Plant Stress最新文献

The interaction between biochar application and calcium ions (Ca²⁺) in plants, in terms of activating plant defense mechanism would be useful to improve plant resilience and sustainable agriculture. This review aims to highlight the possible connection between biochar-induced changes in soil physicochemical properties, microbial interactions, and Ca²⁺ dynamics, ultimately leading to promote the plant defense mechanisms. We are also interested to discuss the role of Ca²⁺ signaling in coordinating plant responses to various biotic and abiotic stresses such as pathogen and insects attacks, cold or heat stress and drought stress as well as how Ca²⁺ fluxes, calcium-binding proteins, and ion channels are influenced by biochar application in the soil environment. Furthermore, we examine the impact of biochar on plant Ca²⁺ signaling pathways and how it can prime defense genes and strengthen call wall barriers to improve plant immunity. Despite significant progress, there is a need for interdisciplinary collaboration to fully sort out the mechanism of Ca²⁺ signaling in plants and induction of Ca²⁺ ions by biochar induction in soil environment. Advanced imaging techniques, proteomics and omics approaches could be helpful to unlock the complex interaction between biochar application and Ca²⁺ signaling. Overall, this review contributes substantially to the literature by describing the relationship between biochar and Ca²⁺ signaling and providing insights into novel approaches for enhancing plant defense mechanisms and development of sustainable agricultural solutions.

The mechanisms of the nitrogen deficiency (ND) response are complex and not sufficiently studied in evergreen tree crops. The aim of this study was to investigate the nitrogen deficiency response in two contrasting tea genotypes to reveal molecular crosstalk between tea quality and tolerance to ND. The transcriptional response to two- and four-month nitrogen deficiency was analyzed in tolerant (cv. Karatum) and susceptible (cv. Kolkhida) tea genotypes. Both GO and KEGG analyses indicated that phenylpropanoid pathway was significantly enriched under nitrogen deficiency in both cultivars. Most of the transcription factor DEGs were related to ABA-mediated stress responses; the following transcription factors were upregulated in both genotypes and in both stress periods: TEAK026346 (bZip23), TEAK015869 (RADIALIS-like 3 isoform X1), TEAK022547 (bHLH78) and one was downregulated TEAK030189 (MYB family transcription factor EFM like) indicating their important role for regulation of nitrogen deficiency response. Gene network of phenylpropanoid pathway DEGs indicated the abandoned edges in lignin biosynthesis DEGs. Generally, the results suggest greater stability of the cell wall metabolism and secondary metabolism in tolerant genotype under long term nitrogen deficiency. The revealed lignin biosynthesis genes can be new candidates for molecular breeding to develop tolerant tea genotypes.

Grapevine is an economically-important culture worldwide but is currently the target of decline, especially caused by grapevine trunk diseases (GTD). One of the major grapevine trunk disease is Botryosphaeria dieback, which is associated with Botryosphaeriaceae fungi. Among the different methods that could contribute to increase grapevine fitness under stresses, viticulture could take advantage of symbiosis with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. Within this context, we investigated the effect of V. vinifera cv. Gewurztraminer colonization with the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus Rhizophagus irregularis on plant tolerance to wood inoculation with Neofusicoccum parvum Bt67, one of the most aggressive fungus associated with Botryosphaeria dieback. We showed that grapevine mycorrhization resulted in a small but significant reduction of wood necrosis size and less intense necrosis symptoms on the leaves. We further characterized the response of grapevine leaves and roots to both arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus (AMF) symbiosis and GTD fungus inoculation, especially the interaction between these two conditions, with a non-targeted metabolomic approach. In the roots, both mycorrhization and N. parvum infection triggered metabolite reprogramming, especially sugars and stilbenes, which were downregulated by both AMF symbiosis and pathogen infection. Furthermore, N. parvum infection triggered a significant decrease in fatty acids and oxylipins in leaves of non-mycorrhized plants, whereas contents were maintained or increased in Rhizophagus irregularis-colonized plants. In conclusion, AMF symbiosis may be an interesting tool to improve health of young grapevines and help sustaining infection by trunk disease fungi, by harnessing lipid metabolism.

Severe high temperature (HT) climate significantly impacts cotton quality and yield. Consequently, it is essential to mine thermal-responsive genes and explore the underlying mechanisms of HT response in cotton. In this study, we employed a high-throughput cDNA-library method in conjunction with the ALRS system to screen thermotolerant genes in Upland cotton. As a result, a total of 16,120, 13,216 and 172 effective survival genes were filtered after HT stress exposure (42 °C, 220 rpm) for 48 h, 60 h and 72 h, respectively. Functional annotation and enrichment analysis revealed that 170 common genes were involved in regulatory processes associated with HT stress, and the relevant transcriptome data indicated that the majority of these genes responded to temperature fluctuations. Twenty-one genes were randomly selected for verification, and it was found that these genes could enhance yeast resistance to HT stress. Additionally, we selected mutants of homologous Arabidopsis genes for four candidate genes to validate plant thermotolerance during flowering; the thermotolerances of SALK_201915 and SALK_120540.1 were significantly worse. The results demonstrate that numerous candidate genes identified from the cDNA-library contribute to the highly complex molecular network that governs the response and resistance to HT stress in Upland cotton. The high-throughput heat-screening method utilized in this study was optimized for mining thermotolerant genes including improvement in yeast library construction, screening system, gradient reverse pressure, and sequencing library construction. We hope that this new method can be applied in future studies on stress in cotton and other species.

Toxic pollutants released from various human activities persistently pose significant threats to living organisms, affecting soil fertility, and impacting human health. Among the various remediation approaches, phytoremediation has gained popularity due to its cost-effectiveness and environmentally friendly characteristics. This method involves utilizing plant species to restore polluted soils, emphasizing the intrinsic abilities of plants to remediate contaminated environments. There are various phytoremediation approaches and combinations that have been developed, ranging from phytoextraction to rhizofiltration, each tailored to specific contaminants and environmental conditions. While acknowledging the slow and time-consuming nature of the phytoremediation process and its potential impact on plant growth and development, this review emphasizes the increasing significance of this eco-friendly approach. Moreover, the exploration suggests that leveraging plant-microbe interactions could enhance the efficiency of remediating contaminated areas. Furthermore, understanding the microbial mechanisms involved in phytoremediation is crucial for optimizing remediation outcomes. Microbes play a pivotal role in enhancing plant tolerance to pollutants, facilitating pollutant degradation, and promoting plant growth in contaminated environments. Harnessing the power of microbial communities through bioaugmentation or stimulating indigenous microbial populations can significantly improve phytoremediation efficiency. Emerging omics technologies and the application of CRISPR/Cas9 technology in phytoremediation offer promising avenues for advancing soil remediation efforts. Omics approaches, including genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics, and metabolomics, provide insights into the genetic and molecular mechanisms underlying plant responses to pollutants and can aid in identifying key genes or pathways for enhancing phytoremediation efficiency. Meanwhile, CRISPR/Cas9 technology presents an innovative solution for targeted genome editing in plants, enabling precise modification of genes involved in pollutant uptake, tolerance, and detoxification. By engineering plants with enhanced capabilities for metal sequestration or pollutant degradation, CRISPR/Cas9 holds tremendous potential for accelerating the remediation of contaminated soils. This comprehensive review serves as a valuable resource for environmental practitioners and scientists, providing insights into both traditional and innovative technologies that have the potential to transform soil remediation practices, ultimately contributing to a cleaner and healthier environment.

Excessive and indiscriminate use of pesticides may adversely affect the growth and activity of both crop plants and soil microbial populations. The reported study was conducted to evaluate the toxicity of profenofos (PF; an organophosphate insecticide) using bacterial (Pseudomonas fluorescens PSB-3 and Enterobacter cloacae ZSB-8) and plant (Coriandrum sativum and Lactuca sativa L.) bioassays. PF was applied at rates of (0–100 µg mL⁻¹) in vitro. Both bacterial strains were sensitive to PF but showed variable tolerance. Following PF exposure, cellular growth, morphology, survival, and inner membrane permeability of bacterial strains were significantly (p < 0.05) altered. Decreased population size coincided with decline in cellular respiration. The 100 µgmL⁻¹ PF dosage imparted maximum impact on ZSB-8, inhibiting populations by 87%. PF also interfered with bacterial surface adherence (i.e., biofilm formation) in a concentration-dependent manner. Alterations in bacterial biomarker enzymatic activity and oxidative stress were also noted. PGP traits of bacterial strains were negatively and significantly (p ≤ 0.05) affected by insecticide. Under PF stress, reduction in indole-3-acetic and siderophore production followed the order: ZSB-8 > PSB-3. PF-induced phytotoxicity was confirmed via reduction in germination, seedling parameters, survival, tolerance, and vigor indices in both plant species. Additionally, PF caused distortion in morphology of root tips and root surfaces. Under CLSM, PF-exposed C. sativum and L. sativa roots exhibited increased oxidative stress. Cellular death in insecticide-treated roots was observed following staining with Evans blue dye. Insecticide concentration-dependent increase in stress markers (proline and MDA content), and antioxidant enzymatic activities in plant seedlings were observed. A dose-dependent conversion of super-coiled form of DNA to open circular in pBR-322 plasmid revealed the genotoxic potential of PF. These findings provide an understanding of toxic effects of profenofos on beneficial microbes and leafy edible vegetables, including their morphological, and cellular effects. Indeed, insecticidal applications deserve special attention due to their potential environmental hazards.

Conifer trees have diverse strategies to cope with drought. They accumulate the plant hormone abscisic acid (ABA) following a range of profiles from constantly rising to peaking and falling (R- and P-type) with direct effect on foliar transpiration. The molecular basis of this adaptive diversification among species is largely unknown. Here, we analysed the sequences of candidate ABA biosynthesis and catabolism genes and monitored their expression in response to intensifying drought. We studied young trees from Cupressaceae, Pinaceae, and Taxaceae under controlled drought conditions and compared changes in water status, ABA profiles and gene-specific transcript levels. Our data indicate that R-type and P-type ABA profiles may be controlled by divergent expression of genes involved in the biosynthetic and catabolic pathways of ABA, respectively, and emphasize a key role of nine-cis-epoxycarotenoid dioxygenases (NCED) genes. Our results open the doors to understanding the molecular basis of contrasted drought response strategies across conifer taxa, which we expect will help foresters grow more drought-resilient trees.

Squalene plays a crucial role in plant growth, development, and stress tolerance. To select the best reference genes (RGs) for expression profile analysis of genes involved in squalene biosynthesis in olives under stress tolerance, the expression stability of 22 candidate RGs across four tissues (root, stem, leaf, and fruit) and five representative cultivars under drought stress was assessed using six methods. Our study showed that, ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme1 (UBC1) and 60S ribosomal protein L18-2-like (60S) were the most stable RGs across five different cultivars and various tissues. Additionally, elongation factor 1-alpha-like (EF1-α2) and UBC1 were the most stable RG in olives under drought stress. UBC1 was the appropriate RG for further study, qPCR analysis showed that five certain genes involved in the squalene biosynthesis exhibited significant differential expression under varying conditions. Specially, the expression level of squalene synthase (SQS) in the leaves was highest, and HPLC analysis showed that squalene content was the highest in leaves. Likewise, the expression levels of SQS and farnesyl diphosphate synthase (FPPS) in the leaves of the cultivar Arbosana and Chelmsford Lal were significantly higher than those of the other cultivars, respectively, and HPLC analysis also showed that squalene content was highest in the two cultivars. Interestingly, the amount of squalene increased dramatically in olive under drought stress, as lupeol synthase (LUPS) was significantly up-regulated. To date, this study firstly provided the comprehensive analysis of RGs related to squalene biosynthesis in various cultivars and tissues of olives under drought stress.

Nanotechnology is an innovative method of elevating agricultural output without sacrificing quality due to nanoparticles (NPs) unique characteristics and numerous potential uses. It is also nature-friendly, advantageous to living organisms, and cost-effective. Sustainable agricultural practices are gaining attention on NPs and nanofertilizers (NFs) as practical substitutes for traditional fertilizers and pesticides that nanotechnology could surpass some of the issues with traditional farming methods. There should be an emphasis on cutting-edge studies of NPs applications in agriculture. This article presents a positive perspective on the mechanisms leading to the formation of NPs and their application as NFs for managing nutrients in agriculture. We also share up-to-date findings on NPs interactions with plants, the fate of NPs and potential risks associated with them in plants. The as well as on the role of NPs nanomaterials in decreasing abiotic and heavy metal toxicity stress. NFs help reduce the environmental damage caused by traditional, inorganic fertilizers. Due to their enhanced responsiveness and ability to pierce the epidermis, NFs can decrease nutrient surplus while increasing nutrient usage efficiency. It was also established that NPs are essential for protecting against abiotic stress. However, some studies have shown that NPs are harmful to higher plants because the NPs they are deposited upon the surface of cells or in the cell organelles, leading to oxidative stress symptoms. In this review article, we explore the utilization of NPs for nutrient and abiotic stress management for crop production and protection during the climate change era.

Pattern-triggered immunity (PTI) is a critical defense mechanism employed by plants against pathogen attacks. This study explores the role of PTI induced by the Xyn11/eix fungal elicitor in two commercially valuable Rosaceae species, Prunus persica (peach) and Prunus avium (sweet cherry). Our findings demonstrate that Xyn11/eix triggers two specific defense responses: the increase in ethylene production and the induction of cell death. Furthermore, Xyn11/eix-mediated PTI significantly reduces the susceptibility to Botrytis cinerea infection in both species. The study reveals changes in gene expression patterns after Xyn11/eix treatment. Notably, ACO1 and SARDEF1 genes, involved in ethylene and salycilic acid biosynthesis, respectively, are upregulated in P. persica, but not in P. avium at the time point analyzed. This result suggests a potential role for the ethylene and salicylic acid signaling in Xyn11/mix-mediated PTI in P. persica. Additionally, the research identified functional orthologues of LeEIX2, the receptor for Xyn11/eix in Solanum lycopersicum, within both Prunes genomes. Altogether, these results suggest a remarkable functional convergence between Rosaceae and Solanaceae plants in the Xyn11/eix mediated defense responses although not at the transcriptional level, and opens new avenues for developing novel disease control strategies for stone fruits.