Pub Date : 2009-01-01DOI: 10.1504/IJTG.2009.032739
Luciano Ciravegna
Costa Rica has two large public universities. They educate the workforce of the Costa Rican Information and Communication Technology (ICT) cluster, which transformed a small coffee-exporting country into the first Latin American ICT producer per capita. They also created the engineers and technicians that have attracted investments from several knowledge-intensive Multinational Corporations (MNCs), including Intel, and account for a far larger share of Research and Development (R&D) expenditure than the Latin American average. Yet, there are only three cases of collaboration between universities and the private sector. This study discusses how they emerged, their developmental effects, and questions why such collaborations are so uncommon.
{"title":"Academia?private sector collaborations in the Costa Rican Information and Communication Technology (ICT) cluster","authors":"Luciano Ciravegna","doi":"10.1504/IJTG.2009.032739","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1504/IJTG.2009.032739","url":null,"abstract":"Costa Rica has two large public universities. They educate the workforce of the Costa Rican Information and Communication Technology (ICT) cluster, which transformed a small coffee-exporting country into the first Latin American ICT producer per capita. They also created the engineers and technicians that have attracted investments from several knowledge-intensive Multinational Corporations (MNCs), including Intel, and account for a far larger share of Research and Development (R&D) expenditure than the Latin American average. Yet, there are only three cases of collaboration between universities and the private sector. This study discusses how they emerged, their developmental effects, and questions why such collaborations are so uncommon.","PeriodicalId":35474,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Technology and Globalisation","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1504/IJTG.2009.032739","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66777109","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2009-01-01DOI: 10.1504/IJTG.2009.032734
Jiang Wei, Shisong Jiang
We present a pattern of industrial technology catching-up in transition economies from perspective of ownership. The pattern indicates, State-Owned Enterprises (SOEs) and Private-Owned Enterprises (POEs) play different roles in catching-up process. Specifically, SOEs play a more active role in importing foreign technology and innovation activities, while POEs are inclined to come to the fore in assimilation activities. We also point out that knowledge transfer between SOEs and POEs is key to catching-up. We contribute to extant literature by questioning previous work assuming that industrial technology catching-up players are homogeneous, thus increasing our understanding of unique catching-up path in transition economies.
{"title":"Ownership and visibility: a pattern of industrial technology catching-up in transition economies","authors":"Jiang Wei, Shisong Jiang","doi":"10.1504/IJTG.2009.032734","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1504/IJTG.2009.032734","url":null,"abstract":"We present a pattern of industrial technology catching-up in transition economies from perspective of ownership. The pattern indicates, State-Owned Enterprises (SOEs) and Private-Owned Enterprises (POEs) play different roles in catching-up process. Specifically, SOEs play a more active role in importing foreign technology and innovation activities, while POEs are inclined to come to the fore in assimilation activities. We also point out that knowledge transfer between SOEs and POEs is key to catching-up. We contribute to extant literature by questioning previous work assuming that industrial technology catching-up players are homogeneous, thus increasing our understanding of unique catching-up path in transition economies.","PeriodicalId":35474,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Technology and Globalisation","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1504/IJTG.2009.032734","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66776492","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2009-01-01DOI: 10.1504/IJTG.2009.032737
Sigvald Harryson, P. Søberg
In the context of global R&D, we connect literature on knowledge management to a network-based theoretical framework helpful to explain the impact of R&D globalisation on innovation performance. This framework is applied to two case companies, both global leaders within their respective industries, in order to analyse the extent to which their strategic globalisation of R&D activities, from Scandinavia to China, has contributed to increased innovation performance. Our findings suggests that close interaction and cross-fertilisation with local knowledge networks are of eminent importance for newly established R&D offsprings to improve overall innovation performance. Pack Tech illustrates this through a collaboration-intensive approach to university competitions in China.
{"title":"How transfer of R&D to emerging markets nurtures global innovation performance","authors":"Sigvald Harryson, P. Søberg","doi":"10.1504/IJTG.2009.032737","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1504/IJTG.2009.032737","url":null,"abstract":"In the context of global R&D, we connect literature on knowledge management to a network-based theoretical framework helpful to explain the impact of R&D globalisation on innovation performance. This framework is applied to two case companies, both global leaders within their respective industries, in order to analyse the extent to which their strategic globalisation of R&D activities, from Scandinavia to China, has contributed to increased innovation performance. Our findings suggests that close interaction and cross-fertilisation with local knowledge networks are of eminent importance for newly established R&D offsprings to improve overall innovation performance. Pack Tech illustrates this through a collaboration-intensive approach to university competitions in China.","PeriodicalId":35474,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Technology and Globalisation","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1504/IJTG.2009.032737","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66776982","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2009-01-01DOI: 10.1504/IJTG.2009.032736
Darshana Desai
In the past few years, there has been a shift in global innovations landscape. With a recent trend of innovation 'offshoring', emerging countries are becoming global innovation hubs. This research explores how emerging countries, in spite of the resources and infrastructural constraints, are catching up with developed countries, and develop substantial innovation capabilities. Drawing on the institutional approach, a conceptual framework is presented in this paper. The framework explains intricate dynamics of innovation in an emerging country context; it addresses the interplay of a broader emerging country context and individuals' and organisations' actions and interactions that produce innovations and change.
{"title":"Innovations in emerging countries: an institutional approach","authors":"Darshana Desai","doi":"10.1504/IJTG.2009.032736","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1504/IJTG.2009.032736","url":null,"abstract":"In the past few years, there has been a shift in global innovations landscape. With a recent trend of innovation 'offshoring', emerging countries are becoming global innovation hubs. This research explores how emerging countries, in spite of the resources and infrastructural constraints, are catching up with developed countries, and develop substantial innovation capabilities. Drawing on the institutional approach, a conceptual framework is presented in this paper. The framework explains intricate dynamics of innovation in an emerging country context; it addresses the interplay of a broader emerging country context and individuals' and organisations' actions and interactions that produce innovations and change.","PeriodicalId":35474,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Technology and Globalisation","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1504/IJTG.2009.032736","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66776607","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2009-01-01DOI: 10.1504/IJTG.2009.032735
Suck-Chul Yoon
This study analyses a case of a Korean company that imported the manufacturing technology of diesel engines from West Germany back in the 1970s when Korea was in a state of an emerging market. The first objective of this study is to identify the systemic nature of the problems that arose in the course of the transfer of technology from an advanced country to an emerging market. The second objective of this study is to explore the technology policies that the Korean government adopted to help Korean business firms solve the systemic problems.
{"title":"Systemic problems in technology transfer in emerging markets","authors":"Suck-Chul Yoon","doi":"10.1504/IJTG.2009.032735","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1504/IJTG.2009.032735","url":null,"abstract":"This study analyses a case of a Korean company that imported the manufacturing technology of diesel engines from West Germany back in the 1970s when Korea was in a state of an emerging market. The first objective of this study is to identify the systemic nature of the problems that arose in the course of the transfer of technology from an advanced country to an emerging market. The second objective of this study is to explore the technology policies that the Korean government adopted to help Korean business firms solve the systemic problems.","PeriodicalId":35474,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Technology and Globalisation","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1504/IJTG.2009.032735","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66776538","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2008-09-17DOI: 10.1504/IJTG.2008.020329
M. MacGregor, Fawzia Yusuf H. Adam, S. A. Shire
The success of the University of Hargeisa in Somaliland demonstrates how the flow of skilled migrants from the developing to the developed world – once viewed merely as brain 'drain' – may in fact be more accurately described as an imperfect circular flow of skilled workers, knowledge, finance, and development. The skilled Diaspora can invoke its capabilities, networks, and access to financial resources to catalyse economic development in the home country. In Somaliland, these factors culminated in the creation of a knowledge-based institution that has the potential to substantially contribute to the development of local human capital.
{"title":"Diaspora and development: lessons from Somaliland","authors":"M. MacGregor, Fawzia Yusuf H. Adam, S. A. Shire","doi":"10.1504/IJTG.2008.020329","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1504/IJTG.2008.020329","url":null,"abstract":"The success of the University of Hargeisa in Somaliland demonstrates how the flow of skilled migrants from the developing to the developed world – once viewed merely as brain 'drain' – may in fact be more accurately described as an imperfect circular flow of skilled workers, knowledge, finance, and development. The skilled Diaspora can invoke its capabilities, networks, and access to financial resources to catalyse economic development in the home country. In Somaliland, these factors culminated in the creation of a knowledge-based institution that has the potential to substantially contribute to the development of local human capital.","PeriodicalId":35474,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Technology and Globalisation","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-09-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1504/IJTG.2008.020329","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66776366","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2008-09-17DOI: 10.1504/IJTG.2008.020332
B. Bell, C. Juma
In the early 1970s, Taiwan's government decided to transition from a labour-intensive economy to a technology-intensive export economy. The Industrial Technology Research Institute (ITRI) was created from existing national research institutes as the institution facilitating implementation of the nation's new focus on industrial upgrading through the electronics industry. This article explores the origins, impact, and development of ITRI through the first decade, specifically focusing on its technology transfer process, indigenous capacity development, and commercialisation of 7.0-micron CMOS technology. We conclude the article with policy and institutional options for developing economies based on lessons learned from Taiwan's ITRI-centred innovation system.
{"title":"Institutional reform and technology development: the case of ITRI","authors":"B. Bell, C. Juma","doi":"10.1504/IJTG.2008.020332","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1504/IJTG.2008.020332","url":null,"abstract":"In the early 1970s, Taiwan's government decided to transition from a labour-intensive economy to a technology-intensive export economy. The Industrial Technology Research Institute (ITRI) was created from existing national research institutes as the institution facilitating implementation of the nation's new focus on industrial upgrading through the electronics industry. This article explores the origins, impact, and development of ITRI through the first decade, specifically focusing on its technology transfer process, indigenous capacity development, and commercialisation of 7.0-micron CMOS technology. We conclude the article with policy and institutional options for developing economies based on lessons learned from Taiwan's ITRI-centred innovation system.","PeriodicalId":35474,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Technology and Globalisation","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-09-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1504/IJTG.2008.020332","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66776437","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2008-09-17DOI: 10.1504/IJTG.2008.020331
P. Bindraban, H. Löffler, R. Rabbinge
While global food availability increased by 27% per person over the past four decades, it decreased by 12% in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). This paper explores the role of technology use on agricultural development to understand the ever widening gap of SSA with other global regions. It looks into land (i.e., yield) and labour productivity, the relation between technology use and yield stability and, the environmental implications of input use. Ways and means are discussed as to what innovative technologies could close the gap, taking complex mixed farming systems as an entry point that account for 90% of Africa's agriculture.
{"title":"How to close the ever widening gap of Africa's agriculture","authors":"P. Bindraban, H. Löffler, R. Rabbinge","doi":"10.1504/IJTG.2008.020331","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1504/IJTG.2008.020331","url":null,"abstract":"While global food availability increased by 27% per person over the past four decades, it decreased by 12% in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). This paper explores the role of technology use on agricultural development to understand the ever widening gap of SSA with other global regions. It looks into land (i.e., yield) and labour productivity, the relation between technology use and yield stability and, the environmental implications of input use. Ways and means are discussed as to what innovative technologies could close the gap, taking complex mixed farming systems as an entry point that account for 90% of Africa's agriculture.","PeriodicalId":35474,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Technology and Globalisation","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-09-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1504/IJTG.2008.020331","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66776428","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2008-09-17DOI: 10.1504/IJTG.2008.020327
V. Peláez, L. Silva
This paper looks at the attempt to create a territory free of transgenic crops in the state of Rio Grande do Sul (RS) Although the state government had legal grounds under federal law and court decisions that banned these crops in Brazil, resistance by groups representing local farmers managed to disseminate the planting of transgenic soybeans in the state. The reasons for the government's failure have to do with the absence of an inter-institutional apparatus able to manage a number of economic, social, environmental, geographic and technical-scientific factors, as well as the lack of a social movement capable of assuring the legitimacy of decisions made by the state government in this area.
{"title":"Social resistance to biotechnology: attempts to create a Genetically Modified-free territory in Brazil","authors":"V. Peláez, L. Silva","doi":"10.1504/IJTG.2008.020327","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1504/IJTG.2008.020327","url":null,"abstract":"This paper looks at the attempt to create a territory free of transgenic crops in the state of Rio Grande do Sul (RS) Although the state government had legal grounds under federal law and court decisions that banned these crops in Brazil, resistance by groups representing local farmers managed to disseminate the planting of transgenic soybeans in the state. The reasons for the government's failure have to do with the absence of an inter-institutional apparatus able to manage a number of economic, social, environmental, geographic and technical-scientific factors, as well as the lack of a social movement capable of assuring the legitimacy of decisions made by the state government in this area.","PeriodicalId":35474,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Technology and Globalisation","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-09-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1504/IJTG.2008.020327","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66776321","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2008-09-17DOI: 10.1504/IJTG.2008.020330
C. Juma
Rising food prices and the associated political upheavals have rekindled interest in international cooperation on food security in particular and economic development in general. This paper argues that efforts to promote food security in sub-Saharan Africa need take into account three key issues: food security is inseparable from economic development; science and innovation are a necessary part of economic development; universities in most countries are engines of development and must be so in Africa as well. Industrialised countries and Africa should to forge long-term cooperation in advancing specific technology missions in fields such as biotechnology.
{"title":"Agricultural innovation and economic growth in Africa: renewing international cooperation","authors":"C. Juma","doi":"10.1504/IJTG.2008.020330","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1504/IJTG.2008.020330","url":null,"abstract":"Rising food prices and the associated political upheavals have rekindled interest in international cooperation on food security in particular and economic development in general. This paper argues that efforts to promote food security in sub-Saharan Africa need take into account three key issues: food security is inseparable from economic development; science and innovation are a necessary part of economic development; universities in most countries are engines of development and must be so in Africa as well. Industrialised countries and Africa should to forge long-term cooperation in advancing specific technology missions in fields such as biotechnology.","PeriodicalId":35474,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Technology and Globalisation","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-09-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1504/IJTG.2008.020330","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66776384","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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