ABSTRACT:In this article, we describe the current state of the field of NLP (Natural Language Processing) and detail the applications and trends that are of interest to lexicographers. We begin with a brief overview of how dictionaries have been used in the NLP community, particularly to introduce semantic knowledge in NLP systems. We follow up with a detailed account of one of the most well-known types of NLP semantic representations, namely word embeddings, and some of their limitations—in particular, how they fail to relate words to real-world objects. We then argue that the task of Definition Modeling, which consists of generating dictionary definitions from word embeddings, is well suited to studying these limitations and highlight how current issues in automated evaluation of NLP systems specifically hinder this investigation.
{"title":"About Neural Networks and Writing Definitions","authors":"Timothee Mickus, Mathieu Constant, Denis Paperno","doi":"10.1353/dic.2021.0022","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/dic.2021.0022","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT:In this article, we describe the current state of the field of NLP (Natural Language Processing) and detail the applications and trends that are of interest to lexicographers. We begin with a brief overview of how dictionaries have been used in the NLP community, particularly to introduce semantic knowledge in NLP systems. We follow up with a detailed account of one of the most well-known types of NLP semantic representations, namely word embeddings, and some of their limitations—in particular, how they fail to relate words to real-world objects. We then argue that the task of Definition Modeling, which consists of generating dictionary definitions from word embeddings, is well suited to studying these limitations and highlight how current issues in automated evaluation of NLP systems specifically hinder this investigation.","PeriodicalId":35106,"journal":{"name":"Dictionaries","volume":"42 1","pages":"117 - 95"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46343269","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
ABSTRACT:In early January 2020, news stories began appearing about a new respiratory illness. By February 11th, the disease had a name: COVID-19. The staff at Merriam-Webster took unprecedented measures to respond to this unprecedented news. The previous record-holder for fastest coinage-to-entry, AIDS, had taken two years to appear in Merriam-Webster’s Collegiate Dictionary. At 34 days, the COVID-19 entry smashed that record, illustrating the urgency of the situation, the fitness of the resources available to modern lexicography, and the essential value of dictionaries to public life.
{"title":"Thirty-Four Days: Inside Merriam-Webster’s Emergency Coronavirus Update","authors":"Stefan Fatsis","doi":"10.1353/dic.2021.0018","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/dic.2021.0018","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT:In early January 2020, news stories began appearing about a new respiratory illness. By February 11th, the disease had a name: COVID-19. The staff at Merriam-Webster took unprecedented measures to respond to this unprecedented news. The previous record-holder for fastest coinage-to-entry, AIDS, had taken two years to appear in Merriam-Webster’s Collegiate Dictionary. At 34 days, the COVID-19 entry smashed that record, illustrating the urgency of the situation, the fitness of the resources available to modern lexicography, and the essential value of dictionaries to public life.","PeriodicalId":35106,"journal":{"name":"Dictionaries","volume":"42 1","pages":"45 - 56"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46475915","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
ABSTRACT:This short article describes some approaches to teaching literary history to university students through lexical history with the Oxford English Dictionary and the Historical Thesaurus of the Oxford English Dictionary. The focus is on the challenges students face in making sense of a historical dictionary, and the examples are chosen with attention to encouraging classroom discussions about the ways language and literature are best understood in historical contexts.
{"title":"Teaching Literary History with the Oxford English Dictionary","authors":"Jack Lynch","doi":"10.1353/dic.2021.0027","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/dic.2021.0027","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT:This short article describes some approaches to teaching literary history to university students through lexical history with the Oxford English Dictionary and the Historical Thesaurus of the Oxford English Dictionary. The focus is on the challenges students face in making sense of a historical dictionary, and the examples are chosen with attention to encouraging classroom discussions about the ways language and literature are best understood in historical contexts.","PeriodicalId":35106,"journal":{"name":"Dictionaries","volume":"42 1","pages":"191 - 199"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46978158","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
ABSTRACT:French and English language communities engage in public discussions about inclusive language, but these discussions do not always occur at the same time for each language or in the same forums, nor do they always address the same topics involving inclusivity or arrive at the same solutions. These tensions between French and English inclusive language norms present a challenge to those lexicographers who aim to represent the impact of inclusive language norms when working on a bilingual dictionary. This paper examines differences between inclusive language norms in French and English and presents examples of editorial decision-making when navigating these differences for the dictionary of Antidote, a writing assistance software product for French and English.
{"title":"Two-Tongued Lexical Trends: Updating Inclusive Language in a Bilingual Dictionary","authors":"Rachel Victoria Stone","doi":"10.1353/dic.2021.0020","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/dic.2021.0020","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT:French and English language communities engage in public discussions about inclusive language, but these discussions do not always occur at the same time for each language or in the same forums, nor do they always address the same topics involving inclusivity or arrive at the same solutions. These tensions between French and English inclusive language norms present a challenge to those lexicographers who aim to represent the impact of inclusive language norms when working on a bilingual dictionary. This paper examines differences between inclusive language norms in French and English and presents examples of editorial decision-making when navigating these differences for the dictionary of Antidote, a writing assistance software product for French and English.","PeriodicalId":35106,"journal":{"name":"Dictionaries","volume":"42 1","pages":"71 - 89"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42821061","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
ABSTRACT:The near-death of the English monolingual dictionary market in this century has implications for the viability of English lexicography as a livelihood. What are Anglophone lexicographers to do now with their specialized skill set if no one wants to pay them for writing definitions? I propose an analogy with the development of photography and its effect on pictorial art. Happily, that development did not result in the end of pictorial art, nor the starving of pictorial artists. But it did change painting forever and irrevocably. Similarly with lexicographers: we have in effect been liberated from the confines of the print dictionary and now our horizons are considerably expanded in regard to what we can do with word and language reference on the internet. There are many innovative language reference tools online and surely many others yet to be developed. Skill in lexicography is also ideally suited for providing expert knowledge of language use in natural language processing (NLP) for the development of training and testing databases, and we need to bring ourselves to the attention of the NLP community with a little more vigor. Finally, I discuss the challenges of maintaining the viability of lexicography in today’s greatly changed dictionary marketplace.
{"title":"Lexicography in the Post-Dictionary World","authors":"Orin Hargraves","doi":"10.1353/dic.2021.0023","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/dic.2021.0023","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT:The near-death of the English monolingual dictionary market in this century has implications for the viability of English lexicography as a livelihood. What are Anglophone lexicographers to do now with their specialized skill set if no one wants to pay them for writing definitions? I propose an analogy with the development of photography and its effect on pictorial art. Happily, that development did not result in the end of pictorial art, nor the starving of pictorial artists. But it did change painting forever and irrevocably. Similarly with lexicographers: we have in effect been liberated from the confines of the print dictionary and now our horizons are considerably expanded in regard to what we can do with word and language reference on the internet. There are many innovative language reference tools online and surely many others yet to be developed. Skill in lexicography is also ideally suited for providing expert knowledge of language use in natural language processing (NLP) for the development of training and testing databases, and we need to bring ourselves to the attention of the NLP community with a little more vigor. Finally, I discuss the challenges of maintaining the viability of lexicography in today’s greatly changed dictionary marketplace.","PeriodicalId":35106,"journal":{"name":"Dictionaries","volume":"42 1","pages":"119 - 129"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44504088","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The Right Rhymes by Matt Kohl (review)","authors":"K. Adams","doi":"10.1353/dic.2021.0031","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/dic.2021.0031","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":35106,"journal":{"name":"Dictionaries","volume":"42 1","pages":"226 - 230"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49587814","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"More Than Words: The Making of the Macquarie Dictionary by Pat Manser (review)","authors":"J. Lambert","doi":"10.1353/dic.2021.0032","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/dic.2021.0032","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":35106,"journal":{"name":"Dictionaries","volume":"42 1","pages":"231 - 234"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41642471","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Dictionaries as Sources of Folklore Data ed. by Jonathan Roper (review)","authors":"D. Azzolina","doi":"10.1353/dic.2021.0033","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/dic.2021.0033","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":35106,"journal":{"name":"Dictionaries","volume":"42 1","pages":"235 - 238"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49503837","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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