Pub Date : 2019-01-01DOI: 10.1080/04597222.2018.1561034
Ageing inventories and a lack of adequate funding for replacements are a limiting factor on the capabilities of many of the region’s armed forces. Some regional armed forces remain active on internal security duties, with some nations also introducing legislation to enable these deployments. Latin America’s defence industries saw a notable development in 2018 with the planned tie-up between Boeing and Embraer. Both firms have agreed to create new joint venture dedicated to defence sales, notably of the KC-390. Meanwhile, Saab has started building the Gripen facility in Brazil. Regional navies continue development of littoral patrol and manoeuvre capabilities, including with locally-produced patrol craft. Brazil’s acquisition of the former-HMS Ocean introduces a large aviation platform with potentially more useable capability than hitherto into the region. Regional defence spending has bottomed out in the wake of stronger economic growth, after two years of cuts to defence spending.
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Pub Date : 2019-01-01DOI: 10.1080/04597222.2018.1561021
W. Wagner, At
This 2019 edition of The Military Balance is published 60 years after it first appeared as an 11-page pamphlet in late 1959. The international security environment is again as uncertain today as it was then. Great-power competition still dominates contemporary Western policy discussions, but now it is not only Moscow’s actions that generate attention. China perhaps represents even more of a challenge, as it introduces yet more advanced military systems and is engaged in a strategy to improve its forces’ ability to operate at distance from the homeland. At the same time, while Western armed forces – particularly after Russia seized Crimea in 2014 – are refocusing on more traditional security challenges, though characterised by disruptive new elements, they are having to do this alongside, not instead of, the range of post-9/11 tasks. The threat from terrorists persists, as does the impact of conflict and instability in Africa. And while the war in the Middle East against the Islamic State, also known as ISIS or ISIL, might have succeeded in eradicating its territorial base, ISIS could revert to insurgent tactics. Meanwhile, the civil war in Syria grinds on, with the regime in the ascendant. Tentative diplomatic progress at the end of 2018 raised hopes that the effects of the conflict in Yemen might be alleviated, if not an immediate end brought to the war. In Asia, the unexpected North Korean moratorium on missile testing led to renewed diplomatic contact on the peninsula, and between Pyongyang and Washington. However, although summits continued, there remained no progress on the issue of North Korea’s denuclearisation. In Europe, NATO’s eastern members worry about Russia, while simmering conflict continues in eastern Ukraine. In late 2018, Russia began flexing its muscles once more, this time in the Sea of Azov.
{"title":"Editor’s Introduction","authors":"W. Wagner, At","doi":"10.1080/04597222.2018.1561021","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/04597222.2018.1561021","url":null,"abstract":"This 2019 edition of The Military Balance is published 60 years after it first appeared as an 11-page pamphlet in late 1959. The international security environment is again as uncertain today as it was then. Great-power competition still dominates contemporary Western policy discussions, but now it is not only Moscow’s actions that generate attention. China perhaps represents even more of a challenge, as it introduces yet more advanced military systems and is engaged in a strategy to improve its forces’ ability to operate at distance from the homeland. At the same time, while Western armed forces – particularly after Russia seized Crimea in 2014 – are refocusing on more traditional security challenges, though characterised by disruptive new elements, they are having to do this alongside, not instead of, the range of post-9/11 tasks. The threat from terrorists persists, as does the impact of conflict and instability in Africa. And while the war in the Middle East against the Islamic State, also known as ISIS or ISIL, might have succeeded in eradicating its territorial base, ISIS could revert to insurgent tactics. Meanwhile, the civil war in Syria grinds on, with the regime in the ascendant. Tentative diplomatic progress at the end of 2018 raised hopes that the effects of the conflict in Yemen might be alleviated, if not an immediate end brought to the war. In Asia, the unexpected North Korean moratorium on missile testing led to renewed diplomatic contact on the peninsula, and between Pyongyang and Washington. However, although summits continued, there remained no progress on the issue of North Korea’s denuclearisation. In Europe, NATO’s eastern members worry about Russia, while simmering conflict continues in eastern Ukraine. In late 2018, Russia began flexing its muscles once more, this time in the Sea of Azov.","PeriodicalId":35165,"journal":{"name":"The Military Balance","volume":"7 1","pages":"5 - 6"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76405707","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-01-01DOI: 10.1080/04597222.2019.1561039
{"title":"Index of country/territory abbreviations","authors":"","doi":"10.1080/04597222.2019.1561039","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/04597222.2019.1561039","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":35165,"journal":{"name":"The Military Balance","volume":"25 1","pages":"519 - 519"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82776409","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-01-01DOI: 10.1080/04597222.2019.1561024
A. Buchan
tenth edition in 1968–69, now solely titled The Military Balance (as it had been since the 1963–64 edition), contained information on 59 states; in the 2019 book, the tally is at 171. As Sir Michael Howard has pointed out, Alastair Buchan and his successors were ‘later to lament that they had got themselves stuck with the title The Military Balance, providing as it does so stark and conceptually misleading an idea of the complex nature of military power’. But, he continued, ‘stuck they are, and “MilBal” has become the Institute’s flagship’. In some respects the increase in the number of countries assessed in the book has reflected the internationalisation of the Institute, from the early 1960s onwards, in terms of the composition of its Council, the scope of its research activity as well as its staffing. The word ‘International’ was adopted as a prefix by the organisation in the early 1970s. Not 20 years ago, the editorial team for The Military Balance was mainly composed of former commissioned officers from the UK armed forces. Today we are an overwhelmingly civilian and increasingly international team. The way in which we display our data has also changed significantly over the years. Today, the book contains detailed lists of military organisations subdivided according to role, while military equipment is broken down according to its type. In doing this, we are mindful of the need to maintain categories that can be compared between states, as well as the wish of the Institute’s Council in 1964 that The Military Balance retain the compression of the original edition, so making it easier to find information. This also helps ensure that the book remains portable. The 2019 edition may be heavier than the first, but it remains a one-volume publication that can easily be carried in an attaché case. This is one of the features that continues to distinguish The Military Balance from other publications in the field. In deciding which information to prioritise in the book, we are mindful that we cannot accommodate the complete range of military systems operated by states. We display data that we think is essential to national military power. Naturally, this starts This 2019 edition of The Military Balance marks 60 years since the publication first appeared, in late 1959, as a slim pamphlet of just 11 pages. The latest edition has been compiled by the IISS’s Defence and Military Analysis Programme, the Institute’s largest research team with 14 permanent staff. That first volume was produced single-handedly by Alastair Buchan, the first Director of what was then called The Institute for Strategic Studies. The Foreword stated that it was published ‘as a contribution to the growing concern that is developing throughout the world about the arms race’. It is apparent, from these early editions, that the focus was very much on nuclear capabilities and missile systems. The rationale behind the first pamphlet was that there would be considerable value in collati
1968-69年出版的第十版，现在只名为《军事平衡》(自1963-64年版以来一直如此)，包含了59个国家的信息;在2019年的书中，这个数字是171。正如迈克尔·霍华德爵士所指出的那样，阿拉斯泰尔·巴肯和他的继任者“后来哀叹，他们把自己困在了《军事平衡》这个标题上，因为它提供了一个如此鲜明和概念上误导的概念，即军事力量的复杂性”。但是，他接着说，“他们被困住了，‘MilBal’已经成为该研究所的旗舰产品。”在某些方面，书中所评价的国家数目的增加反映了研究所自1960年代初以来在其理事会的组成、其研究活动的范围以及其人员编制方面的国际化。“国际”一词在20世纪70年代初被该组织采用为前缀。不到20年前，《军事平衡》的编辑团队主要由英国武装部队的前军官组成。今天，我们是一支以平民为主、日益国际化的队伍。多年来，我们展示数据的方式也发生了重大变化。今天，这本书包含了根据角色细分的军事组织的详细列表，而军事装备则根据其类型进行了细分。在这样做的过程中，我们注意到需要保持可以在国家之间进行比较的类别，以及研究所理事会在1964年的愿望，即《军事平衡》保留原始版本的压缩，以便更容易找到信息。这也有助于确保书的便携性。2019年版可能比第一版重，但它仍然是一卷的出版物，可以很容易地放在附件箱里携带。这是《军事平衡》继续区别于该领域其他出版物的特点之一。在决定在本书中优先考虑哪些信息时，我们注意到，我们无法容纳各国运作的所有军事系统。我们展示我们认为对国家军事力量至关重要的数据。2019年版的《军事平衡》标志着该出版物于1959年底首次面世60周年，当时它是一本只有11页的薄薄的小册子。最新的版本是由IISS的国防和军事分析计划编写的，该计划是该研究所最大的研究团队，拥有14名固定员工。第一卷是由阿拉斯泰尔·巴肯独自完成的，他是当时被称为战略研究所的第一任主任。前言说，这本书的出版是“对全世界对军备竞赛日益增长的关注的一种贡献”。很明显，从这些早期版本来看，重点是核能力和导弹系统。第一本小册子背后的理由是，将已发表的信息整理成一个简单的比较分析将具有相当大的价值……以便不仅为讨论“恐怖均势”，而且为讨论裁军问题提供更坚实的基础。同样真实的是，第一卷的出现部分源于西方高级国防官员向局长表达的担忧，即公众对苏联对欧洲军事挑战的规模和性质缺乏了解。事实上，《取得进展，国际空间站的第一个五年》这篇短文说，“负责任的普通公民……只有偶尔的官方声明和报纸上耸人听闻的报道才能判断，例如，是否存在“导弹缺口”，俄罗斯军队有多强大，或者印度的防御状况如何。今天，问题的性质有所不同。有大量可获得的信息来自各种来源。但理解这一切是另一回事。的确，对于重新认识到信息可以被操纵到何种程度的读者来说，《军事平衡》(the Military Balance)等冷静、循证和独立的信息和分析来源仍有一席之地。
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Pub Date : 2019-01-01DOI: 10.1080/04597222.2019.1561037
{"title":"List of abbreviations for data sections","authors":"","doi":"10.1080/04597222.2019.1561037","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/04597222.2019.1561037","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":35165,"journal":{"name":"The Military Balance","volume":"13 1","pages":"511 - 512"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88434308","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-01-01DOI: 10.1080/04597222.2019.1561038
{"title":"International comparisons of defence expenditure and military personnel","authors":"","doi":"10.1080/04597222.2019.1561038","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/04597222.2019.1561038","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":35165,"journal":{"name":"The Military Balance","volume":"42 1","pages":"513 - 518"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90847620","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-01-01DOI: 10.1080/04597222.2018.1561029
Exercise Trident Juncture, which took place in and offshore Norway in October, was NATO’s largest exercise in decades. It saw the deployment of the VJTF, and some 50,000 troops in total, plus partner countries Finland and Sweden. The EU’s PESCO initiative released two batches of projects, and while the second list (released in November) contains more projects related to specific military requirements, it still does not fully address strategic-capability gaps, including in strategic airlift, that were identified in the EU’s June 2018 Capability Development Plan.
{"title":"Chapter Four: Europe","authors":"","doi":"10.1080/04597222.2018.1561029","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/04597222.2018.1561029","url":null,"abstract":"Exercise Trident Juncture, which took place in and offshore Norway in October, was NATO’s largest exercise in decades. It saw the deployment of the VJTF, and some 50,000 troops in total, plus partner countries Finland and Sweden. The EU’s PESCO initiative released two batches of projects, and while the second list (released in November) contains more projects related to specific military requirements, it still does not fully address strategic-capability gaps, including in strategic airlift, that were identified in the EU’s June 2018 Capability Development Plan.","PeriodicalId":35165,"journal":{"name":"The Military Balance","volume":"14 1","pages":"165 - 66"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87345621","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Table 1.1 Examples of some multi-lingual patent publishing authorities 15 Table 1.2 Key WIPO standards for bibliographic control of patents 21 Table 1.3 WIPO standard codes for regional patent authorities and intergovernmental organisations 22 Table 1.4 Some important INID codes from ST.9 23 Table 2.1 Members and Extension States of the European Patent Organisation 36 Table 2.2 Translation requirements of European Patents after the London Agreement 45 Table 2.3 European Patent publication stages 48 Table 2.4 Summary of current (2019) EPO document codes 48 Table 2.5 European Patent databases 51 Table 3.1 Publication milestones in US patent history 60 Table 3.2 US application number series codes 64 Table 3.3 US publication sequence 66 Table 3.4 US Re-issue publications 71 Table 3.5 Summary of historical and current US KD codes 72 Table 3.6 Redundant US KD codes 74 Table 3.7 United States patent databases 77 Table 4.1 Japanese Imperial Era and Western calendar dates 82 Table 4.2 Japanese patent publication stages and number formats 85 Table 4.3 Example of publication order under Japanese accelerated examination 87 Table 4.4 Database numbering conventions for publication of PCT national phase entry documents in Japan 90 Table 4.5 Japanese utility model publication stages and number formats 92 Table 4.6 Additional KD codes for Japan 95 Table 4.7 Selected Japanese patent databases with English content 96 Table 4.8 Selected Japanese-only patent sources 97 Table 4.9 Subject coverage of PAJ 98 Table 5.1 Adoption date of publication languages under the PCT 102 Table 5.2 Changes in PCT numeration 106 Table 5.3 Operational status of the PCT International Search Authorities 108 Table 5.4 PCT KD codes 109 Table 5.5 PCT databases 117 Table 6.1 Canadian patent databases 126 Table 6.2 Formatting of French patent application numbers pre-1968 131 Table 6.3 KD codes in France prior to 1968 and transitional period to 1975 132 Table 6.4 French KD codes for post-1968 patent applications 133 Table 6.5 French patent databases 136 Table 6.6 German Intellectual Property Right numbering codes 140 Table 6.7 German KD codes and sequences for national patent granting procedure 142 Table 6.8 German KD codes relating to EPO, PCT, translation and corrections (2004 onwards) 142
{"title":"Index of TABLES","authors":"B. Orlowski","doi":"10.2307/j.ctvddzszb.4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctvddzszb.4","url":null,"abstract":"Table 1.1 Examples of some multi-lingual patent publishing authorities 15 Table 1.2 Key WIPO standards for bibliographic control of patents 21 Table 1.3 WIPO standard codes for regional patent authorities and intergovernmental organisations 22 Table 1.4 Some important INID codes from ST.9 23 Table 2.1 Members and Extension States of the European Patent Organisation 36 Table 2.2 Translation requirements of European Patents after the London Agreement 45 Table 2.3 European Patent publication stages 48 Table 2.4 Summary of current (2019) EPO document codes 48 Table 2.5 European Patent databases 51 Table 3.1 Publication milestones in US patent history 60 Table 3.2 US application number series codes 64 Table 3.3 US publication sequence 66 Table 3.4 US Re-issue publications 71 Table 3.5 Summary of historical and current US KD codes 72 Table 3.6 Redundant US KD codes 74 Table 3.7 United States patent databases 77 Table 4.1 Japanese Imperial Era and Western calendar dates 82 Table 4.2 Japanese patent publication stages and number formats 85 Table 4.3 Example of publication order under Japanese accelerated examination 87 Table 4.4 Database numbering conventions for publication of PCT national phase entry documents in Japan 90 Table 4.5 Japanese utility model publication stages and number formats 92 Table 4.6 Additional KD codes for Japan 95 Table 4.7 Selected Japanese patent databases with English content 96 Table 4.8 Selected Japanese-only patent sources 97 Table 4.9 Subject coverage of PAJ 98 Table 5.1 Adoption date of publication languages under the PCT 102 Table 5.2 Changes in PCT numeration 106 Table 5.3 Operational status of the PCT International Search Authorities 108 Table 5.4 PCT KD codes 109 Table 5.5 PCT databases 117 Table 6.1 Canadian patent databases 126 Table 6.2 Formatting of French patent application numbers pre-1968 131 Table 6.3 KD codes in France prior to 1968 and transitional period to 1975 132 Table 6.4 French KD codes for post-1968 patent applications 133 Table 6.5 French patent databases 136 Table 6.6 German Intellectual Property Right numbering codes 140 Table 6.7 German KD codes and sequences for national patent granting procedure 142 Table 6.8 German KD codes relating to EPO, PCT, translation and corrections (2004 onwards) 142","PeriodicalId":35165,"journal":{"name":"The Military Balance","volume":"55 1","pages":"4 - 4"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90274129","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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