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Socioeconomic benefits and limited parent-offspring disagreement in arranged marriages in Nepal. 尼泊尔包办婚姻中的社会经济利益和有限的父母与后代之间的分歧。
IF 2.2 Q1 ANTHROPOLOGY Pub Date : 2023-02-22 eCollection Date: 2023-01-01 DOI: 10.1017/ehs.2023.3
Elizabeth Agey, Savannah Crippen, Alyx Wells, Parash Upreti

Mate preferences probably evolved to increase fitness; however, studies using arranged and non-arranged marriage as proxies for limited and free mate choice (respectively) do not find any reproductive differences. We explore why arranged and non-arranged marriages are an imperfect proxy for limited and free-choice matings and what fitness effects different marriage types could produce. Data from focus group discussions with men and women in Nepal show that there are three spouse choice categories with differing levels of parental influence over mate choice, reinforcing that arranged and non-arranged are not dichotomous. Discussions also show that parents and offspring, especially sons, may be more aligned in in-law/mate preferences than expected, demonstrating the need to establish clear domains of parent-offspring disagreement over spouse choice in the community before investigating fitness. Several social and financial benefits that are only available to arranged couples in this community were detected, and these benefits could compensate for any costs of not choosing a spouse independently. These benefits of arranged marriage are more salient for women than for men. These discussions indicate that predictions about the effects of spouse choice on fitness outcomes may differ for men and women and depend on community-specific socioeconomic benefits.

配偶偏好的进化可能是为了提高适配性;然而,将包办婚姻和非包办婚姻分别作为有限配偶选择和自由配偶选择的替代物的研究并未发现任何生殖差异。我们探讨了为什么包办婚姻和非包办婚姻不能完美地代表有限配偶选择和自由配偶选择,以及不同的婚姻类型会产生什么样的生殖效应。与尼泊尔男性和女性进行的焦点小组讨论数据显示,有三种配偶选择类别,父母对配偶选择的影响程度各不相同,这进一步说明包办和非包办并非二分法。讨论还表明,父母和后代(尤其是儿子)在姻亲/配偶偏好上的一致性可能比预期的要高,这表明在调查合适性之前,有必要在社区中明确父母和后代在择偶问题上的分歧领域。研究发现,在这个社区中,只有包办婚姻的夫妇才能获得一些社会和经济利益,这些利益可以弥补不独立选择配偶的任何代价。包办婚姻的这些好处对女性比对男性更明显。这些讨论表明,关于择偶对健康结果的影响的预测可能对男性和女性有所不同,并取决于特定社区的社会经济利益。
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引用次数: 0
Pathways to cultural adaptation: the coevolution of cumulative culture and social networks 文化适应的途径:累积文化与社会网络的共同进化
IF 2.6 Q1 ANTHROPOLOGY Pub Date : 2023-02-21 DOI: 10.1101/2023.02.21.529416
M. Smolla, Erol Akçay
Humans have adapted to an immense array of ecologies by accumulating culturally transmitted knowledge and skills. Culture accumulates in at least two ways: via more distinct cultural traits, or via improvements of existing cultural trait. A trade-off is expected between these owing to the fact that social learning opportunities are finite and social learning often requires multiple exposures. Furthermore, what kind of culture accumulates depends on, and coevolves with, the social structure of societies. Here we show that the coevolution of social networks for learning and cumulative culture results in two distinct pathways to cultural adaptation: highly connected populations with high proficiency but low cultural trait diversity vs. sparsely connected populations with low proficiency but more cultural trait diversity. Importantly, we show there is a general conflict between group-level payoffs, which is maximised in highly connected groups that attain high proficiency, and individual level selection, which favours disconnection. This conflict emerges from the interaction of social learning with population structure and causes populations to cycle between the two cultural and network states. The same conflict creates a paradox where improving individual innovation rates lowers the payoffs of groups. Finally, we explore how populations navigate these two pathways in heterogeneous and changing environments, and show that high heterogeneity in payoffs and slow rate of environmental change favours high proficiency, while fast rate of environmental change favours more trait diversity. We also find that the proficiency pathway to cultural adaptation is favoured with increased population size, but only in slow changing environments. Our results uncover previously unrecognised trade-offs and tensions in the coevolutionary dynamics of cumulative culture and social structure, with broad implications for human social evolution.
人类通过积累文化传播的知识和技能,适应了大量的生态环境。文化至少以两种方式积累:通过更独特的文化特征,或通过对现有文化特征的改进。由于社会学习机会有限,社会学习往往需要多次接触,因此预计两者之间会有权衡。此外,什么样的文化积累取决于社会的社会结构,并与之共同发展。在这里,我们表明,学习和累积文化的社会网络的共同进化导致了两条不同的文化适应途径:具有高熟练度但文化特征多样性较低的高度联系人群与具有低熟练度但更具文化特征多样度的稀疏联系人群。重要的是,我们表明,在群体层面的回报和个人层面的选择之间存在普遍冲突,群体层面的收益在获得高熟练度的高度连接的群体中最大化,而个人层面的回报有利于断开连接。这种冲突源于社会学习与人口结构的互动,并导致人口在两种文化和网络状态之间循环。同样的冲突造成了一个悖论,即提高个人创新率会降低群体的回报。最后,我们探索了种群如何在异质和不断变化的环境中驾驭这两条路径,并表明收益的高度异质性和环境变化的缓慢速率有利于高熟练度,而环境变化的快速速率有利于更多的性状多样性。我们还发现,随着人口规模的增加,文化适应的熟练途径是有利的,但只有在缓慢变化的环境中。我们的研究结果揭示了累积文化和社会结构的共同进化动力学中以前未被认识到的权衡和紧张关系,对人类社会进化有着广泛的影响。
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引用次数: 0
Testing evolutionary conflict theories for sexual and physical intimate partner violence in Sub-Saharan Africa. 在撒哈拉以南非洲测试性和身体亲密伴侣暴力的进化冲突理论。
IF 2.6 Q1 ANTHROPOLOGY Pub Date : 2023-01-01 DOI: 10.1017/ehs.2022.58
Janet A Howard, Mhairi A Gibson

Intimate partner violence (IPV) refers to physical, sexual and psychological violence. Here an evolutionary approach is used to compare risk factors for male-to-female IPV perpetration, analysing physical and sexual IPV separately. Two hypotheses based on sexual conflict theory have been applied to IPV perpetration, but they remain largely untested using empirical data: (a) men perpetrate IPV in response to a perceived threat to their paternity certainty; and (b) IPV is caused by men pursuing a higher fertility optima than their partners, either within marriage (reproductive coercion) or outside marriage (paternal disinvestment). Demographic Health Survey data from couples in 12 sub-Saharan African countries (n = 25,577) were used to test these evolutionary hypotheses, using multilevel models and controlling for potential social and environmental confounds. The results show that evolutionary theory provides important insight into different risk factors by IPV type. Indicators of paternity concern are associated with an increased risk of both physical and sexual IPV, indicators of paternal disinvestment are associated with an increased risk of physical IPV only, while reproductive coercion is not associated with either IPV type. The risk factors identified here correspond with proximate-level explanations for IPV perpetration, but an evolutionary interpretation explains why these particular factors may motivate IPV in certain contexts.

亲密伴侣暴力(IPV)是指身体、性和心理暴力。在这里,一种进化的方法被用来比较男性对女性IPV犯罪的危险因素,分别分析身体和性IPV。基于性冲突理论的两种假设已被应用于IPV的实施,但它们在很大程度上尚未得到实证数据的检验:(a)男性实施IPV是为了回应对其父权确定性的感知威胁;(b) IPV是由于男子在婚姻内(生殖强迫)或婚姻外(父亲撤资)追求比其伴侣更高的最佳生育率造成的。来自12个撒哈拉以南非洲国家夫妇的人口健康调查数据(n = 25,577)被用来测试这些进化假设,使用多层次模型并控制潜在的社会和环境混杂因素。结果表明,进化理论为IPV类型不同的危险因素提供了重要的见解。父权问题的指标与身体和性IPV风险增加有关,父权撤资的指标只与身体IPV风险增加有关,而生殖强迫与这两种IPV类型都没有关系。这里确定的风险因素与IPV发生的近似解释相对应,但进化的解释解释了为什么这些特定因素可能在某些情况下激发IPV。
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引用次数: 1
Market integration, income inequality, and kinship system among the Mosuo of China. 摩梭人的市场一体化、收入不平等与亲属制度。
IF 2.6 Q1 ANTHROPOLOGY Pub Date : 2023-01-01 DOI: 10.1017/ehs.2022.52
Siobhán M Mattison, Neil MacLaren, Chun-Yi Sum, Peter M Mattison, Ruizhe Liu, Mary K Shenk, Tami Blumenfield, Mingjie Su, Hui Li, Katherine Wander

Increased access to defensible material wealth is hypothesised to escalate inequality. Market integration, which creates novel opportunities in cash economies, provides a means of testing this hypothesis. Using demographic data collected from 505 households among the matrilineal and patrilineal Mosuo in 2017, we test whether market integration is associated with increased material wealth, whether increased material wealth is associated with wealth inequality, and whether being in a matrilineal vs. patrilineal kinship system alters the relationship between wealth and inequality. We find evidence that market integration, measured as distance to the nearest source of tourism and primary source of household income, is associated with increased household income and 'modern' asset value. Both village-level market integration and mean asset value were associated negatively, rather than positively, with inequality, contrary to predictions. Finally, income, modern wealth and inequality were higher in matrilineal communities that were located closer to the centre of tourism and where tourism has long provided a relatively stable source of income. However, we also observed exacerbated inequality with increasing farm animal value in patriliny. We conclude that the forces affecting wealth and inequality depend on local context and that the importance of local institutions is obscured by aggregate statistics drawn from modern nation states.

人们假设,获得可防御物质财富的机会增加会加剧不平等。市场一体化在现金经济中创造了新的机会,为检验这一假设提供了一种手段。本文利用2017年收集的505户摩梭人母系和父系家庭的人口统计数据,检验了市场一体化是否与物质财富增加有关,物质财富增加是否与财富不平等有关,以及母系与父系亲属制度是否改变了财富与不平等之间的关系。我们发现有证据表明,市场一体化(以与最近的旅游来源和家庭收入主要来源的距离来衡量)与家庭收入和“现代”资产价值的增加有关。与预测相反,村级市场一体化和平均资产价值都与不平等呈负相关,而不是正相关。最后,在靠近旅游业中心的母系社区,收入、现代财富和不平等程度更高,旅游业长期以来提供了相对稳定的收入来源。然而,我们也观察到,随着父权制中农场动物价值的增加,不平等加剧。我们得出的结论是,影响财富和不平等的力量取决于当地环境,而当地制度的重要性被来自现代民族国家的总体统计数据所掩盖。
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引用次数: 3
Social divisions and risk perception drive divergent epidemics and large later waves. 社会分化和对风险的认识导致了不同的流行病和后来的大规模浪潮。
IF 2.6 Q1 ANTHROPOLOGY Pub Date : 2023-01-01 DOI: 10.1017/ehs.2023.2
Mallory J Harris, Kimberly J Cardenas, Erin A Mordecai

During infectious disease outbreaks, individuals may adopt protective measures like vaccination and physical distancing in response to awareness of disease burden. Prior work showed how feedbacks between epidemic intensity and awareness-based behaviour shape disease dynamics. These models often overlook social divisions, where population subgroups may be disproportionately impacted by a disease and more responsive to the effects of disease within their group. We develop a compartmental model of disease transmission and awareness-based protective behaviour in a population split into two groups to explore the impacts of awareness separation (relatively greater in- vs. out-group awareness of epidemic severity) and mixing separation (relatively greater in- vs. out-group contact rates). Using simulations, we show that groups that are more separated in awareness have smaller differences in mortality. Fatigue (i.e. abandonment of protective measures over time) can drive additional infection waves that can even exceed the size of the initial wave, particularly if uniform awareness drives early protection in one group, leaving that group largely susceptible to future infection. Counterintuitively, vaccine or infection-acquired immunity that is more protective against transmission and mortality may indirectly lead to more infections by reducing perceived risk of infection and therefore vaccine uptake. Awareness-based protective behaviour, including awareness separation, can fundamentally alter disease dynamics. Social media summary: Depending on group division, behaviour based on perceived risk can change epidemic dynamics & produce large later waves.

在传染病暴发期间,个人可采取保护措施,如接种疫苗和保持身体距离,以应对疾病负担意识。先前的工作显示了流行病强度和基于意识的行为之间的反馈如何形成疾病动态。这些模型往往忽略了社会划分,在社会划分中,人口亚群体可能不成比例地受到某种疾病的影响,对其群体内疾病的影响反应更灵敏。我们在被分成两组的人群中建立了疾病传播和基于意识的保护行为的区隔模型,以探索意识分离(对流行病严重程度的群体内外意识相对较高)和混合分离(群体内外接触率相对较高)的影响。通过模拟,我们发现在意识上越分离的群体在死亡率上的差异越小。疲劳(即随着时间的推移放弃保护措施)可能引发更多的感染波,甚至可能超过最初的感染波的规模,特别是如果统一的意识促使一个群体早期采取保护措施,使该群体在很大程度上容易受到未来的感染。与直觉相反的是,疫苗或感染获得性免疫对传播和死亡的保护作用更强,可能会通过降低感知感染风险从而降低疫苗摄取,从而间接导致更多感染。基于意识的保护行为,包括意识分离,可以从根本上改变疾病动态。社交媒体摘要:根据群体划分,基于感知风险的行为可以改变流行病动态并产生大规模的后续浪潮。
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引用次数: 2
Quantifying the scientific revolution. 量化科学革命。
IF 2.6 Q1 ANTHROPOLOGY Pub Date : 2023-01-01 DOI: 10.1017/ehs.2023.6
Benoît de Courson, Valentin Thouzeau, Nicolas Baumard

The Scientific Revolution represents a turning point in the history of humanity. Yet it remains ill-understood, partly because of a lack of quantification. Here, we leverage large datasets of individual biographies (N = 22,943) and present the first estimates of scientific production during the late medieval and early modern period (1300-1850). Our data reveal striking differences across countries, with England and the United Provinces being much more creative than other countries, suggesting that economic development has been key in generating the Scientific Revolution. In line with recent results in behavioural sciences, we show that scientific creativity and economic development are associated with other kinds of creative activities in philosophy, literature, music and the arts, as well as with inclusive institutions and ascetic religiosity, suggesting a common underlying mindset associated with long-term orientation and exploration. Finally, we investigate the interplay between economic development and cultural transmission (the so-called 'Republic of Letters') using partially observed Markov models imported from population biology. Surprisingly, the role of horizontal transmission (from one country to another) seems to have been marginal. Beyond the case of science, our results suggest that economic development is an important factor in the evolution of aspects of human culture.

科学革命是人类历史上的一个转折点。然而,人们对它仍然知之甚少,部分原因是缺乏量化。在这里,我们利用个人传记的大型数据集(N = 22,943),并提出了中世纪晚期和近代早期(1300-1850)科学生产的第一个估计。我们的数据揭示了不同国家之间的显著差异,英格兰和美国各省比其他国家更有创造力,这表明经济发展是产生科学革命的关键。与行为科学的最新研究结果一致,我们表明,科学创造力和经济发展与哲学、文学、音乐和艺术等其他类型的创造性活动以及包容性制度和禁欲主义宗教信仰有关,这表明与长期取向和探索有关的共同潜在心态。最后,我们使用从种群生物学引进的部分观测马尔可夫模型来研究经济发展与文化传播(所谓的“文学共和国”)之间的相互作用。令人惊讶的是,水平传播(从一个国家到另一个国家)的作用似乎微不足道。除了科学之外,我们的研究结果表明,经济发展是人类文化演变的一个重要因素。
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引用次数: 3
Sex, age, and family structure influence dispersal behaviour after a forced migration. 性别、年龄和家庭结构影响被迫迁徙后的分散行为。
IF 2.6 Q1 ANTHROPOLOGY Pub Date : 2023-01-01 DOI: 10.1017/ehs.2023.16
Jenni J Kauppi, Simon N Chapman, Jenni E Pettay, Mirkka Lahdenperä, Virpi Lummaa, John Loehr

Dispersal does not only mean moving from one environment to another, but can also refer to shifting from one social group to another. Individual characteristics such as sex, age and family structure might influence an individual's propensity to disperse. In this study, we use a unique dataset of an evacuated World War II Finnish population, to test how sex, age, number of siblings and birth order influence an individual's dispersal away from their own social group at a time when society was rapidly changing. We found that young women dispersed more than young men, but the difference decreased with age. This suggests that young men might benefit more from staying near a familiar social group, whereas young women could benefit more from moving elsewhere to find work or spouses. We also found that having more younger brothers increased the propensity for firstborns to disperse more than for laterborns, indicating that younger brothers might pressure firstborn individuals into leaving. However, sisters did not have the same effect as brothers. Overall, the results show that individual characteristics are important in understanding dispersal behaviour, but environmental properties such as social structure and the period of flux after World War II might upend the standard predictions concerning residence and dispersal. Social media summary: Individual characteristics influence dispersal away from social group after a forced migration in a Finnish population.

分散不仅意味着从一个环境转移到另一个环境,还可以指从一个社会群体转移到另一个社会群体。性别、年龄和家庭结构等个体特征可能会影响个体的离散倾向。在这项研究中,我们使用了二战期间撤离的芬兰人口的独特数据集,来测试性别、年龄、兄弟姐妹数量和出生顺序如何影响一个人在社会迅速变化的时候离开自己的社会群体。我们发现年轻女性比年轻男性更容易分散,但这种差异随着年龄的增长而减小。这表明,年轻男性可能会从呆在熟悉的社会群体附近获益更多,而年轻女性可能会从其他地方寻找工作或配偶中获益更多。我们还发现,有更多弟弟的长子比次子更容易分散,这表明弟弟可能会迫使长子离开。然而,姐妹没有兄弟那样的效果。总体而言,研究结果表明个体特征在理解扩散行为方面很重要,但环境特征,如社会结构和第二次世界大战后的流动时期,可能会颠覆关于居住和扩散的标准预测。社交媒体摘要:芬兰人口被迫迁移后,个体特征影响着从社会群体中分散出去。
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引用次数: 0
Fitness consequences of cousin marriage: a life-history assessment in two populations. 表亲婚姻对健康的影响:两个人群的生活史评估。
IF 2.6 Q1 ANTHROPOLOGY Pub Date : 2023-01-01 DOI: 10.1017/ehs.2022.55
Arianna Dalzero, Cody T Ross, Dieter Lukas

Cousin marriage, a spousal union between close kin, occurs at high frequencies in many parts of the world. The rates of cousin marriage in humans are concordant with empirical studies that challenge the traditionally held view that reproduction with kin is generally avoided in animals. Similarly, some theoretical models in animal behaviour show that inbreeding avoidance is more constrained than previously thought. Such studies highlight the importance of quantifying the costs and benefits of reproduction among close kin over the whole life-course. Here, we use genealogical data from two human populations with high frequencies of cousin marriage (the Dogon from Mali, and the Ancien Régime nobility from Europe) to estimate these potential costs and benefits. We compare age-specific fertility and survival curves, as well as the projected growth rates, of subpopulations of each marriage type. Fitness costs of cousin marriage are present in terms of reduced child survival (in both populations), while benefits exist as increased fertility for men (in the Dogon) and for women (in the Ancien Régime nobility). We also find some differences in the projected growth rates of lineages as a function of marriage type. Finally, we discuss the trade-offs that might shape marriage decisions in different ecological conditions.

表亲婚姻,近亲之间的配偶结合,在世界许多地方都很常见。人类近亲结婚的比率与经验研究相一致,这些研究挑战了传统观点,即动物通常避免近亲繁殖。同样,动物行为的一些理论模型表明,避免近亲繁殖比以前认为的更受限制。这些研究强调了在整个生命过程中,对近亲之间的繁殖成本和收益进行量化的重要性。在这里,我们使用来自两个表亲婚姻频率较高的人群(来自马里的多贡人,以及来自欧洲的古老的rsamume贵族)的家谱数据来估计这些潜在的成本和收益。我们比较了每一种婚姻类型的亚群体的特定年龄的生育率和生存曲线,以及预计的增长率。表亲婚姻的健康成本表现为儿童存活率的降低(在两种人群中),而好处则是男性(在多贡人)和女性(在古代雷姆萨梅贵族中)的生育率的提高。我们还发现,作为婚姻类型的函数,谱系的预测增长率存在一些差异。最后,我们讨论了在不同生态条件下可能影响婚姻决定的权衡。
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引用次数: 0
How subcultures emerge. 亚文化是如何产生的。
IF 2.6 Q1 ANTHROPOLOGY Pub Date : 2023-01-01 DOI: 10.1017/ehs.2023.19
Petr Tureček, Michal Kozák, Jakub Slavík

Sympatric speciation is typically presented as a rare phenomenon, but urban subcultures frequently emerge even in the absence of geographic isolation. Is there perhaps something that culture has but biological inheritance does not that would account for this difference? We present a novel model that combines assortative interaction and multidimensional inheritance. Our computer simulations show that assortment alone can lead to the formation of cohesive clusters of individuals with low within-group and large between-group variability even in the absence of a spatial separation or disruptive natural selection. All it takes is a proportionality between the variance of inputs (cultural 'parents') and outputs (cultural 'offspring'). We argue that variability-dependent inheritance cannot be easily accomplished by genes alone, but it may be the norm, not the exception, in the transmission of culture between humans. This model explains the frequent emergence of subcultures and behavioural clustering in our species and possibly also other cultural animals.

同域物种形成通常是一种罕见的现象,但即使在没有地理隔离的情况下,城市亚文化也经常出现。是否存在某种文化有而生物遗传没有的东西可以解释这种差异?我们提出了一种结合分类交互和多维继承的新模型。我们的计算机模拟表明,即使在没有空间分离或破坏性自然选择的情况下,分类本身也可以导致具有低群体内和大群体间变异性的个体集群的形成。它所需要的只是输入(文化“父母”)和输出(文化“后代”)差异之间的比例关系。我们认为,变异依赖的遗传不能轻易地由基因单独完成,但它可能是人类之间文化传播的常态,而不是例外。这个模型解释了亚文化的频繁出现和人类以及其他文化动物的行为聚集。
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引用次数: 0
The form of uncertainty affects selection for social learning. 不确定性的形式影响社会学习的选择。
IF 2.6 Q1 ANTHROPOLOGY Pub Date : 2023-01-01 DOI: 10.1017/ehs.2023.11
Matthew A Turner, Cristina Moya, Paul E Smaldino, James Holland Jones

Social learning is a critical adaptation for dealing with different forms of variability. Uncertainty is a severe form of variability where the space of possible decisions or probabilities of associated outcomes are unknown. We identified four theoretically important sources of uncertainty: temporal environmental variability; payoff ambiguity; selection-set size; and effective lifespan. When these combine, it is nearly impossible to fully learn about the environment. We develop an evolutionary agent-based model to test how each form of uncertainty affects the evolution of social learning. Agents perform one of several behaviours, modelled as a multi-armed bandit, to acquire payoffs. All agents learn about behavioural payoffs individually through an adaptive behaviour-choice model that uses a softmax decision rule. Use of vertical and oblique payoff-biased social learning evolved to serve as a scaffold for adaptive individual learning - they are not opposite strategies. Different types of uncertainty had varying effects. Temporal environmental variability suppressed social learning, whereas larger selection-set size promoted social learning, even when the environment changed frequently. Payoff ambiguity and lifespan interacted with other uncertainty parameters. This study begins to explain how social learning can predominate despite highly variable real-world environments when effective individual learning helps individuals recover from learning outdated social information.

社会学习是处理不同形式的可变性的关键适应。不确定性是可变性的一种严重形式,其中可能的决策空间或相关结果的概率是未知的。我们确定了四个理论上重要的不确定性来源:时间环境变异性;回报模棱两可;选择集大小;有效寿命。当这些结合在一起时,几乎不可能完全了解环境。我们开发了一个基于进化主体的模型来测试每种形式的不确定性如何影响社会学习的进化。代理执行几种行为中的一种,模拟为多手强盗,以获得报酬。所有智能体都通过使用softmax决策规则的自适应行为选择模型来学习个体的行为回报。使用垂直和倾斜回报偏向的社会学习演变为适应性个人学习的支架-它们不是相反的策略。不同类型的不确定性有不同的影响。时间环境变异性抑制社会学习,而更大的选择集规模促进社会学习,即使在环境频繁变化的情况下也是如此。收益模糊性和寿命与其他不确定性参数相互作用。这项研究开始解释社会学习如何在高度变化的现实世界环境中占主导地位,当有效的个人学习帮助个人从学习过时的社会信息中恢复过来时。
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引用次数: 1
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Evolutionary Human Sciences
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