Pub Date : 2025-06-01DOI: 10.23919/CJEE.2025.000146
Zifan Lin;Xinan Zhang;Jianguo Zhu;Wenxiang Du;Jiahan Ye;Yang Bai
Space-vector modulation (SVM) is widely used in multilevel inverters because of its ability to improve DC bus utilization, reduce harmonic distortion, and enhance operational flexibility. However, the increasing complexity of multilevel inverter topologies, such as neutral-point clamped, cascaded H-bridge, and modular multilevel converters, presents challenges in terms of computational efficiency, neutral-point voltage balancing, and common-mode voltage suppression. A detailed review of SVM techniques is provided, including traditional methods and advanced variants such as carrier-based SVM, selective harmonic elimination SVM, and virtual SVM. Additionally, recent hybrid approaches that combine multiple strategies to address specific performance requirements are discussed. The findings highlight advancements in improving the modulation performance, reducing switching losses, and achieving better harmonic attenuation. A discussion of the future challenges and opportunities for multilevel inverter modulation strategies is concluded.
{"title":"Advances in Space Vector Modulation Techniques for Multilevel Inverters: A Comprehensive Review","authors":"Zifan Lin;Xinan Zhang;Jianguo Zhu;Wenxiang Du;Jiahan Ye;Yang Bai","doi":"10.23919/CJEE.2025.000146","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23919/CJEE.2025.000146","url":null,"abstract":"Space-vector modulation (SVM) is widely used in multilevel inverters because of its ability to improve DC bus utilization, reduce harmonic distortion, and enhance operational flexibility. However, the increasing complexity of multilevel inverter topologies, such as neutral-point clamped, cascaded H-bridge, and modular multilevel converters, presents challenges in terms of computational efficiency, neutral-point voltage balancing, and common-mode voltage suppression. A detailed review of SVM techniques is provided, including traditional methods and advanced variants such as carrier-based SVM, selective harmonic elimination SVM, and virtual SVM. Additionally, recent hybrid approaches that combine multiple strategies to address specific performance requirements are discussed. The findings highlight advancements in improving the modulation performance, reducing switching losses, and achieving better harmonic attenuation. A discussion of the future challenges and opportunities for multilevel inverter modulation strategies is concluded.","PeriodicalId":36428,"journal":{"name":"Chinese Journal of Electrical Engineering","volume":"11 2","pages":"63-77"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11077898","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144597622","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Sensitivity analysis quantifies the extent to which design parameters affect output parameters using computational models. It assists designers in systematically comprehending the extent of the influence of design parameters on the performance of permanent magnet motors, and assumes an increasingly significant position in the optimized design of electric machines. The computational model of the motor is first introduced, followed by the elucidation of the sampling techniques employed for sensitivity analysis. Subsequently, the applicability of various sensitivity analysis approaches in motor design is thoroughly examined. The benefits of various sensitivity analysis techniques in motor optimization design are examined. Finally, the issues and challenges encountered by these methods in motor design are addressed while anticipating future trends in sensitivity analysis within the motor sector.
{"title":"Review of Sensitivity Analysis Methods for Optimal Design Parameters of Motors","authors":"Xiaoyi Luo;Guangwei Liu;Bingchuan Xie;Longfei Zhu;Fengge Zhang","doi":"10.23919/CJEE.2025.000130","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23919/CJEE.2025.000130","url":null,"abstract":"Sensitivity analysis quantifies the extent to which design parameters affect output parameters using computational models. It assists designers in systematically comprehending the extent of the influence of design parameters on the performance of permanent magnet motors, and assumes an increasingly significant position in the optimized design of electric machines. The computational model of the motor is first introduced, followed by the elucidation of the sampling techniques employed for sensitivity analysis. Subsequently, the applicability of various sensitivity analysis approaches in motor design is thoroughly examined. The benefits of various sensitivity analysis techniques in motor optimization design are examined. Finally, the issues and challenges encountered by these methods in motor design are addressed while anticipating future trends in sensitivity analysis within the motor sector.","PeriodicalId":36428,"journal":{"name":"Chinese Journal of Electrical Engineering","volume":"11 2","pages":"114-135"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11077886","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144597746","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-06-01DOI: 10.23919/CJEE.2025.000133
Shensheng Wang;Z. Q. Zhu;Dawei Liang
The influence of load conditions on the effectiveness of rotor skew in interior and surface permanent magnet synchronous machines (PMSMs) and the determination of the optimal skew angles for minimizing the on-load torque ripple are investigated. Herein, both continuous and stepped skews are considered. It is found that the effectiveness of the rotor skew depends on the load/electric loading and magnetic saturation and is generally inferior in interior PMSMs (IPMSMs) than in surface-mounted PMSMs (SPMSMs). The conventional skew angle, that is, the one on-load torque-ripple periodicity, works well in SPMSMs under light-load conditions. However, when SPMSMs are under heavy-load conditions with significant magnetic saturation or IPMSMs are under all load conditions, an optimal skew angle exists to simultaneously deliver a higher average torque and lower torque ripple than those obtained with the conventional skew angle. This is regardless of whether a continuous or stepped skew is applied. Therefore, a tradeoff between the optimal skew angle, torque production, torque ripple, and load conditions should be considered carefully when selecting skew strategies for different applications.
{"title":"Influence of Load on Optimal Rotor Skew Angles for Minimum Torque Ripple in Interior and Surface PMSMs","authors":"Shensheng Wang;Z. Q. Zhu;Dawei Liang","doi":"10.23919/CJEE.2025.000133","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23919/CJEE.2025.000133","url":null,"abstract":"The influence of load conditions on the effectiveness of rotor skew in interior and surface permanent magnet synchronous machines (PMSMs) and the determination of the optimal skew angles for minimizing the on-load torque ripple are investigated. Herein, both continuous and stepped skews are considered. It is found that the effectiveness of the rotor skew depends on the load/electric loading and magnetic saturation and is generally inferior in interior PMSMs (IPMSMs) than in surface-mounted PMSMs (SPMSMs). The conventional skew angle, that is, the one on-load torque-ripple periodicity, works well in SPMSMs under light-load conditions. However, when SPMSMs are under heavy-load conditions with significant magnetic saturation or IPMSMs are under all load conditions, an optimal skew angle exists to simultaneously deliver a higher average torque and lower torque ripple than those obtained with the conventional skew angle. This is regardless of whether a continuous or stepped skew is applied. Therefore, a tradeoff between the optimal skew angle, torque production, torque ripple, and load conditions should be considered carefully when selecting skew strategies for different applications.","PeriodicalId":36428,"journal":{"name":"Chinese Journal of Electrical Engineering","volume":"11 2","pages":"188-206"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11077895","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144597926","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-06-01DOI: 10.23919/CJEE.2025.000131
Kai Sun;Kai Zhang;Huan Chen;Leheng Wang;Zengyang Liu
A CLLC converter is a high-frequency, high-efficiency, isolated bidirectional DC/DC converter that is widely used in DC microgrid applications. The typical topology and basic working principle of CLLC converters are introduced herein. Subsequently, both analysis methods and control technologies are reviewed. On the one hand, several steady-state analysis models are listed, consisting of a harmonic approximation-based model in the frequency domain and a state equation-based model in the time domain, and some initial dynamic models are also included. On the other hand, numerous new control technologies are presented for different targets, such as soft startup control methods from a safety perspective, synchronous rectification (SR) control methods for efficiency optimization, highly dynamic control methods for better performance, bidirectional switching control methods, and wide voltage gain control methods aimed at popular vehicle-to-grid (V2G) and electric vehicle (EV) charging application scenarios. Finally, the future evolution of CLLC resonant converters is discussed.
{"title":"Review of Analysis Methods and Control Technologies for CLLC Resonant Converters","authors":"Kai Sun;Kai Zhang;Huan Chen;Leheng Wang;Zengyang Liu","doi":"10.23919/CJEE.2025.000131","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23919/CJEE.2025.000131","url":null,"abstract":"A CLLC converter is a high-frequency, high-efficiency, isolated bidirectional DC/DC converter that is widely used in DC microgrid applications. The typical topology and basic working principle of CLLC converters are introduced herein. Subsequently, both analysis methods and control technologies are reviewed. On the one hand, several steady-state analysis models are listed, consisting of a harmonic approximation-based model in the frequency domain and a state equation-based model in the time domain, and some initial dynamic models are also included. On the other hand, numerous new control technologies are presented for different targets, such as soft startup control methods from a safety perspective, synchronous rectification (SR) control methods for efficiency optimization, highly dynamic control methods for better performance, bidirectional switching control methods, and wide voltage gain control methods aimed at popular vehicle-to-grid (V2G) and electric vehicle (EV) charging application scenarios. Finally, the future evolution of CLLC resonant converters is discussed.","PeriodicalId":36428,"journal":{"name":"Chinese Journal of Electrical Engineering","volume":"11 2","pages":"1-16"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11077889","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144597944","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-06-01DOI: 10.23919/CJEE.2025.000139
Bo Wang;Yiwei Wang;Zeliang Zhang;Mi Tang;Gaurang Vakil;Tao Yang
A guidance for preparing permanent magnet synchronous machines (PMSMs) that exhibit huge potential for applications in transportation electrification owing to their high power density and efficiency is provided. However, concerns remain regarding the use of conventional PMSMs for safety-critical aircraft systems. The failure modes of PMSMs in relation to their electrical, magnetic, and mechanical properties are reviewed. Failure tree analysis is used to list a series of independent faults. The corresponding fault diagnosis methods including model, signal processing, and artificial intelligence (AI)-based models are demonstrated separately. Moreover, state-of-the-art designs for fault-tolerant PMSMs are presented and suggested. Advanced control methods for machine failure scenarios are also discussed, which could potentially pave the way for post-fault aerospace operations. A case study of a fault-tolerant PMSM design is introduced, along with some post-fault operation mechanisms. All these efforts could improve the reliability and safety of PMSM for future aircraft applications.
{"title":"Review of Fault-Tolerant Permanent Magnet Synchronous Machine Design and Control for Future Aircraft Application","authors":"Bo Wang;Yiwei Wang;Zeliang Zhang;Mi Tang;Gaurang Vakil;Tao Yang","doi":"10.23919/CJEE.2025.000139","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23919/CJEE.2025.000139","url":null,"abstract":"A guidance for preparing permanent magnet synchronous machines (PMSMs) that exhibit huge potential for applications in transportation electrification owing to their high power density and efficiency is provided. However, concerns remain regarding the use of conventional PMSMs for safety-critical aircraft systems. The failure modes of PMSMs in relation to their electrical, magnetic, and mechanical properties are reviewed. Failure tree analysis is used to list a series of independent faults. The corresponding fault diagnosis methods including model, signal processing, and artificial intelligence (AI)-based models are demonstrated separately. Moreover, state-of-the-art designs for fault-tolerant PMSMs are presented and suggested. Advanced control methods for machine failure scenarios are also discussed, which could potentially pave the way for post-fault aerospace operations. A case study of a fault-tolerant PMSM design is introduced, along with some post-fault operation mechanisms. All these efforts could improve the reliability and safety of PMSM for future aircraft applications.","PeriodicalId":36428,"journal":{"name":"Chinese Journal of Electrical Engineering","volume":"11 2","pages":"165-187"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11077890","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144597624","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-06-01DOI: 10.23919/CJEE.2025.000143
You Zhou;Christopher H. T. Lee
Additive manufacturing (AM) has emerged as a transformative technology in electric machine (EM) design and production, addressing critical challenges in power density, thermal management, and material utilization. This review systematically examines recent advancements in 3D-printed conductive and magnetic materials, process innovations, and topology optimization strategies. Case studies in aerospace, electric vehicles, and medical robotics have demonstrated AM's ability to reduce EM weight, improve torque density, and enable complex geometries, such as conformal cooling channels and lattice-structured rotors. Challenges, including residual-stress control, material standardization, and scalability, are critically analyzed. A roadmap for AM adoption in next-generation EMs is concluded, hybrid manufacturing and sustainable material development are emphasized.
{"title":"Additive Manufacturing for Enhanced Electric Machine Performance","authors":"You Zhou;Christopher H. T. Lee","doi":"10.23919/CJEE.2025.000143","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23919/CJEE.2025.000143","url":null,"abstract":"Additive manufacturing (AM) has emerged as a transformative technology in electric machine (EM) design and production, addressing critical challenges in power density, thermal management, and material utilization. This review systematically examines recent advancements in 3D-printed conductive and magnetic materials, process innovations, and topology optimization strategies. Case studies in aerospace, electric vehicles, and medical robotics have demonstrated AM's ability to reduce EM weight, improve torque density, and enable complex geometries, such as conformal cooling channels and lattice-structured rotors. Challenges, including residual-stress control, material standardization, and scalability, are critically analyzed. A roadmap for AM adoption in next-generation EMs is concluded, hybrid manufacturing and sustainable material development are emphasized.","PeriodicalId":36428,"journal":{"name":"Chinese Journal of Electrical Engineering","volume":"11 2","pages":"101-113"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11077894","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144597671","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-06-01DOI: 10.23919/CJEE.2025.000145
Hang Yao;Boxue Du;Zehua Wang;Weiwei Li;Jianan Dong;Hucheng Liang
Gas-insulated transmission lines and switchgears (GILs/GISs) are essential components that constitute ultra-high-voltage power transmission and transformation systems. Epoxy-based insulators, as core components, experience significant electric field distortions and consequent flashover faults. Since the 1980s, researchers have focused on utilizing dielectric functionally graded materials (FGMs) to improve the electric field distribution of insulators. The key research on FGMs for GIL/GIS insulators over the past half-century is reviewed. The development from bulk-FGMs to surface-FGMs, and eventually to multi-FGMs are outlined. Bulk-FGMs are typically used in AC systems. These materials provide a more uniform electric field distribution by creating a gradient in the relative permittivity within the insulator's bulk. Surface-FGMs are commonly employed in DC systems, and they regulate the electric field by designing a surface conductivity gradient, thus preventing internal breakdowns that result from bulk conductivity gradients. In practice, GIL/GIS insulators are exposed to complex operating conditions, including AC, DC, and transient voltages, resulting in the development of multi-FGMs. These combine both conductivity and permittivity gradients, thus providing a comprehensive solution for suppressing both dynamic and static electric field distortions. An effective reference for researchers and industry professionals to support the transition of the research on FGM insulators from laboratory studies to practical engineering applications is provided.
{"title":"Research Progress on Functionally Graded Materials for Epoxy Insulators in HV GIL/GIS","authors":"Hang Yao;Boxue Du;Zehua Wang;Weiwei Li;Jianan Dong;Hucheng Liang","doi":"10.23919/CJEE.2025.000145","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23919/CJEE.2025.000145","url":null,"abstract":"Gas-insulated transmission lines and switchgears (GILs/GISs) are essential components that constitute ultra-high-voltage power transmission and transformation systems. Epoxy-based insulators, as core components, experience significant electric field distortions and consequent flashover faults. Since the 1980s, researchers have focused on utilizing dielectric functionally graded materials (FGMs) to improve the electric field distribution of insulators. The key research on FGMs for GIL/GIS insulators over the past half-century is reviewed. The development from bulk-FGMs to surface-FGMs, and eventually to multi-FGMs are outlined. Bulk-FGMs are typically used in AC systems. These materials provide a more uniform electric field distribution by creating a gradient in the relative permittivity within the insulator's bulk. Surface-FGMs are commonly employed in DC systems, and they regulate the electric field by designing a surface conductivity gradient, thus preventing internal breakdowns that result from bulk conductivity gradients. In practice, GIL/GIS insulators are exposed to complex operating conditions, including AC, DC, and transient voltages, resulting in the development of multi-FGMs. These combine both conductivity and permittivity gradients, thus providing a comprehensive solution for suppressing both dynamic and static electric field distortions. An effective reference for researchers and industry professionals to support the transition of the research on FGM insulators from laboratory studies to practical engineering applications is provided.","PeriodicalId":36428,"journal":{"name":"Chinese Journal of Electrical Engineering","volume":"11 2","pages":"150-164"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11077893","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144598022","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Current topology recommendation methods for DC-DC converters predominantly rely on manual experience, often involving the analysis of performance metrics (either manually or via a computer) and subsequently selecting the most suitable topology to meet specific engineering requirements. However, as the number of available topologies increases and engineering demands vary, these methods are increasingly unable to provide optimal recommendations. To address this limitation, the present study presents an automatic optimization topology recommendation method (AO-TRM) for DC-DC converters that can accommodate a broad range of engineering requirements. The proposed method begins by identifying precise engineering requirements and then progresses through three key stages: topology generation, analysis, and recommendation. Two engineering applications are used as case studies to validate the effectiveness and capabilities of the proposed AO-TRM. From a pool of 1 186 topologies, the proposed method successfully identified and recommended optimal topologies based on specific requirements. Finally, experimental results are presented, demonstrating the capability, efficiency, and cost-effectiveness of the proposed method.
{"title":"An Automatic Optimization Topology Recommendation Method for DC-DC Converters","authors":"Yidi Liang;Hong Li;Mingbo Wei;Yangbin Zeng;Zhenyu Zhao;Bo Zhang","doi":"10.23919/CJEE.2025.000124","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23919/CJEE.2025.000124","url":null,"abstract":"Current topology recommendation methods for DC-DC converters predominantly rely on manual experience, often involving the analysis of performance metrics (either manually or via a computer) and subsequently selecting the most suitable topology to meet specific engineering requirements. However, as the number of available topologies increases and engineering demands vary, these methods are increasingly unable to provide optimal recommendations. To address this limitation, the present study presents an automatic optimization topology recommendation method (AO-TRM) for DC-DC converters that can accommodate a broad range of engineering requirements. The proposed method begins by identifying precise engineering requirements and then progresses through three key stages: topology generation, analysis, and recommendation. Two engineering applications are used as case studies to validate the effectiveness and capabilities of the proposed AO-TRM. From a pool of 1 186 topologies, the proposed method successfully identified and recommended optimal topologies based on specific requirements. Finally, experimental results are presented, demonstrating the capability, efficiency, and cost-effectiveness of the proposed method.","PeriodicalId":36428,"journal":{"name":"Chinese Journal of Electrical Engineering","volume":"11 2","pages":"235-250"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11077896","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144597747","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In power electronics applications, the selection of condition monitoring methods significantly affects both the precision and complexity of the junction temperature evaluation, which is essential for the reliability assessment of power semiconductor devices. This study begins with a failure mechanism analysis of state-of-the-art power semiconductor devices. Junction temperature measurement methods can be categorized into three distinct approaches: thermal image-based, thermal model-based, and temperature-sensitive electrical parameter (TSEP)-based methods. Their respective advantages and disadvantages are comprehensively compared. Moreover, condition monitoring of the ON-state voltage drop is summarized and benchmarked. ON-state voltage and junction temperature measurements are experimentally demonstrated in a standard three-phase converter, which provides superior measurement accuracy and rapid dynamic response characteristics. Additionally, this investigation is extended to measurement methods for TSEP in wide-bandgap semiconductors.
{"title":"A Review on Junction Temperature and ON-state Voltage Condition Monitoring of Power Semiconductor Devices","authors":"Xinming Yu;Jie Kong;Ning Wang;Kaichen Zhang;Frede Blaabjerg;Dao Zhou","doi":"10.23919/CJEE.2025.000144","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23919/CJEE.2025.000144","url":null,"abstract":"In power electronics applications, the selection of condition monitoring methods significantly affects both the precision and complexity of the junction temperature evaluation, which is essential for the reliability assessment of power semiconductor devices. This study begins with a failure mechanism analysis of state-of-the-art power semiconductor devices. Junction temperature measurement methods can be categorized into three distinct approaches: thermal image-based, thermal model-based, and temperature-sensitive electrical parameter (TSEP)-based methods. Their respective advantages and disadvantages are comprehensively compared. Moreover, condition monitoring of the ON-state voltage drop is summarized and benchmarked. ON-state voltage and junction temperature measurements are experimentally demonstrated in a standard three-phase converter, which provides superior measurement accuracy and rapid dynamic response characteristics. Additionally, this investigation is extended to measurement methods for TSEP in wide-bandgap semiconductors.","PeriodicalId":36428,"journal":{"name":"Chinese Journal of Electrical Engineering","volume":"11 2","pages":"17-37"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11077899","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144597672","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-06-01DOI: 10.23919/CJEE.2025.000141
Wei Hua;Chao Zhang;Yuchen Wang
High-performance control of permanent magnet synchronous motors (PMSMs) necessitates precise rotor-position feedback. However, conventional solutions, including optical encoders, resolvers, and external magnetic encoders, suffer from excessive axial space occupation, structural complexity, and compromised output performance. Hence, embedded magnetic encoders (EMEs) have emerged as compact and cost-effective alternatives that leverage linear Hall sensors to extract rotor angle information from internal magnetic fields. The technological evolution of EMEs in three critical dimensions are comprehensively reviewed: ① Hall sensor configurations and signal acquisition methodologies across diverse motor topologies, ② disturbance mechanisms and error propagation characteristics under non-ideal operational conditions, and ③ advanced harmonic suppression techniques and angle-decoding algorithms. Finally, the shortcomings and urgent challenges in current technological development are summarized and valuable research priorities for future studies are identified.
{"title":"Embedded Magnetic Encoder-Based Rotor-Position Detection Technology for Permanent Magnet Synchronous Machines: A Review","authors":"Wei Hua;Chao Zhang;Yuchen Wang","doi":"10.23919/CJEE.2025.000141","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23919/CJEE.2025.000141","url":null,"abstract":"High-performance control of permanent magnet synchronous motors (PMSMs) necessitates precise rotor-position feedback. However, conventional solutions, including optical encoders, resolvers, and external magnetic encoders, suffer from excessive axial space occupation, structural complexity, and compromised output performance. Hence, embedded magnetic encoders (EMEs) have emerged as compact and cost-effective alternatives that leverage linear Hall sensors to extract rotor angle information from internal magnetic fields. The technological evolution of EMEs in three critical dimensions are comprehensively reviewed: ① Hall sensor configurations and signal acquisition methodologies across diverse motor topologies, ② disturbance mechanisms and error propagation characteristics under non-ideal operational conditions, and ③ advanced harmonic suppression techniques and angle-decoding algorithms. Finally, the shortcomings and urgent challenges in current technological development are summarized and valuable research priorities for future studies are identified.","PeriodicalId":36428,"journal":{"name":"Chinese Journal of Electrical Engineering","volume":"11 2","pages":"136-149"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11077892","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144598021","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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