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Investigating the Clitellata (Annelida) of Icelandic springs with alternative barcodes 用替代条形码调查冰岛泉水的环节动物
Q3 Agricultural and Biological Sciences Pub Date : 2019-11-14 DOI: 10.5324/fn.v39i0.3043
Mårten Klinth, A. Kreiling, C. Erséus
DNA barcoding is an invaluable tool to identify clitellates, regardless of life stage or cryptic morphology. However, as COI (the standard barcode for animals) is relatively long (658 bp), sequencing it requires DNA of high quality. When DNA is fragmented due to degradation, alternative barcodes of shorter length present an option to obtain genetic material. We attempted to sequence 187 clitellates sampled from springs in Iceland. However, the material had been stored at room temperature for two years, and DNA of the worms had degraded, and only three COI sequences were produced (i.e., <2% success rate). Using two alternative barcodes of 16S (one ca. 320 bp, the other ca. 70 bp long) we increased the number of sequenced specimens to 51. Comparisons of the 16S sequences showed that even the short 70 bp fragment contained enough genetic variation to separate all clitellate species in the material. Combined with morphological examinations we recognized a total of 23 species, where at least 8 are new records for Iceland, some belonging to genera new for Iceland: Cernosvitoviella and Pristina. All the new taxa are included in an updated species list of Icelandic Clitellata. The material revealed some stygophilic species previously known to inhabit springs, but true stygobionts, which are restricted to groundwater habitats, were not found. Our study shows that short 16S fragments can be obtained from DNA too degraded to be used in traditional COI barcoding, and contain enough genetic variation to separate closely related clitellate species.
DNA条形码是鉴定锁骨的宝贵工具,无论其生命阶段或隐形态如何。然而,由于COI(动物标准条形码)相对较长(658 bp),因此测序需要高质量的DNA。当DNA由于降解而碎片化时,较短长度的替代条形码提供了获得遗传物质的选择。我们试图对从冰岛的泉水中取样的187个锁骨进行测序。然而,该材料在室温下保存了两年,蠕虫的DNA已经降解,只产生了三个COI序列(即成功率<2%)。使用两个16S条形码(一个长约320 bp,另一个长约70 bp),我们将测序标本的数量增加到51个。16S序列的比较表明,即使是短的70 bp片段也含有足够的遗传变异,可以将材料中所有的纤毛虫物种分开。结合形态学检查,共鉴定出23种,其中至少8种是冰岛新记录,一些属于冰岛新记录属:Cernosvitoviella和Pristina。所有的新分类群都被包括在冰岛cliitellata的更新物种列表中。这些材料揭示了一些以前已知栖息在泉水中的嗜水生物,但没有发现真正的嗜水生物,它们仅限于地下水栖息地。我们的研究表明,短的16S片段可以从DNA太过降解而不能用于传统的COI条形码中获得,并且包含足够的遗传变异来分离密切相关的锁骨物种。
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引用次数: 4
Paradulichia spinifera Gurjanova, 1946 (Amphipoda, Dulichiidae), a valid species? Gurjanova spinifera Paradulichia,1946(两栖纲,独足目),一个有效的物种?
Q3 Agricultural and Biological Sciences Pub Date : 2019-07-11 DOI: 10.5324/fn.v39i0.2993
P. Johansen, W. Vader
Examination of Paradulichia-material collected from the Barents Sea during the Mareano cruisesindicated that there are clear morphological differences between Paradulichia typica Boeck, 1871from the Hardangerfjord, W. Norway and Paradulichia spinifera Gurjanova, 1946 from the Arctic.Based on our material and the original descriptions, these differences are the acute ventral parts of thebody segments, the triangularly shaped coxal plates 3 and 4, the shape and length of the mandible palparticles, the long merus of pereopods 5 and 6, the elongate telson and the 2-articulate rami of uropod 2.
对Mareano巡航期间从巴伦支海收集的parulichia -材料的检查表明,1871年来自挪威西部哈当厄峡湾的parulichia typica Boeck和1946年来自北极的parulichia spinifera Gurjanova在形态上有明显的差异。根据我们的材料和原始描述,这些差异是身体节段的急性腹侧部分,三角形的第3和第4尾板,下颌骨颗粒的形状和长度,5号和6号准足类动物的长颈,2号尾足类动物的细长端部和2节支。
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引用次数: 0
Environmental conditions limit the distribution of Lepidurus arcticus (Branchiopoda, Notostraca) in lakes on the Hardangervidda mountain plateau, Southern Norway 环境条件限制了挪威南部Hardangervidda山地高原湖泊中北方鳞蜥(Lepidurus arcticus, branchi足目,Notostraca)的分布
Q3 Agricultural and Biological Sciences Pub Date : 2019-07-11 DOI: 10.5324/FN.V39I0.2687
T. Qvenild, T. Hesthagen
The Arctic tadpole shrimp Lepidurus arcticus has a circumpolar distribution where the Hardangervidda mountain plateau in Norway marks its southernmost limit. Within this area, we searched for L. arcticus in 238 lakes in 27 catchments. On Hardangervidda, the distribution pattern of L. arcticus is highly skewed. In the 16 catchments located in the central and eastern parts, L. arcticus was recorded in 70% of all the lakes studied (n=191). The remaining 11 catchments located in western areas, are almost free of lakes with L. arcticus (n=47). The most striking difference between these two areas is the significantly higher level of snow deposition in the western areas. This delays the ice break-up, which results in lower water temperatures and a shorter growing season. The water of lakes in western areas (N=36) is also more dilute than those in the central and eastern areas (N=201), with mean calcium concentrations of 0.81±0.48 and 1.62±1.12 mg L-1, respectively. In the lakes in the central and eastern areas hosting L. arcticus (N=95), the mean value was slightly higher (1.67±1.14 mg L-1). The combination of low water temperature, a short growing season and dilute water low in calcium may explain the near total absence of L. arcticus in the western part of Hardangervidda. All lakes contain brown trout Salmo trutta, and as L. arcticus is heavily sought for as food, the analyses of fish stomachs are the most reliable method of detecting the species. However, this prey-predator relationship may severely reduce the population of L. arcticus, and their presence may also be a function of the proximity of species refugia. This is evident in the context of fish predation, but also of water quality. Hence, in the central and eastern parts of the plateau, where L. arcticus is common, their occurrence increased significantly with lake size, being found in 54% of the lakes <1.0 km2, as opposed to 97% in the bigger lakes. Furthermore, L. arcticus is most frequently found in lakes at altitudes between 1100 and 1299 m a.s.l. We conclude that environmental constraints limit the distribution of L. arcticus on Hardangervidda. The projected increase in temperature towards the end of this century may exterminate L. arcticus from the lower parts of Hardangervidda, especially in the most shallow lakes. Many of the lakes have water quality with pH <6.0 and calcium concentration <1.0 mg L-1. In such lakes L. arcticus is living on the edge of its survival, and the projected increase in precipitation may dilute the waters even further, pushing L. arcticus nearer to its extinction threshold.
北极蝌蚪虾Lepidurus arcticus在挪威的Hardangervidda山高原标志着它的最南端的极地周围分布。在该区域内,我们在27个集水区的238个湖泊中搜索了北极乳杆菌。在哈当厄平原上,北极乳杆菌的分布格局呈高度偏态。在中东部的16个集水区中,有70%的湖泊(n=191)有北极乳鼠的记录。其余11个集水区位于西部地区,几乎没有北极乳杆菌湖泊(n=47)。这两个地区之间最显著的差异是西部地区的积雪水平明显较高。这延迟了冰的破裂,导致水温降低和生长季节缩短。西部地区(N=36)的湖水也比中部和东部地区(N=201)的湖水更稀,平均钙浓度分别为0.81±0.48和1.62±1.12 mg L-1。在中东部地区(N=95)的湖泊中,平均值略高(1.67±1.14 mg L-1)。水温低、生长期短、水稀、钙含量低,可能是哈当当河段西部几乎完全没有北极乳藻的原因。所有的湖泊都有褐鳟鱼,由于北极褐鳟鱼是大量寻找的食物,对鱼胃的分析是检测该物种最可靠的方法。然而,这种捕食关系可能会严重减少北极乳鼠的数量,它们的存在也可能是物种避难所附近的功能。这在鱼类捕食的背景下是显而易见的,但在水质方面也是如此。因此,在高原中部和东部地区,随着湖泊规模的增大,北极乳杆菌的出现率显著增加,在小于1.0 km2的湖泊中,有54%的湖泊出现了北极乳杆菌,而在较大的湖泊中,这一比例为97%。此外,在海拔1100 ~ 1299 m之间的湖泊中最常见。我们认为,环境因素限制了北极乳藻在哈当湖上的分布。据预测,到本世纪末,气温的升高可能会使哈当厄湖下游的北极夜蛾灭绝,尤其是在最浅的湖泊。许多湖泊的水质pH <6.0,钙浓度<1.0 mg L-1。在这些湖泊中,北极乳杆菌正处于生存的边缘,预计降水的增加可能会进一步稀释水,使北极乳杆菌更接近灭绝的门槛。
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引用次数: 2
Resolving a 200-year-old taxonomic conundrum: neotype designation for Cephalothrix linearis (Nemertea: Palaeonemertea) based on a topotype from Bergen, Norway 解决一个200年的分类学难题:基于挪威卑尔根的一个拓扑型,对线性头thrix (Nemertea: Palaeonemertea)的新类型命名
Q3 Agricultural and Biological Sciences Pub Date : 2019-06-07 DOI: 10.5324/fn.v39i0.2734
H. Kajihara
The taxonomic identity of the palaeonemertean Cephalothrix linearis (Rathke, 1799) has been obscure for nearly two centuries, because its original description applies to almost any congeners, including Cephalothrix filiformis (Johnston 1828) and Cephalothrix rufifrons (Johnston, 1837), which occur commonly in the North Sea and adjacent waters. In this paper, I redescribe C. linearis based on two topotypes from Bergen, one herein designated as the neotype for C. linearis, because Rathke’s original material is not extant; I invoke Article 70.3.2 of the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature to fix Planaria linearis Rathke, 1799 as the type species of Cephalothrix Örsted, 1843 for the sake of stability. From the neotype, I determined sequences of the 28S rRNA, 16S rRNA, and cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) genes. Using the COI sequence, I inferred the phylogenetic position of C. linearis along with 316 cephalotrichid sequences currently available in public databases. A tree-based species delimitation analysis detected 43 entities among them, with 34 in Cephalothrix and nine in eitherBalionemertes or Cephalotrichella. I apply valid species names to 12 of the 34 entities in Cephalothrix. I tabulated a total of 36 nominal species that are likely the members of the genus; the following five were excluded even though their specific names were originally combined with Cephalothrix: Cephalothrix armata Ulyanin, 1870 [Monostilifera, possibly Emplectonema gracile (Johnston, 1837)], Cephalothrix fragilis Bürger, 1892 [now Cephalotrichella signata (Hubrecht, 1879)], Cephalothrix signata Hubrecht, 1879 [now in Cephalotrichella], Cephalothrix unipunctata Parfitt, 1867 [now Tetrastemma melanocephalum (Johnston, 1837) (Monostilifera)], and Cephalothrix viridis Chapuis, 1886 [possibly Heteronemertea]. The five names cephalothrix Diesing, 1850 (as Borlasia cephalothrix), kroyeri Diesing, 1850 (as Cephalothrix kroyeri), linearis Diesing, 1850 (as Borlasia linearis), lineata Claparède, 1862 (as Cephalothrix lineata), and oerstedii Diesing, 1850 (as Cephalothrix oerstedii) aredeclared nomenclaturally unavailable.
近两个世纪以来,古生物期的线状头thrix (Rathke, 1799)的分类身份一直模糊不清,因为它最初的描述适用于几乎所有同系物,包括常见于北海及邻近水域的丝状头thrix (Johnston, 1828)和rufifrons头thrix (Johnston, 1837)。在本文中,我基于来自Bergen的两个拓扑型重新描述C. linearis,其中一个被指定为C. linearis的新类型,因为Rathke的原始材料不存在;为了稳定起见,我援引《国际动物命名法》第70.3.2条,将Planaria linearis Rathke, 1799确定为cephalalothrix Örsted, 1843的模式种。从新型中,我确定了28S rRNA、16S rRNA和细胞色素c氧化酶亚基I (COI)基因的序列。利用COI序列,我推断出C. linearis与公共数据库中现有的316个头线虫序列的系统发育位置。基于树的物种划分分析检测到43个实体,其中34个属于头thrix, 9个属于balonemertes和cephalalotrichella。我将有效的物种名称应用于头thrix中34个实体中的12个。我总共列出了36种可能属于这个属的名义种;以下五种被排除,尽管它们的具体名称最初与头刺虫结合在一起:1870年[单stiliera,可能是Emplectonema gracile (Johnston, 1837)], 1892年[现在的头刺虫(Cephalotrichella signata (Hubrecht, 1879)], 1879年[现在的头刺虫],1867年[现在的黑头四astemma melanocephalum (Johnston, 1837)(单stiliera)],和cephalalothrix viridis Chapuis, 1886[可能是异源性的]。这5个名称:头刺虫(cephalalothrix), 1850(俗称头刺虫),1850(俗称头刺虫),1850(俗称头刺虫),1850(俗称头刺虫),1862(俗称头刺虫),1862(俗称头刺虫),1850(俗称头刺虫)。
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引用次数: 5
Gillnet catchability of brown trout Salmo trutta is highly dependent on fish size and capture site 刺网捕获棕鳟的能力高度依赖于鱼的大小和捕获地点
Q3 Agricultural and Biological Sciences Pub Date : 2019-05-09 DOI: 10.5324/FN.V39I0.2536
R. Borgstrøm, Knut Bergum, T. Børresen, M. Svenning
Use of experimental gillnet fleets is common both in scientific studies of fish populations and in fishsampling for management purposes. Fish catchability may vary considerably with fish and gillnet meshsize, and catches obtained by gillnet fleets composed of nets with different mesh sizes may give lengthand age distributions that deviate considerably from the length and age structure of the population.We have estimated the absolute catchability of allopatric brown trout (Salmo trutta) in the littoral andpelagic habitat of a small lake based on a mark-recapture experiment. The brown trout catchabilityvaried considerably both with fish size and habitat type, probably due to a size-related variation inswimming distance per time unit and a size-related use of the different lentic habitats. The samplingbias in experimental gillnet fishing may be reduced by operating the gillnet fleets in all possible lentichabitats and most fundamentally, by use of catchability data obtained from populations with ‘known’length and age structures. By reducing this sampling bias, more realistic estimations of the age andlength distribution for a given population will be possible.
在鱼类种群的科学研究和为管理目的进行鱼类取样时,使用试验性刺网船队是很常见的。鱼的可捕性可能因鱼和刺网的网目大小而有很大差异,由不同网目大小的网组成的刺网船队所获得的渔获量可能会给出与种群的长度和年龄结构有很大偏差的长度和年龄分布。基于标记-再捕获实验,估计了一个小湖泊沿岸和中上层生境中异域褐鳟的绝对可捕性。褐鳟的捕获能力随鱼的大小和栖息地类型的不同而有很大的差异,这可能是由于单位时间内游泳距离的大小相关的变化以及不同生境的大小相关的利用。试验刺网捕鱼的抽样偏差可以通过在所有可能的栖息地操作刺网船队来减少,最根本的是,通过使用从“已知”长度和年龄结构的种群中获得的可捕性数据来减少。通过减少这种抽样偏差,对给定人群的年龄和长度分布进行更现实的估计将成为可能。
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引用次数: 1
Teleostei, Scophthalmidae: four-spot megrim spotted in Norwegian waters 鲈科鲈形鱼:在挪威水域发现的四斑鲈
Q3 Agricultural and Biological Sciences Pub Date : 2019-03-21 DOI: 10.5324/FN.V39I0.2872
R. Wienerroither, O. Bjelland, Gjertrud Jensen, A. Sveistrup
The flatfish four-spot megrim (Lepidorhombus boscii) was registered in Norwegian waters, both in trawl catches and video observations. The records represent a considerable northward extension of the species. Specimens of up to 49 cm were measured, representing also a new maximum size for this species. The number of registrations has increased within the last years, indicating that the species got more common in this area.
通过拖网捕捞和录像观察,在挪威水域登记了四斑比目鱼。这些记录表明该物种向北延伸了相当大的范围。测量到的标本最高可达49厘米,这也代表了该物种新的最大尺寸。在过去的几年里,登记的数量有所增加,这表明该物种在这一地区变得越来越普遍。
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引用次数: 0
Gammarid amphipods (Crustacea) in Norway, with a key to the species 挪威的Gammarid片脚类(甲壳类),有该物种的钥匙
Q3 Agricultural and Biological Sciences Pub Date : 2019-02-28 DOI: 10.5324/fn.v39i0.2873
W. Vader, A. Tandberg
Thirteen species in the amphipod family Gammaridae have been reported from Norway. This paper gives a survey of the distribution and habitat of all 13 species of the family Gammaridae occurring or expected to occur in Norwegian waters: both marine, brackish and fresh, including Svalbard, in addition to four species found in close neighbouring waters. It also provides a short history of the study of Gammaridae in Norway, as well as an illustrated identification key to all species in the area.
据报道,在挪威,有13种两栖动物属于金海鱼科。本文调查了在挪威水域出现或预计出现的所有13种Gammaridae的分布和栖息地:包括斯瓦尔巴群岛在内的海洋、半咸水和淡水,以及在邻近水域发现的4种。它还提供了挪威Gammaridae研究的简短历史,以及该地区所有物种的图解识别钥匙。
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引用次数: 8
Thermal behaviour of edible crab Cancer pagurus Linnaeus, 1758 in coastal Norway 挪威沿海食用蟹蟹的热行为
Q3 Agricultural and Biological Sciences Pub Date : 2019-02-26 DOI: 10.5324/FN.V39I0.2738
S. Bakke, S. Siikavuopio, J. S. Christiansen
Ocean warming drives latitudinal shifts in the distribution of ectotherm species. The rate and magnitude of such shifts are constrained by physiology and behavioural thermoregulation. Here, we investigated the thermal preference and lower critical temperature (CTmin) in female edible crab Cancer pagurus, a decapod crustacean with an ongoing northward dispersal along the Norwegian coast. The temperature selected by individual crabs from a northern (latitude ~69°N) and southern (latitude ~62°N) location was examined in a horizontal gradient (5.5-14.5°C) under a simulated day and night light regime. Irrespective of origin, crabs showed pronounced responses to the light cycle – during the day crabs stayed inactive in the warm end of the gradient but during night they actively explored the entire gradient. A preferred temperature of ~13 °C (measured as mode of loggings) was identified for crabs at both locations. Righting reflex experiments of crabs exposed to a rapid temperature drop (7 - 1 °C at -0.1 °C/min) identified a CTmin of ~1.3 °C (i.e., the temperature at which 50% of crabs failed to right from an up-side-down position), and with no significant difference between locations (p > 0.05). Our results provide important information about the functional characteristics of edible crab, and are discussed in context of the biology and ongoing northward dispersal of the species.
海洋变暖推动了外热物种分布的纬度变化。这种变化的速率和幅度受到生理和行为体温调节的限制。在这里,我们研究了雌性食用蟹癌症帕古龙的热偏好和较低临界温度(CTmin),这是一种正在沿挪威海岸向北扩散的十足目甲壳类动物。在模拟昼夜光照条件下,在水平梯度(5.5-14.5°C)下,对来自北部(纬度~69°N)和南部(纬度~62°N)的螃蟹个体选择的温度进行了检测。无论起源如何,螃蟹对光循环都表现出明显的反应——白天螃蟹在梯度的温暖一端保持不活跃,但在晚上它们积极探索整个梯度。在这两个地点,螃蟹的首选温度均为~13°C(作为测井模式测量)。对暴露于快速降温(7-10°C,-0.1°C/min)的螃蟹进行扶正反射实验,确定CTmin为~1.3°C(即50%的螃蟹未能从上下位置扶正的温度),位置之间没有显著差异(p>0.05)。我们的结果提供了有关食用螃蟹功能特征的重要信息,并在生物学和物种正在向北扩散的背景下进行了讨论。
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引用次数: 5
Climatic effects on a cold stenotherm species Lepidurus arcticus (Branchiopoda, Notostraca) on the southern outreach of its distribution range 气候对冷热动物北方鳞虱分布范围南缘的影响
Q3 Agricultural and Biological Sciences Pub Date : 2018-12-19 DOI: 10.5324/FN.V38I0.2598
T. Qvenild, E. Fjeld, A. Fjellheim, S. Rognerud, Åsmund Tysse
On the Norwegian mainland, the Arctic tadpole shrimp Lepidurus arcticus is a typically alpine species mainly co-occurring with fish. The Hardangervidda mountain plateau is the main area of the southernmost L. arcticus populations. Here L. arcticus is widely distributed, especially in the central and eastern parts of the plateau. Lepidurus arcticus has a univoltine life cycle emerging from resting eggs at ice break-up and fulfil development during the short mountain summer, before they reproduce and die. The main goal in this study was to investigate the thermal thresholds for L. arcticus. Timing of ice break-up and the proceeding water temperature are hypothesized to constitute the primary drivers of L. arcticus's development and growth. Stomach analyses of brown trout is the most sensitive method for sampling L. arcticus, especially at low densities. Analyses of 4 460 brown trout stomachs revealed that at least 400 degree-days are needed for development and growth from hatching in to adults. It is a significant gradient in climatic conditions on Hardangervidda with a coastal impact in the western part of the plateau with a three - to fourfold winter deposition compared to a dryer inland region in the east. The snow deposits have increased since the 1980s and snow rich winters have been more frequent. An additional increase is projected. This may give lower water temperature and shorter ice-free seasons. Thus, the cold western lakes could be even more hostile habitats for L. arcticus. During the same period, an abrupt increase in spring-summer temperatures was detected. This has improved the conditions for L. arcticus in many lakes. However, as a cold stenotherm species a further increase in temperature may be detrimental. Especially in shallow lakes in the central and eastern parts this may be a problem even without reaching critical levels by inducing life cycle mismatches.
在挪威大陆,北极蝌蚪虾Lepidurus arcticus是典型的高山物种,主要与鱼类共存。哈当厄山地高原是最南端北极冰原种群的主要区域。在这里,以高原中部和东部地区分布最为广泛。北极鳞龙有一个单行的生命周期,从冰破裂时休眠的卵开始,在短暂的山地夏季完成发育,然后繁殖和死亡。本研究的主要目的是研究北极乳杆菌的热阈值。假设冰的崩解时间和随后的水温是北极乳藻发育和生长的主要驱动力。褐鳟鱼胃分析是最敏感的取样方法,特别是在低密度情况下。对4460个褐鳟胃的分析表明,从孵化到成鱼的发育和生长至少需要400华氏度。这是哈当厄高原气候条件的显著梯度,高原西部受沿海影响,冬季沉积量是东部干燥内陆地区的三到四倍。自20世纪80年代以来,积雪量有所增加,富雪冬季更加频繁。预计还会增加。这可能会降低水温,缩短无冰季节。因此,寒冷的西部湖泊可能对北极乳杆菌更加不利。在同一时期,发现春夏气温突然升高。这改善了许多湖泊中北极乳杆菌的生存条件。然而,作为一种低温恒温物种,温度的进一步升高可能是有害的。特别是在中部和东部的浅湖,即使没有达到临界水平,也可能会引起生命周期不匹配。
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引用次数: 4
Arctic charr (Salvelinus alpinus) re-established in a formerly acidified and highly dilute mountain lake under declining acidic deposition 北极炭(Salvelinus alpinus)在酸性沉积减少的情况下,在以前酸化和高度稀释的山湖中重新形成
Q3 Agricultural and Biological Sciences Pub Date : 2018-09-21 DOI: 10.5324/FN.V38I0.2272
T. Hesthagen, R. Saksgård
Arctic charr in Lake Ronvatn, a mountain lake in southern Norway was re-established through stocking. The population went extinction during the early 1980s due to acidification, when the lake was highly acidified with a mean pH of 5.2-5.4 with occasional declines to 4.3-4.7. However, from the mid to late 1990s, the pH and acid-neutralising capacity (ANC) of the lake rose to 5.8-5.9 and 13-15 µeq L-1, respectively. The lake is extremely dilute with a mean conductivity and calcium concentration of 7.7 µS cm-1 and 0.35 mg L-1, respectively. The lake was stocked with 250 Arctic charr from a neighbouring lake between 1998 and 2000. These introductions were highly successful, as test-fishing in 2004, 2008 and 2012 revealed a relatively dense population of Arctic charr, and the presence of several young age groups. Water quality has remained stable since the late 1990s, or has slightly improved.
挪威南部的一个山区湖泊龙瓦滕湖的北极炭是通过放养重建的。该种群在20世纪80年代初因酸化而灭绝,当时湖泊高度酸化,平均pH值为5.2-5.4,偶尔降至4.3-4.7。然而,从20世纪90年代中后期,湖泊的pH值和酸中和能力(ANC)分别上升至5.8-5.9和13-15µeq L-1。湖泊极为稀释,平均电导率和钙浓度分别为7.7µS cm-1和0.35 mg L-1。1998年至2000年间,该湖储存了来自邻近湖泊的250块北极木炭。这些引入非常成功,因为2004年、2008年和2012年的试验捕鱼显示北极炭种群相对密集,并且存在几个年轻年龄组。自20世纪90年代末以来,水质一直保持稳定,或略有改善。
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引用次数: 0
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Fauna Norvegica
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