Molecular communication (MC) employs chemical molecules for information transfer in environments where electromagnetic signals are ineffective. However, the diffusion mechanism introduces signal-dependent noise (SDN), complicating accurate signal recovery. Traditional model-based methods struggle to handle SDN’s complex dynamics and depend heavily on optimal parameter tuning, limiting their adaptability to temporal variations. To tackle these challenges, this paper introduces a hybrid recurrent neural network (RNN) model that effectively captures both short- and long-term dependencies within MC signals, surpassing the performance of single RNN models and traditional approaches. This model offers a promising data-driven solution for noise mitigation in MC, with its effectiveness validated through numerical simulation results.
{"title":"Hybrid Recurrent Neural Network for Signal-Dependent Noise Suppression in Molecular Communication","authors":"Cheng Xiang;Yaqing Zhang;Yu Huang;Weiqiang Tan;Xuan Chen;Miaowen Wen","doi":"10.1109/TMBMC.2025.3546208","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TMBMC.2025.3546208","url":null,"abstract":"Molecular communication (MC) employs chemical molecules for information transfer in environments where electromagnetic signals are ineffective. However, the diffusion mechanism introduces signal-dependent noise (SDN), complicating accurate signal recovery. Traditional model-based methods struggle to handle SDN’s complex dynamics and depend heavily on optimal parameter tuning, limiting their adaptability to temporal variations. To tackle these challenges, this paper introduces a hybrid recurrent neural network (RNN) model that effectively captures both short- and long-term dependencies within MC signals, surpassing the performance of single RNN models and traditional approaches. This model offers a promising data-driven solution for noise mitigation in MC, with its effectiveness validated through numerical simulation results.","PeriodicalId":36530,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Molecular, Biological, and Multi-Scale Communications","volume":"11 2","pages":"283-291"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-02-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144272878","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-02-26DOI: 10.1109/TMBMC.2025.3546207
Luyao Zhang;Yue Sun;Dong Du;Yifan Chen
This study proposes a novel light-driven nanorobots swarm (NS) aggregation method to enhance tumor targeting efficiency. To replicate the structured and directional flow of density blood vessels near tumors, we employed a Manhattan-geometry vasculature (MGV) model, which mimics the complex, density-connected vasculature near the tumor site. This model significantly influences NS navigation and aggregation behavior, providing more realistic movement dynamics insights. We analyzed NS dynamics under light illumination, focusing on drag and thermophoretic forces. Comparisons with magnetic field-driven and non-external force strategies across three objective functions show that light-driven targeting increases efficiency by 4% to 46% and reduces targeting time by up to 27.9%. The MGV model enables precise predictions of NS movement, optimizing aggregation toward tumor tissues. These findings demonstrate the potential of light-driven NS aggregation to enhance tumor-targeting therapies, offering advantages over magnetic control in complex biological environments, with implications for photothermal therapy and precision drug delivery.
{"title":"Dynamics and Kinetics of Light-Driven Nanorobots Swarm Aggregation for Tumor Targeting","authors":"Luyao Zhang;Yue Sun;Dong Du;Yifan Chen","doi":"10.1109/TMBMC.2025.3546207","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TMBMC.2025.3546207","url":null,"abstract":"This study proposes a novel light-driven nanorobots swarm (NS) aggregation method to enhance tumor targeting efficiency. To replicate the structured and directional flow of density blood vessels near tumors, we employed a Manhattan-geometry vasculature (MGV) model, which mimics the complex, density-connected vasculature near the tumor site. This model significantly influences NS navigation and aggregation behavior, providing more realistic movement dynamics insights. We analyzed NS dynamics under light illumination, focusing on drag and thermophoretic forces. Comparisons with magnetic field-driven and non-external force strategies across three objective functions show that light-driven targeting increases efficiency by 4% to 46% and reduces targeting time by up to 27.9%. The MGV model enables precise predictions of NS movement, optimizing aggregation toward tumor tissues. These findings demonstrate the potential of light-driven NS aggregation to enhance tumor-targeting therapies, offering advantages over magnetic control in complex biological environments, with implications for photothermal therapy and precision drug delivery.","PeriodicalId":36530,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Molecular, Biological, and Multi-Scale Communications","volume":"11 2","pages":"269-282"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-02-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144272912","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-02-20DOI: 10.1109/TMBMC.2025.3544111
Dongliang Jing;Linjuan Li;Zhen Cheng;Lin Lin;Andrew W. Eckford
Information molecules play a crucial role in molecular communication (MC), acting as carriers for information transfer. A common approach to get information molecules in MC involves harvesting them from the environment; however, the harvested molecules are often a mixture of various environmental molecules, and the initial concentration ratios in the reservoirs are identical, which hampers high-fidelity transmission techniques such as molecular shift keying (MoSK). This paper presents a transmitter design that harvests molecules from the surrounding environment and stores them in two reservoirs. To separate the mixed molecules, energy is consumed to transfer them between reservoirs. Given limited energy resources, this work explores energy-efficient strategies to optimize transmitter performance. Through theoretical analysis and simulations, we investigate different methods for moving molecules between reservoirs. The results demonstrate that transferring higher initial concentration molecules enhances transmitter performance, while using fewer molecules per transfer further improves efficiency. These findings provide valuable insights for optimizing MC systems through energy-efficient molecule transfer techniques.
{"title":"Energy Efficient Transmitter Creation by Consuming Free Energy in Molecular Communication","authors":"Dongliang Jing;Linjuan Li;Zhen Cheng;Lin Lin;Andrew W. Eckford","doi":"10.1109/TMBMC.2025.3544111","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TMBMC.2025.3544111","url":null,"abstract":"Information molecules play a crucial role in molecular communication (MC), acting as carriers for information transfer. A common approach to get information molecules in MC involves harvesting them from the environment; however, the harvested molecules are often a mixture of various environmental molecules, and the initial concentration ratios in the reservoirs are identical, which hampers high-fidelity transmission techniques such as molecular shift keying (MoSK). This paper presents a transmitter design that harvests molecules from the surrounding environment and stores them in two reservoirs. To separate the mixed molecules, energy is consumed to transfer them between reservoirs. Given limited energy resources, this work explores energy-efficient strategies to optimize transmitter performance. Through theoretical analysis and simulations, we investigate different methods for moving molecules between reservoirs. The results demonstrate that transferring higher initial concentration molecules enhances transmitter performance, while using fewer molecules per transfer further improves efficiency. These findings provide valuable insights for optimizing MC systems through energy-efficient molecule transfer techniques.","PeriodicalId":36530,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Molecular, Biological, and Multi-Scale Communications","volume":"11 2","pages":"292-303"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-02-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144272886","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper presents the design, implementation, and evaluation of a general-purpose simulation platform for multicellular molecular communication systems. Built on an agent-based model, the platform offers flexibility to simulate diverse multicellular systems, such as cancer spheroids and vascular-like networks. It incorporates efficient algorithms, including Cell-List and Barnes-Hut, for calculating cell-cell interaction forces and supports dynamic behaviors such as cell division, growth, and death. The platform’s capabilities are demonstrated through use cases, highlighting its versatility and coding efficiency. The simulation platform serves as a valuable tool for advancing research in molecular communication and understanding the collective behavior of complex multicellular systems.
{"title":"A General-Purpose Simulation Platform for Multicellular Molecular Communication Systems","authors":"Takanori Saiki;Shohei Imanaka;Shouhei Kobayashi;Tadashi Nakano","doi":"10.1109/TMBMC.2025.3544141","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TMBMC.2025.3544141","url":null,"abstract":"This paper presents the design, implementation, and evaluation of a general-purpose simulation platform for multicellular molecular communication systems. Built on an agent-based model, the platform offers flexibility to simulate diverse multicellular systems, such as cancer spheroids and vascular-like networks. It incorporates efficient algorithms, including Cell-List and Barnes-Hut, for calculating cell-cell interaction forces and supports dynamic behaviors such as cell division, growth, and death. The platform’s capabilities are demonstrated through use cases, highlighting its versatility and coding efficiency. The simulation platform serves as a valuable tool for advancing research in molecular communication and understanding the collective behavior of complex multicellular systems.","PeriodicalId":36530,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Molecular, Biological, and Multi-Scale Communications","volume":"11 2","pages":"152-165"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-02-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144272881","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Intersymbol Interference (ISI) has a detrimental impact on any Molecular Communication via Diffusion (MCvD) system. Also, the receiver noise can severely degrade the MCvD channel performance. However, the channel codes proposed in the literature for the MCvD system have only addressed one of these two challenges independently. In this paper, we have designed single Error Correcting Codes in an MCvD system with channel memory and noise. We have also provided encoding and decoding algorithms for the proposed codes, which are simple to follow despite having a non-linear code construction. Finally, through simulation results, we show that the proposed single ECCs, for given code parameters, perform better than the existing codes in the literature in combating the effect of ISI in the channel and improving the average Bit Error Rate (BER) performance in a noisy channel.
{"title":"On Designing Novel ISI-Reducing Single Error Correcting Codes in an MCvD System","authors":"Tamoghno Nath;Krishna Gopal Benerjee;Adrish Banerjee","doi":"10.1109/TMBMC.2025.3544137","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TMBMC.2025.3544137","url":null,"abstract":"Intersymbol Interference (ISI) has a detrimental impact on any Molecular Communication via Diffusion (MCvD) system. Also, the receiver noise can severely degrade the MCvD channel performance. However, the channel codes proposed in the literature for the MCvD system have only addressed one of these two challenges independently. In this paper, we have designed single Error Correcting Codes in an MCvD system with channel memory and noise. We have also provided encoding and decoding algorithms for the proposed codes, which are simple to follow despite having a non-linear code construction. Finally, through simulation results, we show that the proposed single ECCs, for given code parameters, perform better than the existing codes in the literature in combating the effect of ISI in the channel and improving the average Bit Error Rate (BER) performance in a noisy channel.","PeriodicalId":36530,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Molecular, Biological, and Multi-Scale Communications","volume":"11 2","pages":"228-233"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-02-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144272914","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-01-01DOI: 10.1109/TMBMC.2024.3523930
{"title":"2024 Index IEEE Transactions on Molecular, Biological, and Multi-Scale Communications Vol. 10","authors":"","doi":"10.1109/TMBMC.2024.3523930","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TMBMC.2024.3523930","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":36530,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Molecular, Biological, and Multi-Scale Communications","volume":"10 4","pages":"642-654"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10819970","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142912560","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Nanoscale devices with Terahertz (THz) communication capabilities are envisioned to be deployed within human bloodstreams. Such devices will enable fine-grained sensing-based applications for detecting early indications (i.e., biomarkers) of various health conditions, as well as actuation-based ones such as targeted drug delivery. Associating the locations of such events with the events themselves would provide an additional utility for precision diagnostics and treatment. This vision yielded a new class of in-body localization coined under the term “flow-guided nanoscale localization”. Such localization can be piggybacked on THz communication for detecting body regions in which biological events were localized with the traveling time reported by nanodevices flowing with the bloodstream. From decades of research on objective benchmarking of “traditional” indoor localization and its eventual standardization (e.g., ISO/IEC18305:2016), we know that in early stages, the reported performance results were often incomplete (e.g., targeting a subset of relevant performance metrics). Reported results in the literature carried out benchmarking experiments in different evaluation environments and scenarios and utilized inconsistent performance indicators. To avoid such a “lock-in” in flowguided localization, we propose a workflow for standardized performance evaluation of such approaches. The workflow is implemented in the form of an open-source simulation framework that is able to jointly account for the mobility of the nanodevices, in-body THz communication with on-body anchors, and energy-related and other technological constraints (e.g., pulsebased modulation) at the nanodevice level. Accounting for these constraints, the framework can generate raw data to streamline into different flow-guided localization solutions for generating standardized performance benchmarks.
{"title":"Toward Standardized Performance Evaluation of Flow-Guided Nanoscale Localization","authors":"Arnau Brosa López;Filip Lemic;Gerard Calvo Bartra;Aina Pérez;Jakob Struye;Jorge Torres Gómez;Esteban Municio;Carmen Delgado;Falko Dressler;Eduard Alarcón;Jeroen Famaey;Sergi Abadal;Xavier Costa Pérez","doi":"10.1109/TMBMC.2024.3523428","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TMBMC.2024.3523428","url":null,"abstract":"Nanoscale devices with Terahertz (THz) communication capabilities are envisioned to be deployed within human bloodstreams. Such devices will enable fine-grained sensing-based applications for detecting early indications (i.e., biomarkers) of various health conditions, as well as actuation-based ones such as targeted drug delivery. Associating the locations of such events with the events themselves would provide an additional utility for precision diagnostics and treatment. This vision yielded a new class of in-body localization coined under the term “flow-guided nanoscale localization”. Such localization can be piggybacked on THz communication for detecting body regions in which biological events were localized with the traveling time reported by nanodevices flowing with the bloodstream. From decades of research on objective benchmarking of “traditional” indoor localization and its eventual standardization (e.g., ISO/IEC18305:2016), we know that in early stages, the reported performance results were often incomplete (e.g., targeting a subset of relevant performance metrics). Reported results in the literature carried out benchmarking experiments in different evaluation environments and scenarios and utilized inconsistent performance indicators. To avoid such a “lock-in” in flowguided localization, we propose a workflow for standardized performance evaluation of such approaches. The workflow is implemented in the form of an open-source simulation framework that is able to jointly account for the mobility of the nanodevices, in-body THz communication with on-body anchors, and energy-related and other technological constraints (e.g., pulsebased modulation) at the nanodevice level. Accounting for these constraints, the framework can generate raw data to streamline into different flow-guided localization solutions for generating standardized performance benchmarks.","PeriodicalId":36530,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Molecular, Biological, and Multi-Scale Communications","volume":"11 1","pages":"116-127"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2024-12-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143645239","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-12-23DOI: 10.1109/TMBMC.2024.3521984
Ibrahim Isik;Mitra Rezaei;Adam Noel
Spheroids are aggregates of cells that can mimic the cellular organization often found in tissues. Spheroids can be created from various cell types, including cancer cells, stem cells, and primary cells, and they serve as valuable tools in biological research. Although there are initial results on how a molecular signal can propagate between a pair of spheroids, practical experiments typically use clusters of spheroids and there isn’t a good understanding of how neighboring spheroids impact the spatiotemporal dynamics of local molecule propagation. This paper simulates a series of scenarios to gain intuition about propagation in such multi-spheroid systems for applications such as transport and drug delivery. The spheroids are modeled as porous media with a corresponding effective diffusion coefficient. System variations are considered with a higher spheroid porosity (i.e., with a higher effective diffusion coefficient) and molecule uptake by the spheroid cells (approximated as a first-order degradation reaction while molecules diffuse within the spheroid). Results show that a local crowd of spheroids will eventually slow overall propagation, such that molecules stay in the vicinity of the transmitter for longer. The results demonstrate that a single-spheroid receiver model is insufficient to accurately model propagation under these conditions.
{"title":"Single Input Multi Output Model of Molecular Communication via Diffusion With Spheroidal Receivers","authors":"Ibrahim Isik;Mitra Rezaei;Adam Noel","doi":"10.1109/TMBMC.2024.3521984","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TMBMC.2024.3521984","url":null,"abstract":"Spheroids are aggregates of cells that can mimic the cellular organization often found in tissues. Spheroids can be created from various cell types, including cancer cells, stem cells, and primary cells, and they serve as valuable tools in biological research. Although there are initial results on how a molecular signal can propagate between a pair of spheroids, practical experiments typically use clusters of spheroids and there isn’t a good understanding of how neighboring spheroids impact the spatiotemporal dynamics of local molecule propagation. This paper simulates a series of scenarios to gain intuition about propagation in such multi-spheroid systems for applications such as transport and drug delivery. The spheroids are modeled as porous media with a corresponding effective diffusion coefficient. System variations are considered with a higher spheroid porosity (i.e., with a higher effective diffusion coefficient) and molecule uptake by the spheroid cells (approximated as a first-order degradation reaction while molecules diffuse within the spheroid). Results show that a local crowd of spheroids will eventually slow overall propagation, such that molecules stay in the vicinity of the transmitter for longer. The results demonstrate that a single-spheroid receiver model is insufficient to accurately model propagation under these conditions.","PeriodicalId":36530,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Molecular, Biological, and Multi-Scale Communications","volume":"11 1","pages":"101-106"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2024-12-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143637887","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This work considers the sub-diffusive dynamics of information-carrying molecules (IM) within a molecular communication (MC) channel, focusing on the implementation of mobility at both the transmitter (TX) and receiver (RX) system components. To capture the essence of these complex movements, we derive the closed-form expressions for the absorption probability (AP), the first-passage-time density (FPTD), and the Cumulative Density Function (CDF). We also incorporate the Reed-Solomon (RS) coding technique to enhance communication performance. Through this integration, we analyze communication metrics such as mutual information and channel capacity. Moreover, we compare the bit error probability (BEP) with and without RS coding. The results provide a comprehensive view of the performance enhancements achieved by coding techniques in MC systems, leading to a more robust and efficient MC system.
这项研究考虑了分子通讯（MC）信道中携带信息的分子（IM）的亚扩散动力学，重点关注发射器（TX）和接收器（RX）系统组件的移动性。为了抓住这些复杂运动的本质，我们推导出了吸收概率 (AP)、首次通过时间密度 (FPTD) 和累积密度函数 (CDF) 的闭式表达式。我们还采用了里德-所罗门（RS）编码技术来提高通信性能。通过这种整合，我们分析了互信息和信道容量等通信指标。此外，我们还比较了有无 RS 编码的误码率 (BEP)。这些结果为 MC 系统中编码技术实现的性能提升提供了一个全面的视角，使 MC 系统更加稳健高效。
{"title":"On Error Rate Reduction in Sub-Diffusion-Based Mobile Molecular Communication","authors":"Nadezhda Briantceva;Lokendra Chouhan;Matteo Parsani;Mohamed-Slim Alouini","doi":"10.1109/TMBMC.2024.3522010","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TMBMC.2024.3522010","url":null,"abstract":"This work considers the sub-diffusive dynamics of information-carrying molecules (IM) within a molecular communication (MC) channel, focusing on the implementation of mobility at both the transmitter (TX) and receiver (RX) system components. To capture the essence of these complex movements, we derive the closed-form expressions for the absorption probability (AP), the first-passage-time density (FPTD), and the Cumulative Density Function (CDF). We also incorporate the Reed-Solomon (RS) coding technique to enhance communication performance. Through this integration, we analyze communication metrics such as mutual information and channel capacity. Moreover, we compare the bit error probability (BEP) with and without RS coding. The results provide a comprehensive view of the performance enhancements achieved by coding techniques in MC systems, leading to a more robust and efficient MC system.","PeriodicalId":36530,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Molecular, Biological, and Multi-Scale Communications","volume":"11 1","pages":"107-115"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2024-12-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143637863","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-12-23DOI: 10.1109/TMBMC.2024.3522004
Shaojie Zhang;Ozgur B. Akan
Organoids have garnered attention due to their effectiveness in modeling the 3D structure of organ interactions. However, the communication engineering perspective has received relatively little attention. One way to achieve organoids communication is molecular communication (MC). MC is a bio-inspired communication paradigm that uses molecules as information carriers. It is considered one of the most promising methods for enabling the Internet of Nano-Things (IoNT) and nanonetworks. BioFETs are commonly used to implement practical MC receivers. However, most previous analysis have focused on a planar device, neglecting considerations like the threshold voltage, inter-symbol interference (ISI) and its potential 3D structure. This paper introduces the first FinFET-based MC receiver that covers both the top and side gates with receptors. Both binding noise and flicker noise are considered in the analysis. The performance, in terms of signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and symbol error probability (SEP), is compared with that of the 2D receiver.
{"title":"3D Receiver for Molecular Communications in Internet of Organoids","authors":"Shaojie Zhang;Ozgur B. Akan","doi":"10.1109/TMBMC.2024.3522004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TMBMC.2024.3522004","url":null,"abstract":"Organoids have garnered attention due to their effectiveness in modeling the 3D structure of organ interactions. However, the communication engineering perspective has received relatively little attention. One way to achieve organoids communication is molecular communication (MC). MC is a bio-inspired communication paradigm that uses molecules as information carriers. It is considered one of the most promising methods for enabling the Internet of Nano-Things (IoNT) and nanonetworks. BioFETs are commonly used to implement practical MC receivers. However, most previous analysis have focused on a planar device, neglecting considerations like the threshold voltage, inter-symbol interference (ISI) and its potential 3D structure. This paper introduces the first FinFET-based MC receiver that covers both the top and side gates with receptors. Both binding noise and flicker noise are considered in the analysis. The performance, in terms of signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and symbol error probability (SEP), is compared with that of the 2D receiver.","PeriodicalId":36530,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Molecular, Biological, and Multi-Scale Communications","volume":"11 1","pages":"91-100"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2024-12-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143637890","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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