S-APAS architectural concept have been considered here, in order to find the right intercepts with available technologies and with new technologies under development. In particular, the transmitter performance, the bus throughput and the performance of the data/ signal processing blocks are among the most critical items, to be analyzed carefully. This paper defines the dimensioning criteria for the proposed architecture in a number of cases related to different applications at different operating frequencies, defines the basic design principles and discusses the results, with respect to the above parameters, in order to find the technological constraints related to the physical implementation of the S-APAS architectural concept. The study is limited to applications with operating frequencies ranging from L band to X band, but the results can be easily extended to other frequencies of interest.","PeriodicalId":346898,"journal":{"name":"2009 IEEE Radar Conference","volume":"30 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-05-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125134633","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
For interferometric SAR (InSAR) processing, the interferogram flattening is crucial for reconstructing DEM with high accuracy. In this paper, various error sources of the two techniques for flattening, using the orbit data and the interferogram spectrum, are analyzed. Their comparisons and especially the influence on final DEM accuracy are also discussed. Experiment with different sample data are further carried out to validate the theoretical analysis. Results show that the orbit-based flattening algorithm with the precise orbit data will be obviously better than the spectrum-based one; However, coordinative DEM errors will be derived from the orbit-based flattening algorithm, compared with the spectrum-based one, only with coarse orbit data; Although under whatever situation, high DEM errors will be resulted from the spectrum-based algorithm, if the mean spatial interferometric spectrum is more inclined to zero, the DEM reconstruction will be more accurate. All of these can be well in accordance with the theoretical model of DEM errors.
{"title":"Analysis of the InSAR flattening errors and their influence on DEM reconstruction","authors":"Zheng Xiang, Kaizhi Wang, Xingzhao Liu, Wenxian Yu","doi":"10.1109/RADAR.2009.4976989","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/RADAR.2009.4976989","url":null,"abstract":"For interferometric SAR (InSAR) processing, the interferogram flattening is crucial for reconstructing DEM with high accuracy. In this paper, various error sources of the two techniques for flattening, using the orbit data and the interferogram spectrum, are analyzed. Their comparisons and especially the influence on final DEM accuracy are also discussed. Experiment with different sample data are further carried out to validate the theoretical analysis. Results show that the orbit-based flattening algorithm with the precise orbit data will be obviously better than the spectrum-based one; However, coordinative DEM errors will be derived from the orbit-based flattening algorithm, compared with the spectrum-based one, only with coarse orbit data; Although under whatever situation, high DEM errors will be resulted from the spectrum-based algorithm, if the mean spatial interferometric spectrum is more inclined to zero, the DEM reconstruction will be more accurate. All of these can be well in accordance with the theoretical model of DEM errors.","PeriodicalId":346898,"journal":{"name":"2009 IEEE Radar Conference","volume":"18 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-05-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125405107","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2009-05-04DOI: 10.1109/RADAR.2009.4977118
Ju-Ching Li, Mingyu Lu, Sungyong Jung, Kyoungwon Min
This paper presents the design and simulation of a CMOS ultra-wideband pulse generator using IBM 90nm CMOS technology. The operating frequency band of the pulse generator is from 22 to 29 GHz for the application of short-range automotive radar. The pulse generator has a simple architecture using digital circuits. The simulation results show that the power spectral density of the pulse generator has a center frequency of 24.4 GHz and has a -10 dB bandwidth from 22 to 29 GHz.
{"title":"A CMOS ultra-wideband impulse generator for 22–29 GHz automotive radar application","authors":"Ju-Ching Li, Mingyu Lu, Sungyong Jung, Kyoungwon Min","doi":"10.1109/RADAR.2009.4977118","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/RADAR.2009.4977118","url":null,"abstract":"This paper presents the design and simulation of a CMOS ultra-wideband pulse generator using IBM 90nm CMOS technology. The operating frequency band of the pulse generator is from 22 to 29 GHz for the application of short-range automotive radar. The pulse generator has a simple architecture using digital circuits. The simulation results show that the power spectral density of the pulse generator has a center frequency of 24.4 GHz and has a -10 dB bandwidth from 22 to 29 GHz.","PeriodicalId":346898,"journal":{"name":"2009 IEEE Radar Conference","volume":"71 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-05-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125524961","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2009-05-04DOI: 10.1109/RADAR.2009.4977123
E. Brown, E. Brown, A. Hartenstein
A Ku-band radar has been developed for detection and tracking of sniper rifle bullets and other ballistic projectiles. The radar utilizes a novel retrodirective architecture based on separate 8-element receive and transmit antenna arrays. A pseudorandom noise waveform provides for precise ranging and high processing gain. Digital filtering allows for discrimination of high-velocity bullets and small supersonic projectiles up to at least 1700 ft/s, as demonstrated experimentally in field tests.
{"title":"Ku-band retrodirective radar for ballistic projectile detection and tracking","authors":"E. Brown, E. Brown, A. Hartenstein","doi":"10.1109/RADAR.2009.4977123","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/RADAR.2009.4977123","url":null,"abstract":"A Ku-band radar has been developed for detection and tracking of sniper rifle bullets and other ballistic projectiles. The radar utilizes a novel retrodirective architecture based on separate 8-element receive and transmit antenna arrays. A pseudorandom noise waveform provides for precise ranging and high processing gain. Digital filtering allows for discrimination of high-velocity bullets and small supersonic projectiles up to at least 1700 ft/s, as demonstrated experimentally in field tests.","PeriodicalId":346898,"journal":{"name":"2009 IEEE Radar Conference","volume":"14 18 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-05-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126149319","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2009-05-04DOI: 10.1109/RADAR.2009.4976959
Junjie Wu, Jianyu Yang, Yulin Huang, Haiguang Yang, Haocheng Wang
With appropriate geometry configurations, bistatic Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) can break through the limitations of monostatic SAR on forward-looking imaging. Thanks to such a capability, bistatic forward-looking SAR (BFSAR) has extensive potential applications. In this paper, we categorize various airborne and ground based BFSAR and give their possible applications, challenges and processing approaches. After that, based on gradient theory, we analyze the resolution performance of different mode BFSAR and present the intrinsic reasons why BFSAR can carry out forward-looking imaging.
{"title":"Bistatic forward-looking SAR: Theory and challenges","authors":"Junjie Wu, Jianyu Yang, Yulin Huang, Haiguang Yang, Haocheng Wang","doi":"10.1109/RADAR.2009.4976959","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/RADAR.2009.4976959","url":null,"abstract":"With appropriate geometry configurations, bistatic Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) can break through the limitations of monostatic SAR on forward-looking imaging. Thanks to such a capability, bistatic forward-looking SAR (BFSAR) has extensive potential applications. In this paper, we categorize various airborne and ground based BFSAR and give their possible applications, challenges and processing approaches. After that, based on gradient theory, we analyze the resolution performance of different mode BFSAR and present the intrinsic reasons why BFSAR can carry out forward-looking imaging.","PeriodicalId":346898,"journal":{"name":"2009 IEEE Radar Conference","volume":"95 4 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-05-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124164348","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2009-05-04DOI: 10.1109/RADAR.2009.4976969
M. Reiher, Bin Yang
Frequency matching is an essential block of the signal processing chain in LFMCW (linear frequency modulated continuous wave) radar. Its task is to associate frequency detections obtained in multiple measurements. Under certain conditions, this association may fail and frequency detections from multiple real targets may be combined to a mismatch. The classification of a frequency association as match (real target) or mismatch (ghost target) is commonly regarded impossible if we only have frequency detections. Yet in this paper we show that even in this case, a reliable classification is possible when special attention is paid to the two outermost frequencies in each spectrum. Furthermore, the radar's modulation can be designed such that the reliable classification can be achieved in the regions of interest of the distance-velocity-plane, i.e. application-specific.
{"title":"Extending the frequency matching in linear FMCW radar exploiting extreme frequencies","authors":"M. Reiher, Bin Yang","doi":"10.1109/RADAR.2009.4976969","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/RADAR.2009.4976969","url":null,"abstract":"Frequency matching is an essential block of the signal processing chain in LFMCW (linear frequency modulated continuous wave) radar. Its task is to associate frequency detections obtained in multiple measurements. Under certain conditions, this association may fail and frequency detections from multiple real targets may be combined to a mismatch. The classification of a frequency association as match (real target) or mismatch (ghost target) is commonly regarded impossible if we only have frequency detections. Yet in this paper we show that even in this case, a reliable classification is possible when special attention is paid to the two outermost frequencies in each spectrum. Furthermore, the radar's modulation can be designed such that the reliable classification can be achieved in the regions of interest of the distance-velocity-plane, i.e. application-specific.","PeriodicalId":346898,"journal":{"name":"2009 IEEE Radar Conference","volume":"66 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-05-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130274225","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2009-05-04DOI: 10.1109/RADAR.2009.4977074
D. Weissman, M. Bourassa
Changes in the sea surface roughness from the combined effects of wind and rain, on scales of tens of kilometers, are being studied using the QuikSCAT scatterometer and simultaneous NEXRAD three-dimensional measurements of rain within Hurricane Claudette. Buoys, NOAA HRD H*Winds and related data provide the additional wind information. From the remote sensing perspective, these results will show the dependence of the sea surface radar cross section, at Ku-band, as a function of the rainrate, wind speed and relative direction, and polarization. At this microwave frequency the surface backscatter is controlled by the centimeter-scale roughness, but at these high wind speeds the simple models based on Bragg scattering are not useful. In order to study the air-sea interaction that is related to surface fluxes (e.g., momentum, sensible heat, and latent heat) during rain events, extended experimental investigations are needed. Heavy rain in the boundary layer changes the profiles of wind and stratification which alter the surface stress and turbulent heat fluxes. The wind driven rain also creates roughness properties that need to be modeled in order to interpret the Kuband NRCS at the two polarizations, When high winds also exist (≫20 m/s), the interaction is complicated by sea spray.
{"title":"The combined effect of surface rain and wind on scatterometer observations of surface roughness","authors":"D. Weissman, M. Bourassa","doi":"10.1109/RADAR.2009.4977074","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/RADAR.2009.4977074","url":null,"abstract":"Changes in the sea surface roughness from the combined effects of wind and rain, on scales of tens of kilometers, are being studied using the QuikSCAT scatterometer and simultaneous NEXRAD three-dimensional measurements of rain within Hurricane Claudette. Buoys, NOAA HRD H*Winds and related data provide the additional wind information. From the remote sensing perspective, these results will show the dependence of the sea surface radar cross section, at Ku-band, as a function of the rainrate, wind speed and relative direction, and polarization. At this microwave frequency the surface backscatter is controlled by the centimeter-scale roughness, but at these high wind speeds the simple models based on Bragg scattering are not useful. In order to study the air-sea interaction that is related to surface fluxes (e.g., momentum, sensible heat, and latent heat) during rain events, extended experimental investigations are needed. Heavy rain in the boundary layer changes the profiles of wind and stratification which alter the surface stress and turbulent heat fluxes. The wind driven rain also creates roughness properties that need to be modeled in order to interpret the Kuband NRCS at the two polarizations, When high winds also exist (≫20 m/s), the interaction is complicated by sea spray.","PeriodicalId":346898,"journal":{"name":"2009 IEEE Radar Conference","volume":"33 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-05-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130416323","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2009-05-04DOI: 10.1109/RADAR.2009.4977021
D. Petkie, C. Benton, E. Bryan
We present the development of a 228 GHz heterodyne radar system for the remote measurement of respiration and heart rates. The advantages of a millimeter wave system include a higher sensitivity to small displacements, transmission through the atmosphere and clothing and the ability to maintain a collimated beam over large distances. We present a set of respiration and heart rate measurements out to a range of 50 meters.
{"title":"Millimeter wave radar for remote measurement of vital signs","authors":"D. Petkie, C. Benton, E. Bryan","doi":"10.1109/RADAR.2009.4977021","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/RADAR.2009.4977021","url":null,"abstract":"We present the development of a 228 GHz heterodyne radar system for the remote measurement of respiration and heart rates. The advantages of a millimeter wave system include a higher sensitivity to small displacements, transmission through the atmosphere and clothing and the ability to maintain a collimated beam over large distances. We present a set of respiration and heart rate measurements out to a range of 50 meters.","PeriodicalId":346898,"journal":{"name":"2009 IEEE Radar Conference","volume":"30 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-05-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127187461","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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