Pub Date : 2008-06-27DOI: 10.1504/IJTG.2008.018963
B. Bell, C. Juma
Much of the science and technology policy discussion in Africa has tended to follow the classical linear model which is associated with sectoral S&T ministries and not particularly suited to the needs of African countries. An alternative approach that starts with the use of existing technologies in infrastructure development would be more suitable. With information technology as an entry point, developing countries can design and deploy interdependent infrastructure systems that potentially lower investment costs and improve the performance of critical infrastructures. However, this requires new mechanisms for planning and coordination as well as institutions for associated technological capacity-building.
{"title":"Bundling critical information infrastructure in Africa: implications for science and innovation policy","authors":"B. Bell, C. Juma","doi":"10.1504/IJTG.2008.018963","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1504/IJTG.2008.018963","url":null,"abstract":"Much of the science and technology policy discussion in Africa has tended to follow the classical linear model which is associated with sectoral S&T ministries and not particularly suited to the needs of African countries. An alternative approach that starts with the use of existing technologies in infrastructure development would be more suitable. With information technology as an entry point, developing countries can design and deploy interdependent infrastructure systems that potentially lower investment costs and improve the performance of critical infrastructures. However, this requires new mechanisms for planning and coordination as well as institutions for associated technological capacity-building.","PeriodicalId":35474,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Technology and Globalisation","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-06-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1504/IJTG.2008.018963","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66776312","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2008-06-27DOI: 10.1504/IJTG.2008.018958
M. Cho
A different type of university-industry-government relations took place in South Korea. In the triple helix model the entrepreneurial university becomes a key element of the innovation system. However, most universities in the world would not be autonomous in this network relationship. This paper proposes "The Corporate Helix Model", in which the university is established or acquired and transformed into the corporate/entrepreneurial university by the corporation prior to playing as an independent player in the triple network relationship. The model is postulated by a case study of establishment of Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH) by Pohang Steel Company (POSCO).
{"title":"Corporate helix model: the industry and triple helix networks","authors":"M. Cho","doi":"10.1504/IJTG.2008.018958","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1504/IJTG.2008.018958","url":null,"abstract":"A different type of university-industry-government relations took place in South Korea. In the triple helix model the entrepreneurial university becomes a key element of the innovation system. However, most universities in the world would not be autonomous in this network relationship. This paper proposes \"The Corporate Helix Model\", in which the university is established or acquired and transformed into the corporate/entrepreneurial university by the corporation prior to playing as an independent player in the triple network relationship. The model is postulated by a case study of establishment of Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH) by Pohang Steel Company (POSCO).","PeriodicalId":35474,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Technology and Globalisation","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-06-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1504/IJTG.2008.018958","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66776711","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2008-06-27DOI: 10.1504/IJTG.2008.018959
P. Intarakumnerd, P. Chairatana
This paper portrays an attempt of a Research and Technology Organisation (RTO) in a latecomer country, Thailand, in changing its own strategic direction from a dominant 'knowledge creator' to a 'knowledge broker' in an industrial cluster. A positive transformation in a national innovation system, in which an RTO is operating, can facilitate and even pressure an RTO to change. An RTO itself also has to make a considerable effort to break away from their path dependency. 'Learning by forgetting' is as important as 'learning to accumulate' new competencies, otherwise the existing 'core competencies' can turn to be 'core rigidities'.
{"title":"Shifting S&T policy paradigm: an experience of an RTO in Thailand","authors":"P. Intarakumnerd, P. Chairatana","doi":"10.1504/IJTG.2008.018959","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1504/IJTG.2008.018959","url":null,"abstract":"This paper portrays an attempt of a Research and Technology Organisation (RTO) in a latecomer country, Thailand, in changing its own strategic direction from a dominant 'knowledge creator' to a 'knowledge broker' in an industrial cluster. A positive transformation in a national innovation system, in which an RTO is operating, can facilitate and even pressure an RTO to change. An RTO itself also has to make a considerable effort to break away from their path dependency. 'Learning by forgetting' is as important as 'learning to accumulate' new competencies, otherwise the existing 'core competencies' can turn to be 'core rigidities'.","PeriodicalId":35474,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Technology and Globalisation","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-06-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1504/IJTG.2008.018959","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66776243","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2008-06-27DOI: 10.1504/IJTG.2008.018961
P. Fan, Kazuo N. Watanabe
This paper uses India's biotech industry as a case to study the catching up of late-industrialising economies. Several conclusions can be drawn. First, innovation capability is critical for domestic companies' success. Second, certain institutional factors have encouraged indigenous technology development of domestic companies in India, such as the price control imposed by the government, technology transfer from Indian public and international research institutions, and funding from the government and the international charity organisations. Third, domestic companies have utilised manufacturing capability to quickly turn the technology into products and reinvest the profit into R&D.
{"title":"The rise of the Indian biotech industry and innovative domestic companies","authors":"P. Fan, Kazuo N. Watanabe","doi":"10.1504/IJTG.2008.018961","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1504/IJTG.2008.018961","url":null,"abstract":"This paper uses India's biotech industry as a case to study the catching up of late-industrialising economies. Several conclusions can be drawn. First, innovation capability is critical for domestic companies' success. Second, certain institutional factors have encouraged indigenous technology development of domestic companies in India, such as the price control imposed by the government, technology transfer from Indian public and international research institutions, and funding from the government and the international charity organisations. Third, domestic companies have utilised manufacturing capability to quickly turn the technology into products and reinvest the profit into R&D.","PeriodicalId":35474,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Technology and Globalisation","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-06-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1504/IJTG.2008.018961","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66776251","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2008-06-27DOI: 10.1504/IJTG.2008.018962
I. Álvarez, Gerardo Magaña
The use and diffusion of Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) can be seen as a mechanism for reducing the global divide. Two aspects are crucial: Counting on accurate time-series data and the definition of the components defining ICT indicators. We carry out a multiple imputation technique to estimate missing ICT data using the Expectation Maximisation approach. The resulting dataset (170 countries, from 1991 to 2003) allows us to propose a confident ICT index, based on national capabilities (NaCap Index). It attempts to capture countries' differences in educational and structural elements, determinant factors for positive impacts from the use of ICT.
{"title":"ICT and development: A new indicator for international comparisons","authors":"I. Álvarez, Gerardo Magaña","doi":"10.1504/IJTG.2008.018962","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1504/IJTG.2008.018962","url":null,"abstract":"The use and diffusion of Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) can be seen as a mechanism for reducing the global divide. Two aspects are crucial: Counting on accurate time-series data and the definition of the components defining ICT indicators. We carry out a multiple imputation technique to estimate missing ICT data using the Expectation Maximisation approach. The resulting dataset (170 countries, from 1991 to 2003) allows us to propose a confident ICT index, based on national capabilities (NaCap Index). It attempts to capture countries' differences in educational and structural elements, determinant factors for positive impacts from the use of ICT.","PeriodicalId":35474,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Technology and Globalisation","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-06-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1504/IJTG.2008.018962","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66776300","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2008-01-14DOI: 10.1504/IJTG.2008.016188
J. Pradhan
This paper provides an overview of the changing patterns of Outward Foreign Direct Investment (OFDI) from India over 1975?2001. It shows that the increasing number of Indian Transnational Corporations (ITNCs) during 1990s has been accompanied by a number of changes in the character of such investment which, notably include overwhelming tendency of Indian outward investors to have full or majority ownership, expansion into new industries and service sector, and the emergence of developed country as an important host region for trans-border activity. The competitive advantages of Indian OFDI are now being increasingly driven by technological and skill activities.
{"title":"The evolution of Indian Outward Foreign Direct Investment: changing trends and patterns","authors":"J. Pradhan","doi":"10.1504/IJTG.2008.016188","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1504/IJTG.2008.016188","url":null,"abstract":"This paper provides an overview of the changing patterns of Outward Foreign Direct Investment (OFDI) from India over 1975?2001. It shows that the increasing number of Indian Transnational Corporations (ITNCs) during 1990s has been accompanied by a number of changes in the character of such investment which, notably include overwhelming tendency of Indian outward investors to have full or majority ownership, expansion into new industries and service sector, and the emergence of developed country as an important host region for trans-border activity. The competitive advantages of Indian OFDI are now being increasingly driven by technological and skill activities.","PeriodicalId":35474,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Technology and Globalisation","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-01-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1504/IJTG.2008.016188","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66776635","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2008-01-14DOI: 10.1504/IJTG.2008.016184
P. Gammeltoft
Outward foreign direct investment from emerging and developing economies has undergone important quantitative and qualitative changes over the last decade. This paper takes stock of the mounting outward investment flows with special focus on China, India, Brazil, Russia, and South Africa ('BRICS'). Following a brief discussion of FDI and emerging economies in general it is suggested that the current increase in outward investment from emerging and developing economies may constitute a third 'wave', distinct from the two previous waves depicted in the literature. The contours of such a wave are outlined, followed by an empirical analysis of outward investment from the BRICS countries.
{"title":"Emerging multinationals: outward FDI from the BRICS countries","authors":"P. Gammeltoft","doi":"10.1504/IJTG.2008.016184","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1504/IJTG.2008.016184","url":null,"abstract":"Outward foreign direct investment from emerging and developing economies has undergone important quantitative and qualitative changes over the last decade. This paper takes stock of the mounting outward investment flows with special focus on China, India, Brazil, Russia, and South Africa ('BRICS'). Following a brief discussion of FDI and emerging economies in general it is suggested that the current increase in outward investment from emerging and developing economies may constitute a third 'wave', distinct from the two previous waves depicted in the literature. The contours of such a wave are outlined, followed by an empirical analysis of outward investment from the BRICS countries.","PeriodicalId":35474,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Technology and Globalisation","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-01-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1504/IJTG.2008.016184","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66776530","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2008-01-14DOI: 10.1504/IJTG.2008.016185
P. Tolentino
In critically probing the academic literature explaining the emergence and growth of Multinational Companies (MNCs) based in developing economies, the paper argues that neither the 'universalist' approach nor the 'location-bound' approach provides a sufficient basis on their own to explain the distinctive nature of the determinants of international production or the unique features of the business organisation and strategies of MNCs based in developing economies that form the basis of their competitiveness as well as their developmental course over time. A broad-based theoretical approach is required that bridges both approaches through their amalgamation or the broadening of the 'universalist' approach.
{"title":"Explaining the competitiveness of Multinational Companies from developing economies: a critical review of the academic literature","authors":"P. Tolentino","doi":"10.1504/IJTG.2008.016185","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1504/IJTG.2008.016185","url":null,"abstract":"In critically probing the academic literature explaining the emergence and growth of Multinational Companies (MNCs) based in developing economies, the paper argues that neither the 'universalist' approach nor the 'location-bound' approach provides a sufficient basis on their own to explain the distinctive nature of the determinants of international production or the unique features of the business organisation and strategies of MNCs based in developing economies that form the basis of their competitiveness as well as their developmental course over time. A broad-based theoretical approach is required that bridges both approaches through their amalgamation or the broadening of the 'universalist' approach.","PeriodicalId":35474,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Technology and Globalisation","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-01-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1504/IJTG.2008.016185","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66776570","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2008-01-14DOI: 10.1504/IJTG.2008.016187
A. Goldstein
Brazilian aircraft manufacturer Embraer has transformed itself since privatisation in 1992 to become a world market leader in a high-tech industry traditionally dominated by companies based in OECD countries. In recent years Embraer has also become an aggressive foreign investor – in particular by launching a joint venture in China in 2002. This paper analyses the record so far, considering the Chinese authorities' drive to build its own aerospace industry, the partners' different expectations, and the 'transplantability' of corporate success in a different business and political environment.
{"title":"A Latin American global player goes to Asia: Embraer in China","authors":"A. Goldstein","doi":"10.1504/IJTG.2008.016187","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1504/IJTG.2008.016187","url":null,"abstract":"Brazilian aircraft manufacturer Embraer has transformed itself since privatisation in 1992 to become a world market leader in a high-tech industry traditionally dominated by companies based in OECD countries. In recent years Embraer has also become an aggressive foreign investor – in particular by launching a joint venture in China in 2002. This paper analyses the record so far, considering the Chinese authorities' drive to build its own aerospace industry, the partners' different expectations, and the 'transplantability' of corporate success in a different business and political environment.","PeriodicalId":35474,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Technology and Globalisation","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-01-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1504/IJTG.2008.016187","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66776627","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2008-01-14DOI: 10.1504/IJTG.2008.016186
Helena Barnard
This paper uses UNCTAD data to relate the destination of FDI from developing countries to their capability development. It expands the Investment Development Path (IDP) and the flying geese model to include the destination of outward FDI. Investments from developing into developed countries are predominantly in low and medium research-intensive (often considered 'sunset') industries where investors have established strengths in their home base. Developing countries play an active role in knowledge-intensive services in especially the developing world. Even though the developing-country knowledge-intensive firms are not global leaders, their intra-regional FDI enables capability development in emerging industries.
{"title":"Capability development and the geographic destination of outbound FDI by developing country firms","authors":"Helena Barnard","doi":"10.1504/IJTG.2008.016186","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1504/IJTG.2008.016186","url":null,"abstract":"This paper uses UNCTAD data to relate the destination of FDI from developing countries to their capability development. It expands the Investment Development Path (IDP) and the flying geese model to include the destination of outward FDI. Investments from developing into developed countries are predominantly in low and medium research-intensive (often considered 'sunset') industries where investors have established strengths in their home base. Developing countries play an active role in knowledge-intensive services in especially the developing world. Even though the developing-country knowledge-intensive firms are not global leaders, their intra-regional FDI enables capability development in emerging industries.","PeriodicalId":35474,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Technology and Globalisation","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-01-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1504/IJTG.2008.016186","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66776586","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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