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Exploration of Moderated, Mediated, and Configurational Outcomes of Tourism-Related Content (TRC) on TikTok in Predicting Enjoyment and Behavioral Intentions 探索 TikTok 上与旅游相关的内容 (TRC) 在预测享受和行为意向方面的调节、中介和配置结果
IF 10.3 Q1 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2024-01-31 DOI: 10.1155/2024/2764759
Shu-Chin Huang, Andri Dayarana K. Silalahi, Ixora Javanisa Eunike

The significance of social media content in consumers’ decision-making journeys has acquired substantial attention among scholars and business practitioners in recent times. However, the exploration of how marketing strategies should design social media content to influence behavioral intentions remains fairly inadequate, particularly within the tourism industry. This study is aimed at developing a model that includes the moderating, mediating, and configuration effects of tourism-related content (TRC) dimensions on TikTok to predict enjoyment and behavioral intention. This study employs a hybrid approach of structural equation modeling (SEM) and fuzzy set qualitative comparative analysis (fsQCA) to test hypotheses and propositions using a sample of 319 participants who have experience watching TRC on TikTok and have the intention to visit the destinations presented in the content. The results from SEM confirm that content reliability and understandability significantly influence perceived enjoyment. Furthermore, visit intention is predicted to increase through the contributions of content understandability and perceived enjoyment. Insights from the mediating effect reveal that perceived enjoyment serves as a fully mediating factor between content understandability and visit intention. Moreover, the moderating effects of gender and frequency of use exhibit significant differences in their impacts on perceived enjoyment and visit intention. The outcomes of fsQCA confirm that various configurations of TRC dimensions and enjoyment provide valuable insights for designing content-marketing strategies. The consideration of different combinations of these constructs can impact behavioral intentions. This research makes significant contributions to both theory and marketing practice, as the comprehensive discussion of the combinations of configurations provides amplified insights into this study’s findings.

近来,社交媒体内容在消费者决策过程中的重要性受到了学者和商业从业者的广泛关注。然而,对于营销战略应如何设计社交媒体内容以影响行为意向的探索仍然相当不足,尤其是在旅游业中。本研究旨在建立一个模型,其中包括 TikTok 上旅游相关内容(TRC)维度的调节、中介和配置效应,以预测旅游乐趣和行为意向。本研究采用结构方程建模(SEM)和模糊集定性比较分析(fsQCA)的混合方法,以 319 名曾在 TikTok 上观看过旅游相关内容并有意前往内容中介绍的目的地的参与者为样本,检验假设和命题。SEM 的结果证实,内容的可靠性和可理解性会显著影响感知到的乐趣。此外,通过内容可理解性和感知乐趣的贡献,预测访问意向会增加。中介效应揭示,感知到的乐趣是内容可理解性和访问意向之间的完全中介因素。此外,性别和使用频率的调节效应在对感知到的乐趣和访问意向的影响上表现出显著差异。fsQCA 的结果证实,TRC 维度和愉悦感的不同配置为设计内容营销策略提供了有价值的见解。考虑这些建构的不同组合会影响行为意向。这项研究对理论和营销实践都做出了重大贡献,因为对配置组合的全面讨论为本研究的发现提供了更多的启示。
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引用次数: 0
The Complex Relationship between Online Social Feedback and Well-Being 在线社交反馈与幸福感之间的复杂关系
IF 10.3 Q1 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2024-01-30 DOI: 10.1155/2024/1379858
Mirko Duradoni, Veronica Spadoni, Mustafa Can Gursesli, Elena Pratelli, Andrea Guazzini

With the growing prevalence of online social interactions, it is crucial to understand how the social dimension affects well-being. This study investigates the relationship between the Need for Online Social Feedback (NfOSF) and individuals’ well-being, considering the moderating role of perceived online reputation. A total of 1398 participants, predominantly female, aged 14 to 61, completed an online questionnaire. The results revealed an M-shaped pattern, indicating that both dissatisfaction and excessive satisfaction with online reputation were associated with lower well-being. For those dissatisfied with their reputation, a high desire for social feedback correlated with reduced well-being, as validation from the social environment, was lacking. Similarly, individuals with fully satisfying reputations experienced frustration in their pursuit of online social feedback. In this case, the “Fame” dimension of the NfOSF scale exhibited a negative association with well-being, highlighting the impact of grandiose expectations. The findings underscore the subjective nature of this relationship, emphasizing the role of individual characteristics and social context.

随着网络社交互动的日益普及,了解社交维度如何影响幸福感至关重要。本研究调查了在线社交反馈需求(NfOSF)与个人幸福感之间的关系,并考虑了感知在线声誉的调节作用。共有 1398 名 14 至 61 岁的参与者完成了在线问卷调查,其中以女性为主。调查结果显示,对网络声誉的不满意和过度满意都与较低的幸福感有关。对于那些对自己的声誉不满意的人来说,对社会反馈的强烈渴望与幸福感的降低有关,因为他们缺乏来自社会环境的验证。同样,那些对自己的声誉完全满意的人在寻求网络社会反馈时也会感到沮丧。在这种情况下,NfOSF 量表中的 "名气 "维度与幸福感呈负相关,这突出了过高期望的影响。研究结果突出了这种关系的主观性,强调了个人特征和社会环境的作用。
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引用次数: 0
Why Millennials Continue to Use WhatsApp? A Focus on Culture and Computer–Human Dialogue 千禧一代为何继续使用 WhatsApp?关注文化和人机对话
IF 10.3 Q1 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2024-01-29 DOI: 10.1155/2024/8439194
Kamaal Allil, Serri Faisal, Adil Zia

Continuous usage behavior among millennials is crucial, yet factors influencing this behavior are not well understood. This study integrates human-computer interaction and marketing research to investigate the relationship between persuasive dialogue support (PDS), attitudinal loyalty (AL), and continuous-use intention (CI) in the context of WhatsApp. The study also examines the moderating role of four cultural dimensions: uncertainty avoidance (UA), power distance (PD), masculinity (MAS), and individualism (IND) in these relationships. Data was collected from 287 WhatsApp users in four countries, and the proposed theoretical model was tested using structural equation modelling (SEM-PLS). The results indicate that PDS has a direct positive impact on AL, which in turn leads to CI. The study also found that cultural differences can moderate the relationship between PDS and AL and between AL and CI. Therefore, app developers need to consider cultural differences when designing their products and implement persuasive design aspects to boost user loyalty and intention to use. To ensure optimal app performance in diverse cultural settings, developers should strike an appropriate balance between universal design principles and culturally sensitive adaptation. However, the study’s limitations, such as reliance on self-reported data and a relatively small sample size, suggest the need for future research to expand its scope to include participants from a broader range of cultural backgrounds.

千禧一代的持续使用行为至关重要,但影响这种行为的因素却不甚明了。本研究整合了人机交互和市场营销研究,以 WhatsApp 为背景,探讨说服性对话支持(PDS)、态度忠诚度(AL)和持续使用意向(CI)之间的关系。研究还探讨了四个文化维度在这些关系中的调节作用:不确定性规避(UA)、权力距离(PD)、男性气质(MAS)和个人主义(IND)。研究收集了四个国家 287 名 WhatsApp 用户的数据,并使用结构方程模型(SEM-PLS)对提出的理论模型进行了检验。结果表明,PDS 对 AL 有直接的积极影响,而 AL 又会导致 CI。研究还发现,文化差异会缓和 PDS 与 AL 之间以及 AL 与 CI 之间的关系。因此,应用程序开发人员在设计产品时需要考虑文化差异,并实施有说服力的设计,以提高用户忠诚度和使用意愿。为确保应用程序在不同文化背景下的最佳表现,开发人员应在通用设计原则和文化敏感性调整之间取得适当平衡。不过,这项研究也存在局限性,如依赖于自我报告的数据和相对较小的样本量,这表明未来的研究需要扩大范围,纳入来自更广泛文化背景的参与者。
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引用次数: 0
The Self-Perception and Political Biases of ChatGPT ChatGPT 的自我认知和政治偏见
IF 10.3 Q1 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2024-01-22 DOI: 10.1155/2024/7115633
Jérôme Rutinowski, Sven Franke, Jan Endendyk, Ina Dormuth, Moritz Roidl, Markus Pauly

This contribution analyzes the self-perception and political biases of OpenAI’s Large Language Model ChatGPT. Considering the first small-scale reports and studies that have emerged, claiming that ChatGPT is politically biased towards progressive and libertarian points of view, this contribution is aimed at providing further clarity on this subject. Although the concept of political bias and affiliation is hard to define, lacking an agreed-upon measure for its quantification, this contribution attempts to examine this issue by having ChatGPT respond to questions on commonly used measures of political bias. In addition, further measures for personality traits that have previously been linked to political affiliations were examined. More specifically, ChatGPT was asked to answer the questions posed by the political compass test as well as similar questionnaires that are specific to the respective politics of the G7 member states. These eight tests were repeated ten times each and indicate that ChatGPT seems to hold a bias towards progressive views. The political compass test revealed a bias towards progressive and libertarian views, supporting the claims of prior research. The political questionnaires for the G7 member states indicated a bias towards progressive views but no significant bias between authoritarian and libertarian views, contradicting the findings of prior reports. In addition, ChatGPT’s Big Five personality traits were tested using the OCEAN test, and its personality type was queried using the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) test. Finally, the maliciousness of ChatGPT was evaluated using the Dark Factor test. These three tests were also repeated ten times each, revealing that ChatGPT perceives itself as highly open and agreeable, has the Myers-Briggs personality type ENFJ, and is among the test-takers with the least pronounced dark traits.

本文分析了 OpenAI 的大型语言模型 ChatGPT 的自我认知和政治偏见。考虑到已出现的首批小规模报告和研究声称 ChatGPT 在政治上偏向进步主义和自由主义观点,本文旨在进一步澄清这一问题。虽然政治偏见和政治倾向的概念很难界定,也缺乏一个公认的量化标准,但本研究试图通过让 ChatGPT 回答常用的政治偏见测量问题来研究这一问题。此外,还对以前与政治倾向相关的人格特质进行了进一步的测量。更具体地说,我们要求 ChatGPT 回答政治罗盘测试提出的问题,以及针对 G7 成员国各自政治背景的类似问卷。这八项测试各重复进行了十次,结果表明 ChatGPT 似乎偏向进步观点。政治罗盘测试表明,用户偏向进步和自由主义观点,这与之前的研究结果相吻合。对 G7 成员国的政治问卷调查表明,人们的观点偏向于进步主义,但独裁主义和自由主义观点之间并无明显偏向,这与之前报告的结论相矛盾。此外,还使用 OCEAN 测试对 ChatGPT 的五大人格特质进行了测试,并使用迈尔斯-布里格斯类型指标(MBTI)测试对其人格类型进行了询问。最后,使用黑暗因子测试评估了 ChatGPT 的恶意程度。这三个测试也各重复了十次,结果显示 ChatGPT 认为自己非常开放和合群,属于迈尔斯-布里格斯人格类型 ENFJ,是黑暗特质最不明显的测试者之一。
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引用次数: 0
“I Can’t Believe I Phubbed Up Our Friendship!”: Examining Relationships between Loneliness, Problematic Smartphone Use, Friend Phubbing, and Life Satisfaction "我不敢相信我破坏了我们的友谊!":研究孤独感、有问题的智能手机使用、"蹭朋友 "和生活满意度之间的关系
IF 10.3 Q1 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2024-01-16 DOI: 10.1155/2024/5558587
Juhyung Sun, Norman Wong

As one of the dark sides of smartphone use, phubbing (i.e., snubbing others during face-to-face interactions by using their smartphones) has drawn increased attention in recent years. A growing literature on phubbing has widely examined psychological and social problems related to phubbing. However, very little is known about how certain psychological states and outcomes—mainly loneliness and life satisfaction—occur in relation to phubbing. This study examined the relationships between loneliness, problematic smartphone use, phubbing, and life satisfaction, particularly within friendships. For this study, college students (N = 513; 188 men, 323 women, and two others) aged 18 to 29 (Mage = 19.85 years) completed self-report measures online. Structural equation modeling was used to measure the model, and the relationships of this study were conducted via SPSS and AMOS. As expected, the model yielded a good fit, and the findings showed that loneliness positively and indirectly predicted the enactment of friend phubbing through its influence on problematic smartphone use, which negatively predicted life satisfaction.

作为智能手机使用的阴暗面之一,"掐架"(即在面对面交流时使用智能手机冷落他人)近年来引起了越来越多的关注。越来越多关于 "蹭网 "的文献广泛研究了与 "蹭网 "相关的心理和社会问题。然而,人们对某些心理状态和结果--主要是孤独感和生活满意度--是如何与 "蹭网 "相关联的却知之甚少。本研究探讨了孤独感、智能手机使用问题、网络聊天和生活满意度之间的关系,尤其是在朋友关系中。在这项研究中,年龄在 18-29 岁(平均年龄为 19.85 岁)的大学生(人数为 513 人,其中男性 188 人,女性 323 人,另有两人)在线完成了自我报告测量。本研究采用结构方程模型对模型进行测量,并通过 SPSS 和 AMOS 对关系进行分析。正如预期的那样,模型拟合良好,研究结果表明,孤独感通过影响问题智能手机的使用,正向间接地预测了 "朋友圈刷屏 "行为的发生,而 "朋友圈刷屏 "行为则负向预测了生活满意度。
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引用次数: 0
Research on Nonroutine Problems: A Hybrid Didactical Design for Overcoming Student Learning Obstacles 非线性问题研究:克服学生学习障碍的混合教学设计
IF 10.3 Q1 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2024-01-11 DOI: 10.1155/2024/5552365
I. K. Sukarma, Muhamad G. Isnawan, Naif M. Alsulami

The multiplication of fractions was generally considered easy, but it became challenging when presented as a nonroutine problem. One solution to these challenges was integrating technology into learning. Therefore, the study is aimed at proposing a hybrid module as a solution. The design in this research was a didactical design research. The study involved 56 participants, aged 13–18 years, mainly female students from the Sasak tribe in an Indonesian junior high school. Researchers employed fraction comprehension tests, in-depth interviews, and a hybrid hypothesis module as primary instruments. For learning outcomes, NVivo-12-assisted thematic analysis was used, and for learning obstacles, retrospective-based qualitative analysis was used. The study findings revealed several factors that caused learning obstacles, including conceptual ontogenic, epistemological factors, and students’ restricted Internet access. The hybrid hypothesis module proved effective in assisting students by providing additional problem contexts and scaffolding, addressing previous learning obstacles. After implementation, there was a redesign of the hybrid module in the form of additional scaffolding to help students construct the concepts studied. This research concluded that the application of technology in the form of hybrid modules was able to minimize barriers to student learning.

分数乘法一般被认为很容易,但当它作为一个非例题出现时,就变得具有挑战性。解决这些难题的办法之一是将技术融入学习。因此,本研究旨在提出一个混合模块作为解决方案。本研究的设计是一项教学设计研究。研究涉及 56 名参与者,年龄在 13-18 岁之间,主要是印度尼西亚一所初中的萨萨克部落女学生。研究人员采用了分数理解测试、深度访谈和混合假设模块作为主要工具。对于学习成果,采用了 NVivo-12 辅助主题分析法;对于学习障碍,采用了基于回顾的定性分析法。研究结果揭示了造成学习障碍的几个因素,包括概念本体因素、认识论因素和学生上网受限因素。事实证明,混合假设模块通过提供额外的问题情境和支架,有效地帮助了学生,解决了以往的学习障碍。在实施之后,对混合模块进行了重新设计,增加了帮助学生构建所学概念的支架。这项研究的结论是,以混合模块的形式应用技术,能够最大限度地减少学生的学习障碍。
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引用次数: 0
To Access or Not to Access: Influencing Factors for Government Microblogging Information Seeking and Avoidance among Chinese Generation Z 访问或不访问:中国 Z 世代政务微博信息寻求与回避的影响因素
IF 10.3 Q1 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2024-01-06 DOI: 10.1155/2024/8288503
Yu Zheng

In recent years, the effective enhancement of information communication effect through governmental social media in has emerged as a universally concerned issue on government governance within the social media era. As Generation Z represents the primary and frequent users of social media, understanding the factors influencing their behaviors regarding information seeking and avoidance on governmental social media platforms is essential (in China, the principal governmental social media platform is government microblogging). Employing the grounded theory methodology, 31 participants of Chinese Generation Z were recruited for the present study, and data were collected using an in-depth interview. The results showed that the factors influencing the information-seeking behavior of Generation Z towards government microblogging mainly include heuristic seeking factors (personal preference, emotional value, and following hot topics), systematic seeking factors (task demand and expert recommendation), and defensive seeking factors (defending stance, authority seeking, and impression management). The factors influencing the information avoidance behavior of Generation Z towards government microblogging mainly include heuristic avoidance factors (clickbait titles, content layout, excessive length, and high redundancy), systematic avoidance factors (selective ignorance and terminological density), and resource-limited avoidance factors (demand scarcity, time scarcity, and vitality scarcity). This study contributes to a more comprehensive understanding of the government microblogging information behavior of Generation Z. Implications for government microblogging governance, strategy recommendations, and indicates directions for future research are discussed.

近年来,如何通过政府社交媒体有效提升信息沟通效果成为社交媒体时代政府治理普遍关注的问题。由于 Z 世代是社交媒体的主要用户和高频用户,了解他们在政务社交媒体平台(在中国,主要的政务社交媒体平台是政务微博)上信息寻求和回避行为的影响因素至关重要。本研究采用基础理论方法,招募了 31 名中国 Z 世代参与者,并通过深度访谈收集数据。结果显示,影响 Z 世代政务微博信息寻求行为的因素主要包括启发式寻求因素(个人偏好、情感价值、关注热点话题)、系统性寻求因素(任务需求、专家推荐)和防御性寻求因素(捍卫立场、寻求权威、印象管理)。影响 Z 世代政务微博信息规避行为的因素主要包括启发式规避因素(点击式标题、内容排版、篇幅过长、冗余度高)、系统性规避因素(选择性忽视、术语密集)和资源有限性规避因素(需求稀缺、时间稀缺、活力稀缺)。本研究有助于更全面地了解 Z 世代的政务微博信息行为,并探讨了对政务微博治理的启示、策略建议以及未来研究的方向。
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引用次数: 0
Brain and Smartphone Addiction: A Systematic Review 大脑与智能手机成瘾:系统回顾
IF 10.3 Q1 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2024-01-06 DOI: 10.1155/2024/5592994
C. Anbumalar, D. Binu Sahayam

In recent years, the smartphone has become ubiquitous in everyone’s lives. The smartphone has both positive and negative impacts on the users. Although addiction has been extensively studied, not much has been done to examine the association between neurofunctional regional activation and problematic smartphone use. This review, therefore, is systematically aimed at understanding the different neurofunctional regional activation differences related to smartphone addiction. The systematic review was done in four stages as follows: (1) identifying the techniques/instruments used in the literature (database search), (2) identifying relevant literature, (3) identifying criteria for inclusion and exclusion, and (4) acquiring full-text papers. The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines were used to conduct the systematic review. The literature was searched using the following databases: PubMed, Science Direct, Taylor & Francis, and Springer Link. The inclusion requirements were met by 7 articles out of 28896. The study on smartphone addiction with a focus on neurofunctional regional activation is limited. This review sheds light on neurofunctional regional activation associated with problematic smartphone usage. This will open the door to focused interventions and well-informed approaches to digital well-being in our technologically advanced society.

近年来,智能手机在每个人的生活中无处不在。智能手机对用户既有积极影响,也有消极影响。尽管成瘾问题已被广泛研究,但对神经功能区域激活与问题智能手机使用之间的关联研究却不多。因此,本综述旨在系统地了解与智能手机成瘾相关的不同神经功能区域激活差异。系统性综述分为以下四个阶段:(1)确定文献中使用的技术/工具(数据库搜索);(2)确定相关文献;(3)确定纳入和排除标准;(4)获取全文论文。系统性综述和元分析的首选报告项目(PRISMA)指南用于开展系统性综述。文献使用以下数据库进行检索:PubMed、Science Direct、Taylor & Francis 和 Springer Link。在28896篇文献中,有7篇符合纳入要求。以神经功能区域激活为重点的智能手机成瘾研究非常有限。本综述揭示了与问题智能手机使用相关的神经功能区域激活。这将为我们在技术发达的社会中采取有针对性的干预措施和明智的数字健康方法打开一扇大门。
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引用次数: 0
The Digital Self-Efficacy Scale: Adaptation and Validation of Its Spanish Version 数字自我效能感量表:西班牙语版本的改编与验证
IF 10.3 Q1 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2024-01-05 DOI: 10.1155/2024/3952946
Milton Paredes-Aguirre, Ronald Campoverde Aguirre, Olivia Hernandez-Pozas, Yarid Ayala, Holger Barriga Medina

The importance of Digital Self-Efficacy is likely to grow as digital technology becomes increasingly widespread. To succeed in today’s digital world, it is essential for people to have a strong belief in their ability to effectively use digital technologies. Therefore, it is necessary for researchers to have adequate instruments to measure them in different populations. The Digital Self-Efficacy Scale offers an innovative technology-independent approach. It provides a multidimensional assessment grounded in the DigComp framework, allowing adaptability and facilitating comparison across diverse demographics. This study examined the validity and reliability of the Spanish-adapted version of the Digital Self-Efficacy for Equatorian workers. The results from a sample of 471 participants, with a gender-balanced distribution (43.74% female and 55.41% male) and a mean age of 34 years, showed that this translated 19-item scale is a valid and reliable measure of this construct. Nomological network analysis with SEM showed that Digital Self-Efficacy had a positive and significant association with task-technology fit and the use of technology. This suggests that workers with higher levels of Digital Self-Efficacy are more likely to use technology effectively and efficiently and that they are more likely to find technology that is a good fit for their tasks.

随着数字技术的日益普及,数字自我效能感的重要性可能会与日俱增。要在当今的数字世界中取得成功,人们必须坚信自己有能力有效地使用数字技术。因此,研究人员需要有适当的工具来测量不同人群的数字自我效能感。数字自我效能感量表提供了一种独立于技术的创新方法。它以 DigComp 框架为基础,提供了多维度的评估,具有适应性,便于在不同人群中进行比较。本研究考察了针对赤道几内亚工人的西班牙语改编版数字自我效能感的有效性和可靠性。471 名参与者的性别分布均衡(43.74% 为女性,55.41% 为男性),平均年龄为 34 岁。利用 SEM 进行的名义网络分析显示,数字自我效能感与任务-技术契合度和技术使用有显著的正相关。这表明,具有较高数字自我效能感的员工更有可能有效和高效地使用技术,他们也更有可能找到适合自己任务的技术。
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引用次数: 0
Modeling and Classification of the Behavioral Patterns of Students Participating in Online Examination 学生参加在线考试的行为模式建模与分类
IF 10.3 Q1 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2023-12-30 DOI: 10.1155/2023/2613802
B. J. Ferdosi, M. Rahman, A. M. Sakib, T. Helaly
Online education has become an essential part of the modern education system, but keeping the integrity of the online examination remains a challenge. A significant increase in cheating in online examinations (from 29.9% before COVID-19 to 54.7% during COVID-19, as per a recent survey) points out the necessity of online exam proctoring systems. Traditionally, educational institutes utilize different questions in onsite exams: multiple-choice questions (MCQs), analytical questions, descriptive questions, etc. For online exams, form-based exams using MCQs are popular though in disciplines like math, engineering, architecture, art, or other courses, paper and pen tests are typical for proper assessment. In form-based exams, students’ attention is toward display devices, and cheating behavior is identified as the deviation of head and eye gaze direction from the display device. In paper- and pen-based exams, students’ main attention is on the answer script not on the device. Identifying cheating behavior in such exams is not a trivial task since complex body movements need to be observed to identify cheating. Previous research works focused on the deviation of the head and eyes from the screen which is more suited for form-based exams. Most of them are very resource-intensive; along with a webcam, they require additional hardware such as sensors, microphones, and security cameras. In this work, we propose an automated proctoring solution for paper- and pen-based online exams considering specific requirements of pen-and-paper exams. Our approach tracks head and eye orientations and lip movements in each frame and defines the movement as the change of orientation. We relate cheating with frequent coordinated movements of the head, eyes, and lips. We calculate a cheating score indicative of the frequency of movements. A case is marked as a cheating case if the cheating score is higher than the proctor-defined threshold (which may vary depending on the specific requirement of the discipline). The proposed system has five major parts: (1) identification and coordinate extraction of selected facial landmarks using MediaPipe; (2) orientation classification of the head, eye, and lips with K-NN classifier, based on the landmarks; (3) identification of abnormal movements; (4) calculation of a cheating score based on abnormal movement patterns; and (5) a visual representation of students’ behavior to support the proctor for early intervention. Our system is robust since it observes the pattern of movement over a sequence of frames and considers the coordinated movement pattern of the head, eye, and lips rather than considering a single deviation as a cheating behavior which will minimize the false positive cases. Visualization of the student behavior is another strength of our system that enables the human proctor to take preventive measures rather than punishing the student for the final cheating score. We collected video data with the help of 16 student volun
在线教育已成为现代教育体系的重要组成部分,但保持在线考试的公正性仍是一项挑战。在线考试作弊率的大幅上升(根据最近的一项调查,从 COVID-19 之前的 29.9% 上升到 COVID-19 期间的 54.7%)表明了在线考试监考系统的必要性。传统上,教育机构在现场考试中使用不同的试题:选择题(MCQ)、分析题、描述题等。在在线考试中,使用 MCQ 的形式化考试很受欢迎,但在数学、工程、建筑、艺术等学科或其他课程中,纸笔测试是正确评估的典型方式。在基于表格的考试中,学生的注意力集中在显示设备上,作弊行为被认定为头部和眼睛的注视方向偏离显示设备。在纸笔考试中,学生的主要注意力集中在答卷上,而不是设备上。要识别这类考试中的作弊行为并非易事,因为需要观察复杂的肢体动作。以往的研究工作主要关注头部和眼睛与屏幕的偏离,这更适合基于表格的考试。大多数研究都非常耗费资源;除了网络摄像头,它们还需要额外的硬件,如传感器、麦克风和安全摄像头。在这项工作中,考虑到纸笔考试的特殊要求,我们为纸笔在线考试提出了一种自动监考解决方案。我们的方法在每个帧中跟踪头和眼睛的方向以及嘴唇的运动,并将运动定义为方向的变化。我们将作弊与头部、眼睛和嘴唇的频繁协调运动联系起来。我们计算出一个作弊分数,以指示动作的频率。如果作弊分数高于监考人定义的阈值(该阈值可能因学科的具体要求而异),则该案例被标记为作弊案例。所提议的系统包括五个主要部分:(1) 使用 MediaPipe 对选定的面部地标进行识别和坐标提取;(2) 根据地标,使用 K-NN 分类器对头部、眼睛和嘴唇进行方位分类;(3) 识别异常动作;(4) 根据异常动作模式计算作弊分数;(5) 以可视化的方式呈现学生的行为,以支持监考人员进行早期干预。我们的系统具有很强的鲁棒性,因为它能观察一连串帧的运动模式,并考虑头、眼和嘴唇的协调运动模式,而不是将单个偏差视为作弊行为,这将最大限度地减少误报情况。学生行为的可视化是我们系统的另一个优势,它能让人工监考人采取预防措施,而不是根据最终作弊分数惩罚学生。我们在作者所在大学的 16 名学生志愿者的帮助下收集了视频数据,他们参加了两场经过精心指导的模拟考试:一场有作弊行为,另一场没有作弊行为。当阈值设定为 40 时,我们检测非作弊情况的准确率为 100%,检测作弊情况的准确率为 87.5%。
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