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A Zero-Waste Campus Framework: Perceptions and Practices of University Campus Community in Malaysia 零浪费校园框架:马来西亚大学校园社区的认知与实践
IF 4.3 Q2 GREEN & SUSTAINABLE SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY Pub Date : 2023-02-06 DOI: 10.3390/recycling8010021
Mayawi Baba-Nalikant, Sharifah Mashita Syed-Mohamad, M. Husin, N. A. Abdullah, Mohamad Saifudin Mohamad Saleh, Asyirah Abdul Rahim
This paper will explore the university campus community’s perspective towards the realization of a zero-waste campus. A qualitative approach is employed to identify the factors influencing the campus community’s awareness and participation in solid waste management (SWM). Perceptions, attitudes, beliefs, opinions, and ideas of Universiti Sains Malaysia (USM) campus community members are explored in focus group discussions (FGD) to determine the main factors influencing their zero-waste pro-environmental behaviour (PEB). The in-depth interview (IDI) is used to learn more about the university campus community’s perspectives on the themes defined by the FGD. The instruments were developed based on the adaption and adoption of previous studies, especially in reference to Kollmuss and Agyeman’s 2002 Model of Pro-Environmental Behaviour and a modified Knowledge-Attitude-Practices model. The findings show that environmental goals, environmental education, personal waste-related experience, environmental policy, environmental self-awareness, reinforcement contingencies, community engagement, social responsibilities, exemplary leadership, and social media influence the campus community’s zero-waste PEB. A framework based on an adaptation of Kollmuss and Agyeman’s model of pro-environmental behaviour is proposed to promote sustainable pro-environmental behaviour towards a Zero-Waste Campus.
本文将探讨大学校园社区对实现零浪费校园的看法。采用定性方法确定影响校园社区对固体废物管理意识和参与的因素。焦点小组讨论(FGD)探讨了马来西亚理科大学(USM)校园社区成员的看法、态度、信仰、意见和想法,以确定影响他们零废物环保行为(PEB)的主要因素。深入访谈(IDI)是用来了解更多的大学校园社区对FGD定义的主题的看法。这些工具是基于对以往研究的适应和采纳而开发的,特别是参考了Kollmuss和Agyeman 2002年的亲环境行为模型和改进的知识-态度-实践模型。研究结果表明,环境目标、环境教育、个人废物相关经历、环境政策、环境自我意识、强化突发事件、社区参与、社会责任、模范领导和社交媒体影响着校园社区的零废物PEB。本文提出了一个基于Kollmuss和Agyeman的亲环境行为模型的框架,以促进可持续的亲环境行为,实现零废物校园。
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引用次数: 3
Highlighting the Role of Archaea in Urban Mine Waste Exploitation and Valorisation 突出古菌在城市矿山废弃物开发和估价中的作用
IF 4.3 Q2 GREEN & SUSTAINABLE SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY Pub Date : 2023-02-04 DOI: 10.3390/recycling8010020
A. Abdel Azim, Ruggero Bellini, Arianna Vizzarro, Ilaria Bassani, C. Pirri, B. Menin
E-materials become e-waste once they have been discarded without the intent of reuse. Due to its rich content of metals, among which many are Critical Raw Materials (CRMs), e-waste can be considered an urban mine to exploit and valorise. Common metal refining is performed by energy-intensive processes frequently based on the use of fossil fuel. Bio-metallurgy is a promising alternative for e-waste valorisation based on biological routes of specialised microorganisms able to leach solid-containing metals. Because of the physiology of these microorganisms, microbial leaching can be economically feasible, besides being an environmentally sustainable process. Like Bacteria and Fungi, Archaea are also capable of metal leaching activity, though their potential is underestimated. Among them, the extremophiles are the most studied and applied in the field of metal recovery, while mesophilic species are less common but still of high interest. Here we provide the state of industrial application of bio-metallurgy and report on the state of the art of Archaea exploitation in metal recovery from e-waste. Moreover, we give a special highlight to methanogenic archaea, which are able to convert CO2 into methane in order to highlight the potential for the valorisation of CO2-rich industrial streams generated by key processes (i.e., anaerobic digestion, concrete, and steel production) in CH4 for gas grid distribution, while making metals content in e-waste available again as raw material.
电子材料一旦被丢弃而没有再利用的意图,就会变成电子废物。由于其金属含量丰富,其中许多是关键原材料(CRM),电子垃圾可以被视为一种可开采和增值的城市矿山。普通金属精炼是通过能源密集型工艺进行的,通常基于化石燃料的使用。生物冶金是基于能够浸出含金属固体的专门微生物的生物路线的电子废物定价的一种有前途的替代方案。由于这些微生物的生理学,微生物浸出除了是一个环境可持续的过程外,在经济上也是可行的。与细菌和真菌一样,古菌也具有金属浸出活性,尽管它们的潜力被低估了。其中,极端微生物在金属回收领域的研究和应用最多,而中温物种则不太常见,但仍备受关注。在这里,我们提供了生物冶金的工业应用现状,并报告了从电子垃圾中回收金属的古菌开发技术的现状。此外,我们特别强调了产甲烷古菌,它能够将CO2转化为甲烷,以突出关键工艺(即厌氧消化、混凝土和钢铁生产)产生的富含CO2的工业流在CH4中的价值化潜力,用于天然气管网分配,同时使电子垃圾中的金属含量再次作为原料。
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引用次数: 2
Thermal and Sound Insulation Properties of Recycled Expanded Polystyrene Granule and Gypsum Composites 再生发泡聚苯乙烯颗粒与石膏复合材料的隔热隔音性能
IF 4.3 Q2 GREEN & SUSTAINABLE SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY Pub Date : 2023-02-03 DOI: 10.3390/recycling8010019
G. Bumanis, Pauls P. Argalis, G. Sahmenko, D. Mironovs, S. Ručevskis, A. Korjakins, D. Bajare
Up to now, primary resources have been the main choice of raw material selection for production. Now, global market tendencies have brought significant attention to secondary resources as the price has been raised for primary materials, and there is a shortage of their delivery. This could bring an additional effort to increase the recycling level of construction and demolition waste, including expanded polystyrene (EPS). Efforts have been made to develop new efficient building materials with a high content of recycled EPS. In this paper, composite insulation material made of gypsum hemihydrate and recycled EPS beads by casting and compression methods were evaluated, and properties were compared. Thermal and sound insulation properties were characterized. Density from 48 to 793 kg/m3 was obtained and the thermal conductivity coefficient from 0.039 to 0.246 W/(m·K) was measured. Compression strength was from 18 kPa to 2.5 MPa. Composites produced with the compression method have a sound absorption coefficient α > 0.9 in the range from 600 to 700 Hz, while the samples produced by casting showed poor sound absorption with wide deviation. Compression methods had an advantage over the casting method as more homogenous and lightweight materials were produced with improved insulation properties.
到目前为止,初级资源一直是生产原料选择的主要选择。现在,全球市场趋势已经引起了对二次资源的极大关注,因为初级材料的价格已经提高,而且交货短缺。这可能会带来额外的努力,以提高建筑和拆除废物的回收水平,包括发泡聚苯乙烯(EPS)。已经努力开发具有高含量回收EPS的新型高效建筑材料。本文对以石膏半水合物和再生EPS珠为原料,采用铸造法和挤压法制备的复合保温材料进行了评价,并对其性能进行了比较。对隔热和隔音性能进行了表征。密度为48~793kg/m3,导热系数为0.039~0.246W/(m·K)。压缩强度为18kPa至2.5MPa。采用压缩法生产的复合材料在600至700 Hz范围内的吸声系数α>0.9,而采用铸造法生产的样品吸声性能较差,偏差较大。压缩方法比铸造方法具有优势,因为生产的材料更均匀、更轻,绝缘性能得到改善。
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引用次数: 5
Quality Aspects in the Compounding of Plastic Recyclate 塑料再生胶配方中的质量问题
IF 4.3 Q2 GREEN & SUSTAINABLE SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY Pub Date : 2023-01-31 DOI: 10.3390/recycling8010018
Maximilian Auer, J. Schmidt, J. Diemert, Gabriel Gerhardt, Maximilian Renz, Viola Galler, Jörg Woidasky
Compounding is the final processing step for quality adjustment and control before recycled thermoplastic polymer material can be introduced into production processes. Motivated by the need for higher recyclate shares, the research question is which quality problems recycling compounders are encountered in practice, where they occur, and which mitigation options might be reasonable. Therefore, an online survey with 20 recycling compounders based in Germany was conducted asking about typical processing steps and processed materials, test procedures for quality assurance, quality problems, and possibilities for reducing quality problems. Results show that compounders mainly name impurities and contaminations of the input material as challenging and the reason for quality problems. The study shows that the problems are not dependent on the material input type. Quality problems occur along the entire secondary value chain, with companies manufacturing components themselves being particularly affected. The composition determination of the input materials helps to minimize quality problems.
在将回收的热塑性聚合物材料引入生产过程之前,配制是质量调整和控制的最后加工步骤。出于对更高可回收物份额的需求,研究问题是回收成分在实践中遇到了哪些质量问题,它们发生在哪里,以及哪些缓解方案可能是合理的。因此,对德国的20家回收配料厂进行了在线调查,询问了典型的加工步骤和加工材料、质量保证测试程序、质量问题以及减少质量问题的可能性。结果表明,配料师主要将输入材料中的杂质和污染物列为具有挑战性的物质,并将其列为质量问题的原因。研究表明,这些问题与材料输入类型无关。整个次级价值链都会出现质量问题,制造零部件的公司本身尤其受到影响。输入材料的成分确定有助于最大限度地减少质量问题。
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引用次数: 2
Trends in Extraction of Rare Earth Elements from Coal Ashes: A Review 从煤灰中提取稀土元素的研究进展
IF 4.3 Q2 GREEN & SUSTAINABLE SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY Pub Date : 2023-01-30 DOI: 10.3390/recycling8010017
Gjergj Dodbiba, T. Fujita
The demand for novel, cost-effective, and environmentally friendly rare earth element and yttrium (REY) sources is essential. The recovery of REY and other valuable components from coal fly ash (CFA) may result in securing alternative resources, decreased disposal costs, and environmental protection, all of which may have positive effects. However, research on the recovery of REY from CFA is underway, and it is still necessary to assess its viability from an economic and environmental standpoint. The authors have reviewed some of the most recent advances in extracting rare earth elements from CFA. However, most techniques reported for the treatment of CFA are still at the laboratory scale. Nevertheless, there are several pathways for industrial-scale applications. Therefore, CFA treatment and the extraction of valuable products from it have considerable potential for reducing both its carbon footprint and environmental burden.
对新颖、经济、环保的稀土元素和钇(REY)源的需求是必不可少的。从粉煤灰中回收REY和其他有价值的成分可能导致获得替代资源,降低处置成本和保护环境,所有这些都可能产生积极影响。然而,从CFA中回收REY的研究正在进行中,仍有必要从经济和环境的角度评估其可行性。本文综述了从CFA中提取稀土元素的一些最新进展。然而,大多数报道的治疗CFA的技术仍处于实验室规模。然而,有几种途径可以实现工业规模的应用。因此,CFA处理和从中提取有价值的产品在减少其碳足迹和环境负担方面具有相当大的潜力。
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引用次数: 2
Fruit and Restaurant Waste Polysaccharides Recycling Producing Xylooligosaccharides 水果和餐馆废弃多糖回收生产低聚木糖
IF 4.3 Q2 GREEN & SUSTAINABLE SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY Pub Date : 2023-01-26 DOI: 10.3390/recycling8010016
B. Pereira, A. Schmatz, Carolina Moreno de Freitas, Fernando Masarin, M. Brienzo
A significant part of fruit production is wasted annually, a material of high value without use, causing environmental and social damage. These residues from agro-industrial processes, or those that can no longer be used in the market, can be recycled and generate value-added products by pretreatments/hydrolysis. One of the important pretreatments is acid hydrolysis, which can produce xylooligosaccharides (XOS) from biomass, a product of great commercial value in the food and pharmaceutical markets, mainly due to its prebiotic potential. Bananas, oranges, and guava generate a large volume of waste and represent much of Brazil’s fruit production. The dilute acid hydrolysis resulted in XOS production of 37.69% for banana peel, 59.60% for guava bagasse, 28.70% for orange bagasse, and 49.64% for restaurant residue. XOS were quantified by a liquid chromatograph system with a Bio-Rad Aminex HPX-87C column. The results show that, for this type of material and hydrolysis, the ideal conditions to produce XOS are high temperature, low time, and high acid concentration for banana peel residue (160 °C, 15 min, and 3% H2SO4), low temperature, low time, and high acid concentration for guava bagasse (100 °C,15 min and 3% H2SO4), high temperature and acid concentration with low time for orange bagasse (160 °C,15 min and 3% H2SO4) and high temperature and time and high acid concentration for restaurant waste (160 °C, 55 min and 3% H2SO4). This study identified acid hydrolysis conditions that maximized XOS production with a low amount of xylose production using agro-industrial and food residues, also showing the high potential of the chosen residues through the high yields of XOS production.
每年有很大一部分水果生产被浪费,这是一种没有使用的高价值材料,会造成环境和社会破坏。这些来自农产工业过程的残留物,或那些不能再在市场上使用的残留物,可以通过预处理/水解回收并产生增值产品。其中一种重要的预处理是酸水解,它可以从生物质中生产低聚木糖(XOS),这是一种在食品和制药市场上具有巨大商业价值的产品,主要是因为它具有益生元的潜力。香蕉、橙子和番石榴产生了大量的废物,占巴西水果产量的大部分。稀酸水解导致香蕉皮的XOS产量为37.69%,番石榴渣的XOS产率为59.60%,桔子渣的XO产率为28.70%,餐厅残渣的XOS生产率为49.64%。XOS通过具有Bio-Rad Aminex HPX-87C柱的液相色谱系统进行定量。结果表明,对于这种类型的材料和水解,生产XOS的理想条件是香蕉皮渣的高温、低时间和高酸浓度(160°C、15分钟和3%H2SO4),番石榴渣的低温、低时间、高酸浓度,橙色蔗渣的高温和酸浓度低时间(160°C,15分钟和3%H2SO4),餐厅垃圾的高温和时间高酸浓度(160°C.,55分钟和3%H2SO4)。这项研究确定了酸水解条件,该条件使用农工业和食品残留物以低木糖产量最大限度地生产XOS,也显示了所选残留物通过高产率生产XOS的高潜力。
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引用次数: 2
Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) of 3D Concrete Printing and Casting Processes for Cementitious Materials Incorporating Ground Waste Tire Rubber 含废轮胎橡胶胶凝材料的3D混凝土打印和铸造工艺的生命周期评估
IF 4.3 Q2 GREEN & SUSTAINABLE SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY Pub Date : 2023-01-20 DOI: 10.3390/recycling8010015
M. Sambucci, Ilario Biblioteca, M. Valente
Ordinary concrete is an indispensable construction material of modern society which is used for everything from mundane road pavements to building structures. However, it is often used for non-load-bearing applications (for instance, insulating lightweight building units) where mechanical strength is not a priority. This leads to an avoidable depletion of natural aggregates which could instead be replaced by alternative waste materials capable of conferring to the material the desired performance while ensuring a “green” route for their disposal. Furthermore, the automation of production processes via 3D printing can further assist in the achievement of a more advanced and sustainable scenario in the construction sector. In this work, performance and environmental analyses were conducted on a 3D-printable cementitious mix engineered with ground waste tire rubber aggregates. The research proposed a comparative study between rubberized concrete mixes obtained by 3D printing and traditional mold-casting methods to achieve a comprehensive analysis in terms of the mix design and manufacturing process. To evaluate the environmental performance (global warming potential and cumulative energy demand) of the investigated samples, Life Cycle Assessment models were built by using the SimaPro software and the Ecoinvent database. The Empathetic Added Sustainability Index, which includes mechanical strength, durability, thermo-acoustic insulation, and environmental indicators, was defined to quantify the overall performance of the samples in relation to their engineering properties and eco-footprint.
普通混凝土是现代社会不可或缺的建筑材料,从普通的路面到建筑结构,它都被用于各种用途。然而,它通常用于非承重应用(例如,轻质隔热建筑单元),其中机械强度不是优先事项。这导致了天然骨料的可避免损耗,而天然骨料可以被替代的废料所取代,这些废料能够赋予材料所需的性能,同时确保其处置的“绿色”路线。此外,通过3D打印实现生产过程的自动化可以进一步帮助建筑行业实现更先进和可持续的场景。在这项工作中,对用废弃轮胎橡胶骨料设计的3D可打印胶凝混合物进行了性能和环境分析。该研究提出了通过3D打印获得的橡胶混凝土混合料与传统模具浇注方法的比较研究,以实现对混合料设计和制造过程的全面分析。为了评估调查样本的环境性能(全球变暖潜力和累积能源需求),使用SimaPro软件和Ecoinvent数据库建立了生命周期评估模型。同情附加可持续性指数包括机械强度、耐久性、热隔音和环境指标,旨在量化样品与其工程特性和生态足迹相关的整体性能。
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引用次数: 5
Acknowledgment to the Reviewers of Recycling in 2022 感谢2022年回收审查员
IF 4.3 Q2 GREEN & SUSTAINABLE SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY Pub Date : 2023-01-13 DOI: 10.3390/recycling8010014
High-quality academic publishing is built on rigorous peer review [...]
高质量的学术出版建立在严格的同行评审的基础上[…]
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引用次数: 0
Pyro-Hydrometallurgy Routes to Recover Silica from Indonesian Ferronickel Slag 从印尼镍铁渣中回收二氧化硅的热湿法工艺研究
IF 4.3 Q2 GREEN & SUSTAINABLE SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY Pub Date : 2023-01-13 DOI: 10.3390/recycling8010013
R. M. Ulum, Natalin, R. Riastuti, W. Mayangsari, A. Prasetyo, J. Soedarsono, A. Maksum
Ferronickel slag is a by-product of nickel smelting that provides an abundant silica source. Based on data, every ton of nickel production is equal to eight tons of ferronickel slag production, increasing without any recycling process. It is essential to create an end-to-end process for nickel production and its by-products because this would be a problem in the future and is relevant for many industrialized countries. This study describes a strategy to process ferronickel slag to produce silica. A pyrometallurgy–hydrometallurgy process and ferronickel slag were used to increase the silica content. The process was conducted through alkali fusion; the ferronickel slag was mixed with sodium carbonate at a temperature of 1000 °C for an hour and continued via leaching, precipitation, and cleaning processes. The leaching process was conducted with four concentrations (4 M, 6 M, 8 M, and 10 M) of sodium hydroxide and three different leaching durations (2 h, 4 h, and 6 h). Using hydrochloric acid (HCl) at pH 2 and deionized (DI) water cleaning, the precipitation process was adopted to synthesize a silica powder with the lowest agglomeration and enhance its purity. Characterization was carried out using X-ray Diffraction (XRD), Scanning Electron Microscopy–Energy-Dispersive Emission (SEM-EDS), X-ray Fluorescence (XRF), and Inductively Coupled Plasma–Optical Emission Spectroscopy (ICP-OES). This study highlighted silica characteristics that indicate high recovery by 85% through alkali fusion, HCl leaching, precipitation, and deionized water cleaning.
镍铁渣是镍冶炼的副产品,提供了丰富的硅源。根据数据,每生产一吨镍相当于生产八吨镍铁渣,在没有任何回收处理的情况下不断增加。必须为镍生产及其副产品建立一个端到端的流程,因为这将是未来的一个问题,与许多工业化国家有关。本研究描述了一种利用镍铁渣生产二氧化硅的方法。采用火法-湿法冶金工艺和镍铁渣提高了硅含量。该工艺采用碱熔法;将镍铁渣与碳酸钠在1000℃的温度下混合1小时,继续进行浸出、沉淀、清洗等工序。采用4种浓度(4 M、6 M、8 M和10 M)的氢氧化钠和3种不同浸出时间(2 h、4 h和6 h)进行浸出过程。采用pH为2的盐酸(HCl)和去离子水(DI)清洗,采用沉淀法合成了团聚率最低的硅粉,提高了硅粉的纯度。采用x射线衍射(XRD)、扫描电子显微镜-能量色散发射(SEM-EDS)、x射线荧光(XRF)和电感耦合等离子体-光学发射光谱(ICP-OES)进行表征。该研究强调了二氧化硅的特性,表明通过碱熔融、HCl浸出、沉淀和去离子水清洗,二氧化硅的回收率高达85%。
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引用次数: 1
Comparison between the Mechanical Recycling Behaviour of Amorphous and Semicrystalline Polymers: A Case Study 非晶态和半晶态聚合物机械回收性能的比较:一个案例研究
IF 4.3 Q2 GREEN & SUSTAINABLE SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY Pub Date : 2023-01-10 DOI: 10.3390/recycling8010012
A. A. Costa, P. Martinho, F. Barreiros
The increase in waste has motivated the adoption of the circular economy concept, which assumes particular relevance in the case of plastic materials. This has led to research of new possibilities for recycling plastics after their end-of-life. To achieve this goal, it is fundamental to understand how the materials’ properties change after recycling. This study aims to evaluate the thermal and mechanical properties of recycled plastics, namely polycarbonate (PC), polystyrene (PS), glass fibre-reinforced polyamide 6 (PA6-GF30), and polyethylene terephthalate (PET). With this purpose, injected samples were mechanically recycled twice and compared through thermal and mechanical tests, such as differential scanning calorimetry, hardness, tensile strength, and the melt flow rate. The results show that the amorphous materials used do not suffer significant changes in their properties but exhibit changes in their optical characteristics. The semicrystalline ones present some modifications. PET is the material that suffers the biggest changes, both in its flowability and mechanical properties. This work demonstrates that the mechanical recycling process may be an interesting possibility for recycling depending on the desired quality of final products, allowing for some materials to maintain comparable thermal and mechanical properties after going through the recycling process.
废物的增加促使人们采用循环经济概念,这在塑料材料的情况下具有特别的相关性。这导致了对塑料报废后回收利用的新可能性的研究。为了实现这一目标,了解材料在回收后的性能变化是至关重要的。本研究旨在评估回收塑料的热性能和机械性能,即聚碳酸酯(PC)、聚苯乙烯(PS)、玻璃纤维增强聚酰胺6(PA6-GF30)和聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯(PET)。为此,将注入的样品机械回收两次,并通过热测试和机械测试进行比较,如差示扫描量热法、硬度、拉伸强度和熔体流动速率。结果表明,所用的非晶材料的性能没有显著变化,但其光学特性发生了变化。半结晶的呈现出一些修饰。PET是在流动性和机械性能方面变化最大的材料。这项工作表明,根据最终产品的期望质量,机械回收过程可能是一种有趣的回收可能性,允许一些材料在经过回收过程后保持相当的热性能和机械性能。
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引用次数: 4
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