High-speed trains rely on pantograph-catenary systems (PCSs) to collect electrical energy from power systems. However, the dynamic interaction between the pantograph and the catenary system may become mismatched once ice accumulates on the overhead conductors. More frequent arcing may occur within the PCS during train operation, posing an unpredictable threat to operational safety. Therefore, it is crucial to evaluate the ability of overhead contact system (OCS) to withstand ice-covered variability during line desgin. A new strategy is proposed to evaluate the adaptive performance of an OCS under various icing conditions. First, a dynamic model considering icing conditions is constructed to simulate the interaction within the PCS. Five different OCS structures with various icing thicknesses are studied. The parameters of the contact force within the PCS and proportion of high-possibility arcing moments are obtained. The dependence of the contact force on the icing thickness and pantograph displacement has been illustrated in the form of cloud maps. Finally, the OCS sensitivity coefficient is calculated, and ice-covered environmental adaptability assessments for the five different OCS oes structures are compared.
{"title":"Ice-Covered Environmental Adaptability Assessment for Overhead Contact System in High-Speed Railways","authors":"Huan Zhang;Wenfu Wei;Like Pan;Zefeng Yang;Guizao Huang;Yuxin Liu;Xing Chen;Ziqian Yang;Guangning Wu","doi":"10.23919/CJEE.2024.000058","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23919/CJEE.2024.000058","url":null,"abstract":"High-speed trains rely on pantograph-catenary systems (PCSs) to collect electrical energy from power systems. However, the dynamic interaction between the pantograph and the catenary system may become mismatched once ice accumulates on the overhead conductors. More frequent arcing may occur within the PCS during train operation, posing an unpredictable threat to operational safety. Therefore, it is crucial to evaluate the ability of overhead contact system (OCS) to withstand ice-covered variability during line desgin. A new strategy is proposed to evaluate the adaptive performance of an OCS under various icing conditions. First, a dynamic model considering icing conditions is constructed to simulate the interaction within the PCS. Five different OCS structures with various icing thicknesses are studied. The parameters of the contact force within the PCS and proportion of high-possibility arcing moments are obtained. The dependence of the contact force on the icing thickness and pantograph displacement has been illustrated in the form of cloud maps. Finally, the OCS sensitivity coefficient is calculated, and ice-covered environmental adaptability assessments for the five different OCS oes structures are compared.","PeriodicalId":36428,"journal":{"name":"Chinese Journal of Electrical Engineering","volume":"10 2","pages":"70-79"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10586893","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141543838","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Permanent magnet synchronous motors (PMSMs) are widely used in high-power-density and flexible control methods. Generally, the inductance changes significantly in real-time machine operations because of magnetic saturation and coupling effects. Therefore, the identification of inductance is crucial for PMSM control. Existing inductance identification methods are primarily based on the voltage source inverter (VSI), making inverter nonlinearity one of the main error sources in inductance identification. To improve the accuracy of inductance identification, it is necessary to compensate for the inverter nonlinearity effect. In this study, an overview of the PMSM inductance identification and the related inverter nonlinearity self-learning methods are presented.
{"title":"Review of Inductance Identification Methods Considering Inverter Nonlinearity for PMSM","authors":"Qiwei Wang;Jiqing Xue;Gaolin Wang;Yihua Hu;Dianguo Xu","doi":"10.23919/CJEE.2023.000046","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23919/CJEE.2023.000046","url":null,"abstract":"Permanent magnet synchronous motors (PMSMs) are widely used in high-power-density and flexible control methods. Generally, the inductance changes significantly in real-time machine operations because of magnetic saturation and coupling effects. Therefore, the identification of inductance is crucial for PMSM control. Existing inductance identification methods are primarily based on the voltage source inverter (VSI), making inverter nonlinearity one of the main error sources in inductance identification. To improve the accuracy of inductance identification, it is necessary to compensate for the inverter nonlinearity effect. In this study, an overview of the PMSM inductance identification and the related inverter nonlinearity self-learning methods are presented.","PeriodicalId":36428,"journal":{"name":"Chinese Journal of Electrical Engineering","volume":"10 2","pages":"1-15"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10586889","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141544079","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-06-01DOI: 10.23919/CJEE.2023.000045
Peng Yi;Wenzhi Zheng;Xianglin Li
Permanent magnet synchronous motors (PMSMs) are widely used because of their high power/torque density and high efficiency, particularly in applications with strict requirements for arrangement space or weight, such as in the electric vehicle (EV) and aerospace fields. Recently, the PMSM torque ripple problem has received increasing interest because PMSM drive requirements continuously improve. For applications with complex transmission and a wide speed range, torque ripple can easily cause system resonance, which deteriorates the driving performance. The research status and latest progress in the minimization of PMSM torque ripple based on harmonic injection are discussed. First, the causes of PMSM torque ripple are analyzed. Subsequently, the research status of the PMSM analytical model is introduced, and multiple current harmonic control and optimization methods are described in detail. Finally, future development trends in this field are analyzed.
{"title":"Overview of Torque Ripple Minimization Methods for Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motors Based on Harmonic Injection","authors":"Peng Yi;Wenzhi Zheng;Xianglin Li","doi":"10.23919/CJEE.2023.000045","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23919/CJEE.2023.000045","url":null,"abstract":"Permanent magnet synchronous motors (PMSMs) are widely used because of their high power/torque density and high efficiency, particularly in applications with strict requirements for arrangement space or weight, such as in the electric vehicle (EV) and aerospace fields. Recently, the PMSM torque ripple problem has received increasing interest because PMSM drive requirements continuously improve. For applications with complex transmission and a wide speed range, torque ripple can easily cause system resonance, which deteriorates the driving performance. The research status and latest progress in the minimization of PMSM torque ripple based on harmonic injection are discussed. First, the causes of PMSM torque ripple are analyzed. Subsequently, the research status of the PMSM analytical model is introduced, and multiple current harmonic control and optimization methods are described in detail. Finally, future development trends in this field are analyzed.","PeriodicalId":36428,"journal":{"name":"Chinese Journal of Electrical Engineering","volume":"10 2","pages":"16-29"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10586890","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141544081","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The output power generation of a photovoltaic (PV) array reduces under partial shading, resulting in multiple local maxima in the PV characteristics and inaccurate tracking of the global maximum power point (GMPP). Various interconnection schemes are available to reduce power losses under partial shading. In this study, a primary key algorithm is proposed for distributing shading across an array. This method is suitable for any $ntimes n$ PV array configuration and involves fewer calculations and variables, leading to reduced computational complexity. The power generations of a $9times 9$ PV array under four different shading conditions were compared with the configurations of: total cross-tied (TCT) and Su Du Ku, physical relocation and fixed column position of modules with fixed electrical connection (PRFCPM-FEC), and magic square (MS) and improved-odd-even-prime (IOEP). The advantage of the proposed method is that once the primary key elements are obtained, the remaining array elements are numbered in a simpler manner. The results obtained using the proposed arrangement show that the power is enhanced with reference to the TCT and is comparable to the Su Do Ku, PRFCPM-FEC, MS, and IOEP reconfigurations.
光伏阵列的输出发电量在部分遮挡的情况下会降低，导致光伏特性出现多个局部最大值，以及对全局最大功率点（GMPP）的跟踪不准确。目前有多种互联方案可用于减少部分遮挡下的功率损耗。本研究提出了一种主键算法，用于在整个阵列中分配遮光。这种方法适用于任何 $ntimes n$ 的光伏阵列配置，并且涉及的计算和变量较少，从而降低了计算复杂度。在四种不同的遮阳条件下，比较了$9/times 9$ 光伏阵列的发电量：总交叉绑定（TCT）和Su Du Ku、物理搬迁和具有固定电气连接的模块的固定列位置（PRFCPM-FEC）、魔方（MS）和改进型偶偶合（IOEP）配置。建议方法的优势在于，一旦获得主键元素，其余阵列元素的编号方式就会变得更加简单。使用建议的排列方式获得的结果表明，与 TCT 相比，功率有所提高，与 Su Do Ku、PRFCPM-FEC、MS 和 IOEP 重新配置方式相当。
{"title":"A Simple Primary Key Algorithm Based Shade Dispersion Method for Maximizing PV Power Generation Under Partial Shading Conditions","authors":"Prabhakaran Koothu Kesavan;A. Karthikeyan;Manoj Kumar;Sushant Mandal","doi":"10.23919/CJEE.2024.000067","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23919/CJEE.2024.000067","url":null,"abstract":"The output power generation of a photovoltaic (PV) array reduces under partial shading, resulting in multiple local maxima in the PV characteristics and inaccurate tracking of the global maximum power point (GMPP). Various interconnection schemes are available to reduce power losses under partial shading. In this study, a primary key algorithm is proposed for distributing shading across an array. This method is suitable for any \u0000<tex>$ntimes n$</tex>\u0000 PV array configuration and involves fewer calculations and variables, leading to reduced computational complexity. The power generations of a \u0000<tex>$9times 9$</tex>\u0000 PV array under four different shading conditions were compared with the configurations of: total cross-tied (TCT) and Su Du Ku, physical relocation and fixed column position of modules with fixed electrical connection (PRFCPM-FEC), and magic square (MS) and improved-odd-even-prime (IOEP). The advantage of the proposed method is that once the primary key elements are obtained, the remaining array elements are numbered in a simpler manner. The results obtained using the proposed arrangement show that the power is enhanced with reference to the TCT and is comparable to the Su Do Ku, PRFCPM-FEC, MS, and IOEP reconfigurations.","PeriodicalId":36428,"journal":{"name":"Chinese Journal of Electrical Engineering","volume":"10 2","pages":"93-102"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10586857","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141543848","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-06-01DOI: 10.23919/CJEE.2024.000064
Monalisa Biswal;Kumar Raja Andanapalli;Papia Ray
Distance relays are prone to symmetrical power swing phenomenon. To mitigate this issue, a dynamic threshold-supported algorithm is proposed. A single logic is not supposed to be secure for all cases. Thus, a supervisory algorithm, as proposed in this study, can aid in the improvement of the immunity of the relay during swing cases and be sensitive to symmetrical faults. In the developed stages, a three-phase power signal was used and processed in two different steps: (i) extraction of the effective intrinsic mode function (IMF) selected from the Kurtosis analysis using the wavelet synchro-squeezing transform, and (ii) estimation of the average Euclidean distance index using the absolute values of the decomposed IMF's. The adaptive threshold facilitated resistance to swing situations. At the onset of a symmetrical fault, the proposed algorithm efficiently discriminated among events using a dynamic threshold. The IEEE 39-bus test system and Indian Eastern Power Grid networks were modelled using PSCAD software, and cases were generated to test the efficacy of the method. The impact of the proposed method on a large-scale wind farm was also evaluated. A comparative analysis with other existing methods revealed the security and dependability of the proposed method.
距离继电器容易出现对称功率波动现象。为缓解这一问题，提出了一种动态阈值支持算法。单一逻辑不可能在所有情况下都是安全的。因此，本研究提出的监督算法可以帮助提高继电器在摆动情况下的抗扰度，并对对称故障保持敏感。在开发阶段，使用了三相电力信号，并分两个不同步骤进行处理：(i) 使用小波同步挤压变换提取从 Kurtosis 分析中选出的有效本征模态函数 (IMF)，以及 (ii) 使用分解 IMF 的绝对值估算平均欧氏距离指数。自适应阈值有助于抵抗摆动情况。在对称故障发生时，所提出的算法利用动态阈值有效区分了不同事件。使用 PSCAD 软件对 IEEE 39 总线测试系统和印度东部电网网络进行建模，并生成案例来测试该方法的有效性。此外，还评估了拟议方法对大型风电场的影响。与其他现有方法的对比分析表明了所提方法的安全性和可靠性。
{"title":"Wavelet Synchro-Squeezing Transform and Dynamic Threshold Supported Symmetrical Power Swing Technique for Modern Transmission Network","authors":"Monalisa Biswal;Kumar Raja Andanapalli;Papia Ray","doi":"10.23919/CJEE.2024.000064","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23919/CJEE.2024.000064","url":null,"abstract":"Distance relays are prone to symmetrical power swing phenomenon. To mitigate this issue, a dynamic threshold-supported algorithm is proposed. A single logic is not supposed to be secure for all cases. Thus, a supervisory algorithm, as proposed in this study, can aid in the improvement of the immunity of the relay during swing cases and be sensitive to symmetrical faults. In the developed stages, a three-phase power signal was used and processed in two different steps: (i) extraction of the effective intrinsic mode function (IMF) selected from the Kurtosis analysis using the wavelet synchro-squeezing transform, and (ii) estimation of the average Euclidean distance index using the absolute values of the decomposed IMF's. The adaptive threshold facilitated resistance to swing situations. At the onset of a symmetrical fault, the proposed algorithm efficiently discriminated among events using a dynamic threshold. The IEEE 39-bus test system and Indian Eastern Power Grid networks were modelled using PSCAD software, and cases were generated to test the efficacy of the method. The impact of the proposed method on a large-scale wind farm was also evaluated. A comparative analysis with other existing methods revealed the security and dependability of the proposed method.","PeriodicalId":36428,"journal":{"name":"Chinese Journal of Electrical Engineering","volume":"10 2","pages":"30-43"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10586885","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141543322","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-06-01DOI: 10.23919/CJEE.2024.000063
Jinghua Ji;Weizhi Jiang;Wenxiang Zhao;Tong Liu
This study investigates the negative influence of an eccentric permanent-magnet (PM) design on high-frequency electromagnetic vibration in fractional-slot concentrated-winding (FSCW) PM machines. First, an analytical expression for the sideband current harmonics was derived using the double Fourier series expansion method. Then, the characteristics of the flux-density harmonics are studied from the perspective of the space-time distribution and initial phase relationship. The influence of the eccentric PM design on high-frequency electromagnetic and concentrated forces was studied based on the electromagnetic force modulation effect. Consequently, an eccentric PM design is not conducive to reducing the $2p^{text{th}}$ -order high-frequency electromagnetic forces. Finally, two FSCW PM machines with conventional and eccentric PM designs are manufactured and tested to verify the theoretical analysis. The results show that the eccentric PM design worsens high-frequency vibrations.
{"title":"Investigation of Eccentric PM on High-Frequency Vibration in FSCW PM Machine Considering Force Modulation Effect","authors":"Jinghua Ji;Weizhi Jiang;Wenxiang Zhao;Tong Liu","doi":"10.23919/CJEE.2024.000063","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23919/CJEE.2024.000063","url":null,"abstract":"This study investigates the negative influence of an eccentric permanent-magnet (PM) design on high-frequency electromagnetic vibration in fractional-slot concentrated-winding (FSCW) PM machines. First, an analytical expression for the sideband current harmonics was derived using the double Fourier series expansion method. Then, the characteristics of the flux-density harmonics are studied from the perspective of the space-time distribution and initial phase relationship. The influence of the eccentric PM design on high-frequency electromagnetic and concentrated forces was studied based on the electromagnetic force modulation effect. Consequently, an eccentric PM design is not conducive to reducing the \u0000<tex>$2p^{text{th}}$</tex>\u0000-order high-frequency electromagnetic forces. Finally, two FSCW PM machines with conventional and eccentric PM designs are manufactured and tested to verify the theoretical analysis. The results show that the eccentric PM design worsens high-frequency vibrations.","PeriodicalId":36428,"journal":{"name":"Chinese Journal of Electrical Engineering","volume":"10 2","pages":"59-69"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10586891","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141543847","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-06-01DOI: 10.23919/CJEE.2024.000061
Xingtao Bao;Yang Wang;Yujie Liu;Xiangliang Jin
High-voltage controller area network (CAN) buses have a harsh working environment and require a robust electrostatic discharge (ESD) design window. Thus, ordinary silicon-controlled rectifier (SCR) devices do not satisfy these design requirements. To streamline the design and manufacturing of SCRs, this study proposes a novel dual-gate dual-direction SCR (DG-DDSCR) with a high failure current and holding voltage. First, four polysilicon gates, Gate A1 , Gate A2 , Gate C1 , and Gate C2 , were introduced to the N+ and P+ middle regions of the anode and cathode. When the voltage acts on the anode, the electric field generated by the polysilicon gate strengthens the SCR current path while promoting the release of ESD current in the substrate path. Specifically, the holding voltage of the DG-DDSCR and failure current derived from the test results of a transmission line pulse (TLP) are 29.4 V and 16.7 A, respectively. When the clamping voltage was 40 V, the transient current release of the structure can reach 11.61 A, which met the specifications of the CAN bus ESD window and was suitable for the ESD protection of the target application.
高压控制器局域网（CAN）总线的工作环境恶劣，需要稳健的静电放电（ESD）设计窗口。因此，普通的硅控整流器 (SCR) 器件无法满足这些设计要求。为了简化可控硅的设计和制造，本研究提出了一种具有高失效电流和保持电压的新型双栅极双向可控硅（DG-DDSCR）。首先，在阳极和阴极的 N+和 P+中间区域引入了四个多晶硅栅极：GateA1、GateA2、GateC1 和 GateC2。当电压作用于阳极时，多晶硅栅极产生的电场加强了 SCR 电流路径，同时促进了基底路径中 ESD 电流的释放。具体来说，DG-DDSCR 的保持电压和从传输线脉冲（TLP）测试结果中得出的失效电流分别为 29.4 V 和 16.7 A。当箝位电压为 40 V 时，结构的瞬态电流释放量可达 11.61 A，符合 CAN 总线 ESD 窗口的规格要求，适合目标应用的 ESD 保护。
{"title":"Design and Manufacture of Dual-Gate DDSCR with High Failure Current and Holding Voltage","authors":"Xingtao Bao;Yang Wang;Yujie Liu;Xiangliang Jin","doi":"10.23919/CJEE.2024.000061","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23919/CJEE.2024.000061","url":null,"abstract":"High-voltage controller area network (CAN) buses have a harsh working environment and require a robust electrostatic discharge (ESD) design window. Thus, ordinary silicon-controlled rectifier (SCR) devices do not satisfy these design requirements. To streamline the design and manufacturing of SCRs, this study proposes a novel dual-gate dual-direction SCR (DG-DDSCR) with a high failure current and holding voltage. First, four polysilicon gates, Gate\u0000<inf>A1</inf>\u0000, Gate\u0000<inf>A2</inf>\u0000, Gate\u0000<inf>C1</inf>\u0000, and Gate\u0000<inf>C2</inf>\u0000, were introduced to the N+ and P+ middle regions of the anode and cathode. When the voltage acts on the anode, the electric field generated by the polysilicon gate strengthens the SCR current path while promoting the release of ESD current in the substrate path. Specifically, the holding voltage of the DG-DDSCR and failure current derived from the test results of a transmission line pulse (TLP) are 29.4 V and 16.7 A, respectively. When the clamping voltage was 40 V, the transient current release of the structure can reach 11.61 A, which met the specifications of the CAN bus ESD window and was suitable for the ESD protection of the target application.","PeriodicalId":36428,"journal":{"name":"Chinese Journal of Electrical Engineering","volume":"10 2","pages":"116-125"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10586888","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141544080","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-06-01DOI: 10.23919/CJEE.2024.000057
Weibing Wang;Ming Cheng
An analytical solution (ANA) for a fractional-slot double-layer-winding open-slot vernier permanent magnet (VPM) machine with tooth tips is presented. Magnetic vector potential equations are analytically solved using the technique of variable separation in four subdomains in a two-dimensional polar coordinate system. Based on the solved magnetic vector potential, the flux density distribution, torque, flux linkage, inductance, electromotive force (EMF) and power factor are analytically developed. An 18-slot/32-rotor-pole prototype is analyzed, and the results match well with the finite element analysis (FEA), which validates that the ANA consumes less time than FEA. Therefore, the tooth tips are optimized using the ANA to improve the average torque. Moreover, the ANA can be used to evaluate the demagnetization withstand capabilities of permanent magnets. The material utilization, slot-filling factor, EMF, and torque are compared between the models with three and four subdomains. Finally, an experimental prototype is constructed and tested, and the results validate the ANA.
本文提出了带齿尖的分数槽双层绕组开槽游标永磁（VPM）机器的解析解（ANA）。利用二维极坐标系中四个子域的变量分离技术，对磁矢量势方程进行了分析求解。根据求解的磁矢量势，分析得出了磁通密度分布、扭矩、磁通联结、电感、电动势（EMF）和功率因数。对一个 18 插槽/32 转子-磁极原型进行了分析，结果与有限元分析（FEA）非常吻合，验证了 ANA 比 FEA 耗时更短。因此，使用 ANA 对齿尖进行了优化，以提高平均扭矩。此外，ANA 还可用于评估永磁体的退磁承受能力。比较了三个子域和四个子域模型的材料利用率、槽填充系数、电磁场和扭矩。最后，构建并测试了实验原型，结果验证了 ANA。
{"title":"Analytical Solution of a Fractional-Slot Double-Layer-Winding Open-Slot Vernier Permanent Magnet Machine with Tooth Tips","authors":"Weibing Wang;Ming Cheng","doi":"10.23919/CJEE.2024.000057","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23919/CJEE.2024.000057","url":null,"abstract":"An analytical solution (ANA) for a fractional-slot double-layer-winding open-slot vernier permanent magnet (VPM) machine with tooth tips is presented. Magnetic vector potential equations are analytically solved using the technique of variable separation in four subdomains in a two-dimensional polar coordinate system. Based on the solved magnetic vector potential, the flux density distribution, torque, flux linkage, inductance, electromotive force (EMF) and power factor are analytically developed. An 18-slot/32-rotor-pole prototype is analyzed, and the results match well with the finite element analysis (FEA), which validates that the ANA consumes less time than FEA. Therefore, the tooth tips are optimized using the ANA to improve the average torque. Moreover, the ANA can be used to evaluate the demagnetization withstand capabilities of permanent magnets. The material utilization, slot-filling factor, EMF, and torque are compared between the models with three and four subdomains. Finally, an experimental prototype is constructed and tested, and the results validate the ANA.","PeriodicalId":36428,"journal":{"name":"Chinese Journal of Electrical Engineering","volume":"10 2","pages":"44-58"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10586886","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141543839","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-06-01DOI: 10.23919/CJEE.2024.000053
Lizhen Wu;Heng Yang;Jianping Wei;Wendong Jiang
Microgrids are networked control systems with multiple distributed generators (DGs). Microgrids are associated with many problems, such as communication delays, high sampling rates, and frequent controller updates, which make it challenging to realize coordination control among the DGs. Therefore, finite-time consensus algorithms and event-triggered control methods are combined to propose a distributed coordination control method for microgrid systems. The DG in the microgrid system serves as an agent node in the control network, and a distributed secondary controller is designed using finite-time consensus algorithm, such that the frequency and voltage restoration control has a faster convergence time and better anti-interference performance. The event-triggered function was designed based on the state information of the agents. The controller exchanges the state information at the trigger instants. System stability is analyzed using the Lyapunov stability theory, and it is verified that the controller cannot exhibit the Zeno phenomenon in the event-triggered process. A simulation platform was developed in Matlab/Simulink to verify that the proposed control method can effectively reduce the frequency of controller updates during communication delays and the burden on the communication network.
{"title":"Research on Distributed Coordination Control Method for Microgrid System Based on Finite-Time Event-Triggered Consensus Algorithm","authors":"Lizhen Wu;Heng Yang;Jianping Wei;Wendong Jiang","doi":"10.23919/CJEE.2024.000053","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23919/CJEE.2024.000053","url":null,"abstract":"Microgrids are networked control systems with multiple distributed generators (DGs). Microgrids are associated with many problems, such as communication delays, high sampling rates, and frequent controller updates, which make it challenging to realize coordination control among the DGs. Therefore, finite-time consensus algorithms and event-triggered control methods are combined to propose a distributed coordination control method for microgrid systems. The DG in the microgrid system serves as an agent node in the control network, and a distributed secondary controller is designed using finite-time consensus algorithm, such that the frequency and voltage restoration control has a faster convergence time and better anti-interference performance. The event-triggered function was designed based on the state information of the agents. The controller exchanges the state information at the trigger instants. System stability is analyzed using the Lyapunov stability theory, and it is verified that the controller cannot exhibit the Zeno phenomenon in the event-triggered process. A simulation platform was developed in Matlab/Simulink to verify that the proposed control method can effectively reduce the frequency of controller updates during communication delays and the burden on the communication network.","PeriodicalId":36428,"journal":{"name":"Chinese Journal of Electrical Engineering","volume":"10 2","pages":"103-115"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10586887","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141543849","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-06-01DOI: 10.23919/CJEE.2024.000059
Ali Zarghani;Mohammad Farahzadi;Aghil Ghaheri;Karim Abbaszadeh
Heat and thermal problems are major obstacles to achieving high power density in compact permanent magnet (PM) topologies. Consequently, a comprehensive, accurate, and rapid temperature rise estimation method is required for novel electric machines to ensure safe and reliable operations. A unique three-dimensional (3D) lumped parameter thermal network (LPTN) is presented for accurate thermal modeling of a newly developed outer-rotor hybrid-PM flux switching generator (OR-HPMFSG) for direct-drive applications. First, the losses of the OR-HPMFSG are calculated using 3D finite element analysis (FEA). Subsequently, all machine components considering the thermal contact resistance, anisotropic thermal conductivity of materials, and various heat flow paths are comprehensively modeled based on the thermal resistances. In the proposed 3-D LPTN, internal nodes are considered to predict the average temperature as well as the hot spots of all active and passive components. Experimental measurements are performed on a prototype OR-HPMFSG to validate the efficiency of the 3-D LPTN. A comparison of the results at various operating points between the developed 3-D LPTN, experimental test, and FEA indicates that the 3-D LPTN quickly approximates the hotspot and mean temperature of all components under both transient and steady states with high accuracy.
{"title":"Accurate 3D Thermal Network Development for Direct-Drive Outer-Rotor Hybrid-PM Flux-Switching Generator","authors":"Ali Zarghani;Mohammad Farahzadi;Aghil Ghaheri;Karim Abbaszadeh","doi":"10.23919/CJEE.2024.000059","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23919/CJEE.2024.000059","url":null,"abstract":"Heat and thermal problems are major obstacles to achieving high power density in compact permanent magnet (PM) topologies. Consequently, a comprehensive, accurate, and rapid temperature rise estimation method is required for novel electric machines to ensure safe and reliable operations. A unique three-dimensional (3D) lumped parameter thermal network (LPTN) is presented for accurate thermal modeling of a newly developed outer-rotor hybrid-PM flux switching generator (OR-HPMFSG) for direct-drive applications. First, the losses of the OR-HPMFSG are calculated using 3D finite element analysis (FEA). Subsequently, all machine components considering the thermal contact resistance, anisotropic thermal conductivity of materials, and various heat flow paths are comprehensively modeled based on the thermal resistances. In the proposed 3-D LPTN, internal nodes are considered to predict the average temperature as well as the hot spots of all active and passive components. Experimental measurements are performed on a prototype OR-HPMFSG to validate the efficiency of the 3-D LPTN. A comparison of the results at various operating points between the developed 3-D LPTN, experimental test, and FEA indicates that the 3-D LPTN quickly approximates the hotspot and mean temperature of all components under both transient and steady states with high accuracy.","PeriodicalId":36428,"journal":{"name":"Chinese Journal of Electrical Engineering","volume":"10 2","pages":"80-92"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10586892","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141543840","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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