ABSTRACT:This article presents a study of graphic inscriptions on garments such as T-shirts, inscriptions that resemble entries in general monolingual dictionaries of German. Referred to here as "T-shirt lexicography," the collected material is analyzed in terms of its form, content, and function, focusing on lexicographical aspects. T-shirt lexicography is an example of vernacular lexicography inasmuch as different lexicographical traditions are assumed (correctly as well as erroneously) by the (unknown) authors, but also adapted to their specific needs.
{"title":"T-Shirt Lexicography","authors":"Annette Klosa-Kückelhaus, Lotta Stähr","doi":"10.1353/dic.2020.0024","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/dic.2020.0024","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT:This article presents a study of graphic inscriptions on garments such as T-shirts, inscriptions that resemble entries in general monolingual dictionaries of German. Referred to here as \"T-shirt lexicography,\" the collected material is analyzed in terms of its form, content, and function, focusing on lexicographical aspects. T-shirt lexicography is an example of vernacular lexicography inasmuch as different lexicographical traditions are assumed (correctly as well as erroneously) by the (unknown) authors, but also adapted to their specific needs.","PeriodicalId":35106,"journal":{"name":"Dictionaries","volume":"116 ","pages":"113 - 93"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-12-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1353/dic.2020.0024","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41278291","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
ABSTRACT:Because many artists' books play with or perform "the dictionary," they are theoretically and critically valuable for lexicography. Some artists' books behave as dictionaries, collecting words, explaining meanings, or parsing senses, for example. Others quote, cite, or photomechanically reproduce dictionaries, for instance by compiling illustrations from a mainstream dictionary. Still others alter, deconstruct, or destroy dictionaries, carving up, crystallizing, or pulping their pages. Lexicographical artists' books can be thought of as responses to the dictionary, signals of broader social perceptions of the genre as, for example, overly authoritarian or frustratingly inaccessible. But lexicographical artists' books likewise enact lexicography as an everyday mode of thought useful to myriad ends. As performances of the genre, artists' books offer innovations in design and function, making illustration, animation, ephemerality, silence, emotion, sociality, uncertainty, and interactivity central to the discussion of words and meanings, in print and online. From irreverence to innovation, what artists' books offer lexicography is a future more richly self-reflective and socially interactive.
{"title":"Dictionary, Shaped: Artists' Books and Lexicography,","authors":"L. Russell","doi":"10.1353/dic.2020.0025","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/dic.2020.0025","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT:Because many artists' books play with or perform \"the dictionary,\" they are theoretically and critically valuable for lexicography. Some artists' books behave as dictionaries, collecting words, explaining meanings, or parsing senses, for example. Others quote, cite, or photomechanically reproduce dictionaries, for instance by compiling illustrations from a mainstream dictionary. Still others alter, deconstruct, or destroy dictionaries, carving up, crystallizing, or pulping their pages. Lexicographical artists' books can be thought of as responses to the dictionary, signals of broader social perceptions of the genre as, for example, overly authoritarian or frustratingly inaccessible. But lexicographical artists' books likewise enact lexicography as an everyday mode of thought useful to myriad ends. As performances of the genre, artists' books offer innovations in design and function, making illustration, animation, ephemerality, silence, emotion, sociality, uncertainty, and interactivity central to the discussion of words and meanings, in print and online. From irreverence to innovation, what artists' books offer lexicography is a future more richly self-reflective and socially interactive.","PeriodicalId":35106,"journal":{"name":"Dictionaries","volume":"41 1","pages":"115 - 146"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-12-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1353/dic.2020.0025","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41524051","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Poetry & the Dictionary ed. by Andrew Blades and Piers Pennington (review)","authors":"D. Lockhart","doi":"10.1353/dic.2020.0016","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/dic.2020.0016","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":35106,"journal":{"name":"Dictionaries","volume":"41 1","pages":"305 - 308"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-12-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1353/dic.2020.0016","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45825285","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
ABSTRACT:This article compares the relative effectiveness of large, monolingual American dictionaries and a large-scale corpus of American English (Corpus of Historical American English, or COHA) at documenting new verb senses that arise from nouns through conversion, like backpack and earmark. Seventy-five such denominal verbs, established in English at varying times throughout the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, were selected, and their first record in an American dictionary as well as their first attestation in COHA were tallied. The results show that COHA is slightly better at catching a new use in the empirical record, but dictionaries have been effective as well. For nearly a third of the words, COHA and the dictionaries were essentially tied in documenting newly emerging senses. This suggests that dictionaries have been finely attuned to changes in English throughout the nineteenth and twentieth centuries and that a large-scale corpus like COHA will come close to matching the empirical effectiveness of dictionaries. Since each method uncovered some words much earlier than the other method, current lexicographic practice of including corpora as well as traditional methods like reading programs and citation files seems well justified.
{"title":"First Citations and First Occurrences: How Sensitive to Language Change Were Nineteenth- and Twentieth-Century American Dictionaries?","authors":"Don Chapman, A. Fronk, Mark Davies","doi":"10.1353/dic.2020.0022","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/dic.2020.0022","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT:This article compares the relative effectiveness of large, monolingual American dictionaries and a large-scale corpus of American English (Corpus of Historical American English, or COHA) at documenting new verb senses that arise from nouns through conversion, like backpack and earmark. Seventy-five such denominal verbs, established in English at varying times throughout the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, were selected, and their first record in an American dictionary as well as their first attestation in COHA were tallied. The results show that COHA is slightly better at catching a new use in the empirical record, but dictionaries have been effective as well. For nearly a third of the words, COHA and the dictionaries were essentially tied in documenting newly emerging senses. This suggests that dictionaries have been finely attuned to changes in English throughout the nineteenth and twentieth centuries and that a large-scale corpus like COHA will come close to matching the empirical effectiveness of dictionaries. Since each method uncovered some words much earlier than the other method, current lexicographic practice of including corpora as well as traditional methods like reading programs and citation files seems well justified.","PeriodicalId":35106,"journal":{"name":"Dictionaries","volume":"41 1","pages":"61 - 86"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-12-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1353/dic.2020.0022","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46043823","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
ABSTRACT:This article explores the contribution of Angelina Parker to the making of the English Dialect Dictionary. Relying on EDD Online (Markus 2019a), the aim is to analyze the impact of Parker on the Oxfordshire element of the dictionary by scrutinizing the entries where Wright relied on her first-hand knowledge of the dialect for ascriptions, definitions, and senses. The article is framed within forensic dictionary analysis (Coleman and Ogilvie 2009) and takes a quantitative and qualitative approach to the data retrieved from EDD Online, with particular reference to the entries that include Parker's initials and those in which Wright quoted from the manuscript words she sent to him (now Bodl. MS Eng. lang. d. 69–74). The findings indicate that Wright reproduced faithfully from Parker's material, which he employed for citation purposes, and relied on her as the sole authority for a significant number of words, senses, and examples of the Oxfordshire distribution of an item. A connoisseur of the Oxfordshire dialect, Parker undertook her own lexicographical projects and collaborated with other dialectologists, including Alexander John Ellis and Thomas Hallam. This article seeks to cast further light on the role of correspondents in the English Dialect Dictionary, while giving Parker a deserved place in the histories of English dialectology, the Oxfordshire dialect, and women's lexicography more generally.
{"title":"The Contribution of Angelina Parker to the English Dialect Dictionary","authors":"Javier Ruano-García","doi":"10.1353/dic.2020.0020","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/dic.2020.0020","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT:This article explores the contribution of Angelina Parker to the making of the English Dialect Dictionary. Relying on EDD Online (Markus 2019a), the aim is to analyze the impact of Parker on the Oxfordshire element of the dictionary by scrutinizing the entries where Wright relied on her first-hand knowledge of the dialect for ascriptions, definitions, and senses. The article is framed within forensic dictionary analysis (Coleman and Ogilvie 2009) and takes a quantitative and qualitative approach to the data retrieved from EDD Online, with particular reference to the entries that include Parker's initials and those in which Wright quoted from the manuscript words she sent to him (now Bodl. MS Eng. lang. d. 69–74). The findings indicate that Wright reproduced faithfully from Parker's material, which he employed for citation purposes, and relied on her as the sole authority for a significant number of words, senses, and examples of the Oxfordshire distribution of an item. A connoisseur of the Oxfordshire dialect, Parker undertook her own lexicographical projects and collaborated with other dialectologists, including Alexander John Ellis and Thomas Hallam. This article seeks to cast further light on the role of correspondents in the English Dialect Dictionary, while giving Parker a deserved place in the histories of English dialectology, the Oxfordshire dialect, and women's lexicography more generally.","PeriodicalId":35106,"journal":{"name":"Dictionaries","volume":"41 1","pages":"1 - 24"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-12-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1353/dic.2020.0020","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49623877","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
ABSTRACT:John Russell Bartlett, author of the 1848 Dictionary of Americanisms, came to lexicography indirectly through his fascination with American popular culture. Nonetheless, he shaped his dictionary to conform for the most part with standard dictionaries of the time. Any deviations are usually for the purpose of serving his larger goals, such as providing cultural background. This article argues that it's worth examining Bartlett's work to understand which features of dictionaries seemed essential to a mid-nineteenth-century vernacular lexicographer. His decisions are interesting partly because he was thinking about some of the same issues as more professional lexicographers of that era, for instance how to use illustrative quotations. Bartlett was also important as a recorder of vernacular English. His work preserves many examples of slang and colloquial speech that would otherwise have been lost. The article introduces Bartlett as a scholar, and then takes a detailed look at his aims and strategies as he compiled the dictionary. A following section describes the dictionary's evolution through subsequent editions and a final section discusses Bartlett's influence on later lexicographers.
{"title":"A Glossary of Words and Phrases \"Peculiar to the United States\": The Aims and Strategies of John Russell Bartlett's Dictionary of Americanisms","authors":"R. Ostler","doi":"10.1353/dic.2020.0026","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/dic.2020.0026","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT:John Russell Bartlett, author of the 1848 Dictionary of Americanisms, came to lexicography indirectly through his fascination with American popular culture. Nonetheless, he shaped his dictionary to conform for the most part with standard dictionaries of the time. Any deviations are usually for the purpose of serving his larger goals, such as providing cultural background. This article argues that it's worth examining Bartlett's work to understand which features of dictionaries seemed essential to a mid-nineteenth-century vernacular lexicographer. His decisions are interesting partly because he was thinking about some of the same issues as more professional lexicographers of that era, for instance how to use illustrative quotations. Bartlett was also important as a recorder of vernacular English. His work preserves many examples of slang and colloquial speech that would otherwise have been lost. The article introduces Bartlett as a scholar, and then takes a detailed look at his aims and strategies as he compiled the dictionary. A following section describes the dictionary's evolution through subsequent editions and a final section discusses Bartlett's influence on later lexicographers.","PeriodicalId":35106,"journal":{"name":"Dictionaries","volume":"41 1","pages":"147 - 176"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-12-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1353/dic.2020.0026","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46672135","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
ABSTRACT:This article discusses some aspects of vernacular lexicography in African languages from a historical perspective. Firstly, it focuses on early lexicographic activities of missionaries who developed dictionaries alongside other print materials in African language communities where they worked. Because these pioneer lexicographers lacked prior lexicographic training and experience, as well as sufficient linguistic experience and cultural understanding of the people they interacted with, their dictionaries are fraught with limitations and prejudices which have been subjected to criticism from mother-tongue speakers. However, the article acknowledges the vital contributions of those earliest activities to African lexicography and the development of African languages in general. Secondly, the article deals with modern vernacular lexicography inspired by digital affordances and linked to the revitalization, documentation and preservation of marginalized and endangered minority languages. Talking Dictionaries developed by the Living Tongues Institute for Endangered Languages are discussed as they relate to African languages, particularly in Zimbabwe. With reference to African languages, Talking Dictionaries highlight challenges which are linked to the level of lexicographic development and general development of the languages. Drawing on the broader context of Talking Dictionaries in non-African languages where the fortunes have been more positive, as well as other digitally inspired lexicographic projects that involve speech communities, suggestions are made regarding improvement of vernacular lexicographic activities in African languages.
{"title":"Vernacular Lexicography in African Languages: From Early Days to the Digital Age","authors":"D. Nkomo","doi":"10.1353/dic.2020.0012","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/dic.2020.0012","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT:This article discusses some aspects of vernacular lexicography in African languages from a historical perspective. Firstly, it focuses on early lexicographic activities of missionaries who developed dictionaries alongside other print materials in African language communities where they worked. Because these pioneer lexicographers lacked prior lexicographic training and experience, as well as sufficient linguistic experience and cultural understanding of the people they interacted with, their dictionaries are fraught with limitations and prejudices which have been subjected to criticism from mother-tongue speakers. However, the article acknowledges the vital contributions of those earliest activities to African lexicography and the development of African languages in general. Secondly, the article deals with modern vernacular lexicography inspired by digital affordances and linked to the revitalization, documentation and preservation of marginalized and endangered minority languages. Talking Dictionaries developed by the Living Tongues Institute for Endangered Languages are discussed as they relate to African languages, particularly in Zimbabwe. With reference to African languages, Talking Dictionaries highlight challenges which are linked to the level of lexicographic development and general development of the languages. Drawing on the broader context of Talking Dictionaries in non-African languages where the fortunes have been more positive, as well as other digitally inspired lexicographic projects that involve speech communities, suggestions are made regarding improvement of vernacular lexicographic activities in African languages.","PeriodicalId":35106,"journal":{"name":"Dictionaries","volume":"41 1","pages":"213 - 243"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-12-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1353/dic.2020.0012","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49552665","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
ABSTRACT:Contrary to common assumptions, Spanglish, the mix of Spanish and English, has been around since before 1848, with the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, even if Merriam-Webster.com traces the origin of the word to 1958 and the OED to 1933. This personal meditation discusses the effort to codify a bilingual Spanglish-English dictionary by "a lay lexicographer" and the responses it received. It explores the way Spanglish is a global phenomenon whose base is the United States, enriched by various Spanishes, including Cuban, Dominican, Mexican, and Puerto Rican. It reflects on the evolution of Spanglish in tandem with the growth and diversity of the Latino minority in the US, the presence of US culture in the Americas, and the multiplicity of online resources. It includes personal anecdotes as well as lexicographic examples.
{"title":"\"A Lay Lexicographer\": On Codifying the Dictionary of Spanglish","authors":"Ilán Stavans","doi":"10.1353/dic.2020.0028","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/dic.2020.0028","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT:Contrary to common assumptions, Spanglish, the mix of Spanish and English, has been around since before 1848, with the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, even if Merriam-Webster.com traces the origin of the word to 1958 and the OED to 1933. This personal meditation discusses the effort to codify a bilingual Spanglish-English dictionary by \"a lay lexicographer\" and the responses it received. It explores the way Spanglish is a global phenomenon whose base is the United States, enriched by various Spanishes, including Cuban, Dominican, Mexican, and Puerto Rican. It reflects on the evolution of Spanglish in tandem with the growth and diversity of the Latino minority in the US, the presence of US culture in the Americas, and the multiplicity of online resources. It includes personal anecdotes as well as lexicographic examples.","PeriodicalId":35106,"journal":{"name":"Dictionaries","volume":"41 1","pages":"197 - 212"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-12-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1353/dic.2020.0028","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43410283","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
ABSTRACT:The "dictionary" is a vague concept—borderline cases include (but are not limited to) literary and journalistic works which use lexicographic structure to convey various types of content. Among such works, The Devil's Dictionary by Ambrose Bierce is a well-known example. This article is concerned with its major Polish translations and focuses on three questions: how the translators coped with Bierce's text, occasionally difficult to render in a foreign language; what they were guided by in choosing entries for translation; and finally, what might have induced them to take an interest in Bierce's dictionary. An attempt will also be made to position The Devil's Dictionary within the field of lexicography with special attention paid to atypical or less typical dictionaries.
{"title":"Polish Translations of The Devil's Dictionary by Ambrose Bierce","authors":"Mirosław Bańko","doi":"10.1353/dic.2020.0027","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/dic.2020.0027","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT:The \"dictionary\" is a vague concept—borderline cases include (but are not limited to) literary and journalistic works which use lexicographic structure to convey various types of content. Among such works, The Devil's Dictionary by Ambrose Bierce is a well-known example. This article is concerned with its major Polish translations and focuses on three questions: how the translators coped with Bierce's text, occasionally difficult to render in a foreign language; what they were guided by in choosing entries for translation; and finally, what might have induced them to take an interest in Bierce's dictionary. An attempt will also be made to position The Devil's Dictionary within the field of lexicography with special attention paid to atypical or less typical dictionaries.","PeriodicalId":35106,"journal":{"name":"Dictionaries","volume":"41 1","pages":"177 - 196"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-12-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1353/dic.2020.0027","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46563990","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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