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An Ultrasonic Power Splitting Receiver With Improved Complexity-Reliability Trade-Off for Intra-Body Communications 用于体内通信的具有改进的完整性-可靠性权衡的超声波功率分配接收器
IF 2.2 Q2 ENGINEERING, ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONIC Pub Date : 2023-09-14 DOI: 10.1109/TMBMC.2023.3315517
Yuankun Tang;Qianqian Wang;Miaowen Wen;Quansheng Guan;Fei Ji;Julian Cheng
Data transmission that is reliable and relies on low-complexity transceiver techniques is of practical importance for ultrasonic intra-body communications (IBCs). Considering the trade-off between reliability and computational complexity, this paper proposes an ultrasonic dynamic power splitting (UDPS) scheme. UDPS consists of statistic power splitting (SPS) and time switching (TS), where SPS splits the received signal to coherent detection (CD) and energy detection (ED) with an adjustable power splitting ratio, and TS switches between CD and ED with an adjustable power coefficient. Therefore, the proposed UDPS can exploit the reliability of CD and meanwhile benefit from the low complexity of ED. We also derive the theoretical bit-error rate (BER) of UDPS. Both theoretical and simulated results demonstrate that due to the linear noise in CD and non-linear noise in ED, the optimal power splitting ratio of SPS is 1 and the optimal power coefficient of TS is within (0, 1). More importantly, UDPS can achieve much lower complexity than CD at the cost of a slight BER loss for IBCs.
可靠且依赖低复杂度收发器技术的数据传输对超声波体内通信(IBC)具有重要的实际意义。考虑到可靠性和计算复杂性之间的权衡,本文提出了一种超声波动态功率分配(UDPS)方案。UDPS 包括统计功率分割(SPS)和时间切换(TS),其中 SPS 以可调节的功率分割比将接收到的信号分割为相干检测(CD)和能量检测(ED),TS 以可调节的功率系数在 CD 和 ED 之间切换。因此,拟议的 UDPS 可以利用 CD 的可靠性,同时受益于 ED 的低复杂性。我们还得出了 UDPS 的理论误码率 (BER)。理论和仿真结果表明,由于 CD 中的线性噪声和 ED 中的非线性噪声,SPS 的最佳功率分配比为 1,TS 的最佳功率系数在(0,1)范围内。更重要的是,UDPS 可以实现比 CD 更低的复杂度,但代价是 IBC 的误码率会略有下降。
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引用次数: 0
Si3N4-SiO2-Based Silicon Photonics Nano-Biosensor for Molecular Communication 用于分子通信的Si3N4-SiO2基硅光子纳米生物传感器
IF 2.2 Q2 ENGINEERING, ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONIC Pub Date : 2023-08-31 DOI: 10.1109/TMBMC.2023.3308695
Shelma Cheeran Sajan;Anamika Singh;Prabhat Kumar Sharma;Santosh Kumar
In molecular communication (MC), information is conveyed between nano-scale transmitters and receivers using molecules. The environment sensing is a significant component of any MC system. The design of biological sensors thus is an important aspect for implementing MC systems. This paper presents a novel $textit {Si}_{{3}}{N}_{{4}}$ - $textit {SiO}_{{2}}$ silicon photonics (SiPh) nano-biosensor for detection of cancer cells. This design utilizes a micro-ring resonator (MRR) structure and takes advantage of the distinct optical characteristics of various cancer cells and MC by leveraging the interaction between cancer cells and CD47 proteins. The proposed sensor design can be used in artificial nano-machines deployed in a MC system for the applications like cancer cell detection and targeted drug delivery.
在分子通信(MC)中,使用分子在纳米级发射器和接收器之间传递信息。环境传感是任何MC系统的重要组成部分。因此,生物传感器的设计是实现MC系统的一个重要方面。这篇论文提出了一篇小说$textit{Si}_{{3}}{N}_{{4}}$-$textit{SiO}_{{2}}$用于检测癌症细胞的硅光子(SiPh)纳米生物传感器。该设计利用了微共振腔(MRR)结构,并通过利用癌症细胞和CD47蛋白之间的相互作用,利用了各种癌症细胞和MC的独特光学特性。所提出的传感器设计可用于MC系统中部署的人工纳米机器,用于癌症细胞检测和靶向药物递送等应用。
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引用次数: 0
Network Medicine: From Conceptual Frameworks to Applications and Future Trends 网络医学:从概念框架到应用和未来趋势
IF 2.2 Q2 ENGINEERING, ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONIC Pub Date : 2023-08-25 DOI: 10.1109/TMBMC.2023.3308689
Enes Sefa Ayar;Sina Dadmand;Nurcan Tuncbag
The intricate nature of biological processes is orchestrated by molecular interactions. The complexity of these interactions stems from the sheer number of components involved and their relationships. To overcome this complexity, network medicine adopts a holistic, integrative approach at multiple levels. The human interactome involves over 100,000 molecules, including proteins, RNAs, and metabolites, all interconnected by a network of connections. One challenge in understanding the human interactome is associating specific parts of this network with biological phenomena such as diseases, drug resistance, and other abnormalities. Although molecular measurements can quantitatively identify many altered molecules, making sense of these molecular changes within the broader network context is a formidable task. Notably, alterations in the human interactome often occur in closely connected regions of the network. By using prior biological knowledge and applying the context-specific molecular interplays, specific sub-networks can be extracted. These network modules can provide valuable insights into complex biological questions. Furthermore, a range of learning and graph-based methodologies are employed to deduce meaningful clinical outcomes in these modules. In this context, we present a comprehensive overview of the standard workflows utilized in network medicine, along with a discussion of its applications and future directions.
生物过程的复杂性是由分子相互作用协调的。这些相互作用的复杂性源于所涉及的组件数量及其关系。为了克服这种复杂性,网络医学在多个层面上采用了整体、综合的方法。人类相互作用组涉及超过100000个分子,包括蛋白质、RNA和代谢物,所有这些都通过连接网络相互连接。理解人类相互作用机制的一个挑战是将这个网络的特定部分与疾病、耐药性和其他异常等生物现象联系起来。尽管分子测量可以定量识别许多改变的分子,但在更广泛的网络环境中理解这些分子变化是一项艰巨的任务。值得注意的是,人类互动机制的改变经常发生在网络的紧密连接区域。通过使用先前的生物学知识并应用上下文特定的分子相互作用,可以提取特定的子网络。这些网络模块可以为复杂的生物学问题提供有价值的见解。此外,在这些模块中,还采用了一系列基于学习和图形的方法来推断有意义的临床结果。在此背景下,我们全面概述了网络医学中使用的标准工作流程,并讨论了其应用和未来方向。
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引用次数: 0
Low-Complexity Timing Methods for Molecular Communication via Diffusion 通过扩散实现分子通信的低复杂度计时方法
IF 2.2 Q2 ENGINEERING, ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONIC Pub Date : 2023-08-15 DOI: 10.1109/TMBMC.2023.3305390
Umut Eren Usturalı;Bayram Cevdet Akdeniz;Tuna Tuğcu;Ali Emre Pusane
Molecular communication is expected to be instrumental in the advancement of nanotechnology. Implementation of robust molecular communication channels that work in conjunction with other nanodevices necessitates the development of synchronization techniques for such systems. Although a number of works exist in this area, most of the proposed solutions are infeasible given the computational limitations of the components. In this paper, we propose two related methods within the framework of molecular communication via diffusion (MCvD) paradigm. These methods require only the most basic computational resources. We assess their performance analytically and computationally, indicate the error margins for each one, and discuss when one is more useful than the other.
分子通讯有望推动纳米技术的发展。要实现与其他纳米器件协同工作的稳健分子通信信道,就必须为此类系统开发同步技术。虽然在这一领域有许多工作,但由于组件的计算限制,大多数建议的解决方案都不可行。在本文中,我们在通过扩散进行分子通讯(MCvD)范式的框架内提出了两种相关方法。这些方法只需要最基本的计算资源。我们对它们的性能进行了分析和计算评估,指出了每种方法的误差范围,并讨论了何时一种方法比另一种方法更有用。
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引用次数: 0
Wearable Electrochemical Sensors for Healthcare Monitoring: A Review of Current Developments and Future Prospects 医疗监护用可穿戴电化学传感器的发展现状与展望
IF 2.2 Q2 ENGINEERING, ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONIC Pub Date : 2023-08-10 DOI: 10.1109/TMBMC.2023.3304240
Fariborz Mirlou;Levent Beker
Wearable devices and biosensors have gained significant attention due to their high potential to continuously monitor the biomarkers in human body biofluids through non-invasive and minimally invasive methods and give feedback to the users in real-time. Numerous developments have been made in the electrochemical devices field for the non-invasive measurements of the desired biomarkers, including detecting different electrolytes, metabolites, and hormones. Integrating multiplexed human health monitoring, using biosensors, and transmitting the acquired data using wireless systems has been achieved and miniaturized. These systems have been combined with flexible materials to enhance their conformability and easy use. Such precise monitoring of the target biomarker and physiological data through wearable devices would significantly improve life quality by providing critical health-related information in real time. On the other hand, there needs to be an in-depth understanding of analyte concentrations in blood and their correlation to other biofluids, which will help improve the biosensors’ reliability. Thus, conducting large-scale in-vivo studies on different subjects using wearable biosensors and clinical equipment is an essential validation factor for the biosensors. Here, we focus on wearable electrochemical devices that can non-invasively measure and track the human body’s vital health information and transmit it to the users’ mobile devices.
可穿戴设备和生物传感器由于其通过无创和微创方法持续监测人体生物流体中的生物标志物并实时向用户提供反馈的高潜力而备受关注。电化学设备领域已经取得了许多进展,用于所需生物标志物的非侵入性测量,包括检测不同的电解质、代谢物和激素。已经实现并小型化了多路复用人类健康监测、使用生物传感器和使用无线系统传输采集的数据。这些系统已与柔性材料相结合,以增强其适应性和易用性。通过可穿戴设备对目标生物标志物和生理数据的这种精确监测将通过实时提供关键的健康相关信息来显著提高生活质量。另一方面,需要深入了解血液中的分析物浓度及其与其他生物流体的相关性,这将有助于提高生物传感器的可靠性。因此,使用可穿戴生物传感器和临床设备对不同受试者进行大规模体内研究是生物传感器的一个重要验证因素。在这里,我们专注于可穿戴电化学设备,它可以无创地测量和跟踪人体的重要健康信息,并将其传输到用户的移动设备。
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引用次数: 0
From Molecular Robotics to Molecular Cybernetics: The First Step Toward Chemical Artificial Intelligence 从分子机器人到分子控制论:迈向化学人工智能的第一步
IF 2.2 Q2 ENGINEERING, ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONIC Pub Date : 2023-08-10 DOI: 10.1109/TMBMC.2023.3304243
Akinori Kuzuya;Shin-Ichiro M. Nomura;Taro Toyota;Takashi Nakakuki;Satoshi Murata
“Molecular Cybernetics” is an emerging research field aiming the development of “Chemical AI”, artificial intelligence with memory and learning capabilities based on molecular communication. It is originated from “Molecular Robotics,” which studies molecular systems that comprise of the three basic elements of robots; Sensing, Planning, and Acting. Development of an Amoeba-type molecular robot (unicellular artificial cell,) motivated the construction of multicellular artificial cell systems mimicking nerve systems. The major challenges in molecular cybernetics are molecular communication over two lipid-bilayer compartments, amplification of molecular information in a compartment, and large deformation of the compartment triggered by molecular signal, etc. Recently reported molecular devices and systems that contributes to the realization of Chemical AI are overviewed.
“分子控制论”是一个新兴的研究领域,旨在发展“化学人工智能”,即基于分子通信的具有记忆和学习能力的人工智能。它起源于“分子机器人学”,研究由机器人的三个基本元素组成的分子系统;感知、规划和行动。阿米巴型分子机器人(单细胞人工细胞)的开发推动了模仿神经系统的多细胞人工细胞系统的构建。分子控制论的主要挑战是两个脂质双层隔室的分子通信、隔室中分子信息的放大以及分子信号触发的隔室的大变形等。综述了最近报道的有助于实现化学人工智能的分子设备和系统。
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引用次数: 0
Distance Estimation From a Diffusive Process: Theoretical Limits and Experimental Results 扩散过程的距离估计:理论极限和实验结果
IF 2.2 Q2 ENGINEERING, ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONIC Pub Date : 2023-08-08 DOI: 10.1109/TMBMC.2023.3303363
Fabio Broghammer;Siwei Zhang;Thomas Wiedemann;Peter A. Hoeher
Estimating the distance between the source of a diffusive process and a receiver has a variety of applications, ranging from gas source localization at the macro-scale to molecular communication at the micro-scale. Distance information can be extracted from features of the observed particle concentration, e.g., its peak. This paper derives the Cramér-Rao lower bound (CRB) for distance estimation given the advection-diffusion model for absorbing receivers, which is the fundamental limit of any distance estimator. Furthermore, CRBs are obtained for estimators using only information about the observed peak. A maximum-likelihood estimator using the entire signal and two estimators based on peak detection are deduced. The derived CRBs are used to study the effect of channel parameters on the estimation performance. Finally, the performance of the proposed estimators is verified by comparing the root mean squared errors with their theoretical bounds in a simulation, and preliminary experimental results are presented.
估算扩散过程的源和接收器之间的距离有多种应用,从宏观尺度的气源定位到微观尺度的分子通信。距离信息可以从观察到的颗粒浓度的特征中提取,例如其峰值。本文在吸收式接收器的平流-扩散模型下,导出了距离估计的Cramér-Rao下界(CRB),这是任何距离估计的基本极限。此外,仅使用关于观测到的峰值的信息来获得用于估计器的CRB。推导了一个使用整个信号的最大似然估计器和两个基于峰值检测的估计器。导出的CRB用于研究信道参数对估计性能的影响。最后,通过将均方根误差与理论界进行仿真比较,验证了所提出的估计量的性能,并给出了初步的实验结果。
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引用次数: 0
Rectangular Concentration-Based Nanomachine Localization in Molecular Communication Networks With Unknown Emission Time 发射时间未知的分子通信网络中基于矩形浓度的纳米机器定位
IF 2.2 Q2 ENGINEERING, ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONIC Pub Date : 2023-08-08 DOI: 10.1109/TMBMC.2023.3302798
Ajit Kumar;Akarsh Yadav;Sudhir Kumar
Localization of nanomachines is essential for optimal functionality, including optimizing transmission rates and detecting irregular cells. The sampling concentration received by the nanomachines can be used for this purpose. The localization based on received sampling concentration requires the emission time of molecules to improve the accuracy and establish synchronization among the nanomachine. In this paper, we derive the maximum likelihood estimation for localizing nanomachine in two scenarios, that is, known and unknown emission times. In contrast to the existing model, the proposed model considers a generic input (rectangular) concentration that can accommodate both non-zero emission duration and instantaneous emission, making it more practical for many applications. The model also considers multiple symbols and challenges like inter-symbol interference. Even with the rectangular input concentration, the proposed model achieves comparable individual localization performance to the impulse concentration. Additionally, the proposed model allows for joint estimation of location and emission time using correlated observations, making it a practical and generic solution for applications.
纳米机械的定位对实现最佳功能至关重要,包括优化传输速率和检测不规则细胞。纳米机械接收到的采样浓度可用于此目的。根据接收到的采样浓度进行定位需要分子的发射时间,以提高精度并建立纳米机器之间的同步。本文推导了在已知和未知发射时间两种情况下对纳米机械进行定位的最大似然估计。与现有模型相比,本文提出的模型考虑了通用输入(矩形)浓度,可同时容纳非零发射持续时间和瞬时发射,因此在许多应用中更加实用。该模型还考虑了多符号和符号间干扰等挑战。即使采用矩形输入浓度,所提出的模型也能实现与脉冲浓度相当的单个定位性能。此外,所提出的模型允许使用相关观测数据对位置和发射时间进行联合估计,使其成为一种实用的通用应用解决方案。
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引用次数: 0
The Influence of Plasmodesmata Number and Opening State on Molecular Transports in Plants 质粒数量和开放状态对植物分子转运的影响
IF 2.2 Q2 ENGINEERING, ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONIC Pub Date : 2023-08-04 DOI: 10.1109/TMBMC.2023.3301038
Beatrice Ruzzante;Alessandro Piscopo;Svyatoslav Salo;Maurizio Magarini;Gabriele Candiani
Molecular Communication (MC) studies the transport of information encoded in signaling molecules. To date, its application field is mainly restrained to health-related uses. However, MC in plants has been gaining increasing interest. The primary transport route in plant cell-to-cell communication are Plasmodesmata (PDs), pore-like structures dotting the plant cell wall. PDs opening state is influenced by several environmental damaging factors (i.e., plant viruses), and plant cells try to restore homeostasis through defense mechanisms. In this letter, we seek to depict the complexity of plant-based communication, and we propose a simple model that proves the influence of the PDs number and opening state in the transport of information in plants.
分子通讯(MC)研究信号分子中编码的信息的传输。迄今为止,其应用领域主要局限于与健康相关的用途。然而,植物中的MC越来越受到人们的关注。植物细胞间通讯的主要运输途径是质体,即散布在植物细胞壁上的孔状结构。PD的开放状态受到几种环境破坏因素(即植物病毒)的影响,植物细胞试图通过防御机制恢复体内平衡。在这封信中,我们试图描述基于植物的通信的复杂性,并提出了一个简单的模型,证明了PDs数量和开放状态对植物信息传输的影响。
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引用次数: 0
High-Speed Molecular Communication in Vacuum 真空中的高速分子通信
IF 2.2 Q2 ENGINEERING, ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONIC Pub Date : 2023-08-01 DOI: 10.1109/TMBMC.2023.3298429
Taha Sajjad;Andrew W. Eckford
Existing molecular communication systems, both theoretical and experimental, are characterized by low information rates. In this paper, inspired by time-of-flight mass spectrometry (TOFMS), we consider the design of a molecular communication system in which the channel is a vacuum and demonstrate that this method has the potential to increase achievable information rates by many orders of magnitude. We use modelling results from TOFMS to obtain arrival time distributions for accelerated ions and use them to analyze several species of ions, including hydrogen, nitrogen, argon, and benzene. We show that the achievable information rates can be increased using a velocity (Wien) filter, which reduces uncertainty in the velocity of the ions. Using a simplified communication model, we show that data rates well above 1 Gbit/s/molecule are achievable.
现有的分子通信系统,无论是理论上的还是实验上的,都具有信息速率低的特点。在本文中,我们受飞行时间质谱(TOFMS)的启发,考虑设计一种信道为真空的分子通讯系统,并证明这种方法有可能将可实现的信息速率提高多个数量级。我们利用 TOFMS 的建模结果获得了加速离子的到达时间分布,并利用它们分析了包括氢、氮、氩和苯在内的几种离子。我们表明,使用速度(维恩)滤波器可以提高可实现的信息速率,从而降低离子速度的不确定性。利用简化的通信模型,我们证明可以实现远高于 1 Gbit/s/分子的数据传输率。
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引用次数: 0
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IEEE Transactions on Molecular, Biological, and Multi-Scale Communications
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