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Evaluating the Eco-Intensity Dynamics of the Mining Industry in Russia: Towards a Circular Economy 俄罗斯采矿业生态强度动态评价:走向循环经济
IF 4.3 Q2 GREEN & SUSTAINABLE SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY Pub Date : 2023-03-01 DOI: 10.3390/recycling8020031
I. Elokhova, K. Vyatkin, P. Ilyushin, A. Krutova, A. Pepelyaeva, N. Sliusar
One of the main tasks of the circular economy is the decoupling between economic growth and natural resource consumption at the input and the volume of generated waste at the output. The effectiveness of this process can be assessed by the dynamics of the eco-intensity indicators at the macro-, meso- and micro-levels. The article presents the assessment results of the decoupling and growth color of the mining sector in Russia, which show the dynamics of eco-intensity indicators and may reflect the trend towards a circular economy. For the period 2010–2021, it was revealed that negative expansion decoupling and “Black” growth have been observed in terms of generated waste and atmospheric pollution, strong decoupling and “Green” growth in terms of hydrosphere pollution, weak decoupling and “Brown” growth in terms of electricity consumption, and according to water intake from natural water bodies, expansion coupling and “Black” growth. During the study period, the gross value added (GVA) of the mining industry in Russia in comparable prices increased by 77%, while the industry’s negative impact on the atmosphere increased by 34%; the volume of production and consumption waste generation increased by 131%, and the negative impact on the hydrosphere decreased by 51%. The growth of the environmental and economic efficiency of any system can be achieved by influencing the drivers and barriers to moving towards a circular economy, so it is important to identify the most significant factors of influence for a particular industry, region or country in the current conditions. Using the ordinary least squares (OLS) method, it was revealed that factors reflecting innovative activities of the mining industry have a significant impact on reducing eco-intensity in the field of electricity consumption and water intake from natural water bodies. The significance of these factors’ influence has been confirmed not only at the macro-level, but also at the micro-level.
循环经济的主要任务之一是将经济增长与投入的自然资源消耗和产出的废物产生量脱钩。这一过程的有效性可以通过宏观、中观和微观生态强度指标的动态来评价。本文提出了俄罗斯矿业部门的脱钩和增长颜色的评估结果,显示了生态强度指标的动态变化,可能反映了循环经济的趋势。2010-2021年期间,产生的废弃物和大气污染表现为负膨胀脱钩和“黑色”增长,水圈污染表现为强脱钩和“绿色”增长,用电量表现为弱脱钩和“棕色”增长,从自然水体取水表现为膨胀耦合和“黑色”增长。在研究期间,按可比价格计算,俄罗斯采矿业的总增加值(GVA)增长了77%,而该行业对大气的负面影响增加了34%;生产和消费废弃物产生量增加了131%,对水圈的负面影响减少了51%。任何系统的环境和经济效率的提高都可以通过影响向循环经济发展的驱动因素和障碍来实现,因此,确定在当前条件下对特定行业、区域或国家影响最大的因素是很重要的。利用普通最小二乘(OLS)方法发现,反映采矿业创新活动的因素在电力消耗和自然水体取水方面对降低生态强度有显著影响。这些因素的影响不仅在宏观层面上,而且在微观层面上都得到了证实。
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引用次数: 0
Recovery of Collagen/Gelatin from Fish Waste with Carbon Dioxide as a Green Solvent: An Optimization and Characterization 以二氧化碳为绿色溶剂从鱼废中回收胶原/明胶:优化及表征
IF 4.3 Q2 GREEN & SUSTAINABLE SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY Pub Date : 2023-02-23 DOI: 10.3390/recycling8020030
S. Phon, Adit Ludfi Pradana, S. P. Thanasupsin
Fish processing produces large amounts of fish waste. Instead of disposing of it, it is wiser to recover the valuable resource for high-value-added products. Our study proposed a process using carbon dioxide-acidified water as a green solvent under supercritical conditions to successfully recover collagen/gelatin from the skin and bone of striped catfish. The optimum extraction conditions were obtained at 75 bar, 37 °C, and 24 h. The yields from the dry skin and bone mass were around 37% and 8%, respectively. The extracted products were characterized by Fourier-transformed infrared spectroscopy to study the functional groups, scanning electron microscopy to evaluate the morphology, sodium dodecyl-sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis to study the protein pattern, UV–vis analysis to measure the absorption peak, and thermal gravimetric analysis to determine the denaturation temperature. The results show the viability of the proposed method on an industrial scale. The characteristics of the extracted product show promising results and potential for being developed further in many applications such as biomaterial engineering in healthcare or natural polymer-based absorbent material for efficient removal of heavy metals from water and wastewater.
鱼类加工会产生大量的鱼类废弃物。与其将其处理掉,不如将宝贵的资源回收用于高附加值产品。我们的研究提出了一种在超临界条件下使用二氧化碳酸化水作为绿色溶剂的方法,成功地从条纹鲶鱼的皮肤和骨骼中回收胶原蛋白/明胶。最佳提取条件为75巴、37°C和24小时。干燥皮肤和骨量的产率分别约为37%和8%。通过傅立叶变换红外光谱研究官能团,扫描电子显微镜评估形态,十二烷基硫酸钠-聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳研究蛋白质图谱,紫外-可见光谱分析测量吸收峰,热重分析确定变性温度,对提取产物进行表征。结果表明该方法在工业规模上是可行的。提取产物的特性显示出有希望的结果和在许多应用中进一步开发的潜力,例如医疗保健中的生物材料工程或用于有效去除水中和废水中重金属的基于天然聚合物的吸收材料。
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引用次数: 1
Circular Construction Indicator: Assessing Circularity in the Design, Construction, and End-of-Life Phase 圆形结构指标:评估设计、施工和寿命终止阶段的圆形性
IF 4.3 Q2 GREEN & SUSTAINABLE SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY Pub Date : 2023-02-22 DOI: 10.3390/recycling8020029
K. Anastasiades, J. Blom, A. Audenaert
The construction industry is responsible for half of the currently excavated amount of raw materials. In addition, a quarter of all waste in the European Union is construction waste. This construction waste comprises numerous materials that can still be reused or recycled. Thus, a shift to a circular construction sector is necessary. To make this shift, it is vital to enable the measurement of and the progress toward circularity. Therefore, this paper investigates the currently available circularity indicators with regard to the 4 Rs—Reduce, Reuse, Recycle, Recover. Subsequently, a comprehensive Circular Construction Indicator framework is introduced that evaluates a construction project according to the three typical construction phases: design, construction, and end-of-life. In this, new partial indicators to assess material scarcity, structural efficiency, and service life prediction should help designers consider these aspects already in the conceptual design stage. Lastly, suggestions for further research are defined to develop further said new partial indicators.
建筑业占目前原材料挖掘量的一半。此外,欧盟四分之一的废物是建筑垃圾。这种建筑垃圾包括许多仍然可以重复使用或回收的材料。因此,有必要转向循环建筑业。为了实现这一转变,实现循环性的测量和进展至关重要。因此,本文研究了目前可用的关于4Rs的循环性指标——减少、重用、回收、恢复。随后,引入了一个全面的循环建设指标框架,根据三个典型的建设阶段:设计、施工和报废来评估建设项目。在这方面,评估材料稀缺性、结构效率和使用寿命预测的新的部分指标应该有助于设计师在概念设计阶段考虑这些方面。最后,提出了进一步研究的建议,以进一步发展上述新的部分指标。
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引用次数: 2
Effectiveness of the IoT in Regional Energy Transition: The Smart Bin Case Study 物联网在区域能源转型中的有效性:智能垃圾箱案例研究
IF 4.3 Q2 GREEN & SUSTAINABLE SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY Pub Date : 2023-02-20 DOI: 10.3390/recycling8010028
Dimitris Ziouzios, M. Dasygenis
As part of the European Green Deal, the EU aims to become climate-neutral and reach net-zero greenhouse gas emissions by 2050. Lignite has long dominated the electricity system of Greece, providing cheap and reliable energy, given the abundant and low-cost domestic resources at the cost of increased emission. In line with its national and international commitments to climate action, Greece needs to urgently transform its energy system and overcome its technological lock-ins, paving the way for a net-zero emission economy by the mid-century. The Internet of Things plays a significant role in this direction, providing with its technologies the protection of the environment and creating new jobs. The smart bins constitute an interesting proposal for areas in the energy transition. This research work reflects the current situation in the region of Western Macedonia and proposes the smart bin project as a part of the solution in the transition to the post-lignite era. For this purpose, survey research has been conducted in the municipalities of Greece on waste management technology.
作为《欧洲绿色协议》的一部分,欧盟的目标是到2050年实现气候中和,实现温室气体净零排放。长期以来,褐煤一直主导着希腊的电力系统,由于国内资源丰富且成本低廉,以增加排放为代价,提供了廉价可靠的能源。根据其对国内和国际气候行动的承诺,希腊需要紧急改革其能源系统,克服技术限制,为到本世纪中叶实现净零排放经济铺平道路。物联网在这个方向上发挥着重要作用,通过其技术保护环境并创造新的就业机会。智能垃圾箱为能源转型领域提出了一个有趣的建议。这项研究工作反映了西马其顿地区的现状,并提出了智能垃圾箱项目,作为向后褐煤时代过渡的解决方案的一部分。为此目的,在希腊各城市进行了关于废物管理技术的调查研究。
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引用次数: 1
The Effects of Data Security and Perceived Benefits on Mobile Phone Recycling Behaviour and the Recycling Intention Mediation Role 数据安全和感知利益对手机回收行为的影响及回收意愿的中介作用
IF 4.3 Q2 GREEN & SUSTAINABLE SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY Pub Date : 2023-02-18 DOI: 10.3390/recycling8010027
Taher Ben Yahya, N. M. Jamal, B. Sundarakani, Siti Zaleha Omain
Mobile phones are the most heavily utilised electronic devices on a global scale. Since they are relatively smaller than other electronic devices, unlike other electronic waste (e-waste), they are not disposed of properly. Hence, this study examines the factors influencing mobile phone users’ overall intention to recycle their mobile phones. The factors used originate from the theory of planned behaviour (TPB), but additional factors were also included, namely, perceived benefits and data security, to allow for a more in-depth analysis of customer behaviour. Partial least squares structural equation modelling (PLS-SEM) was employed to analyse 601 results from the United Arab Emirates (UAE) through a self-administered online survey. The results demonstrate that perceived benefits (whether environmental or financial) and perceived behavioural control possess the most statistically significant positive effects on the UAE mobile phone users’ intention to participate in reverse supply chain (RSC) processes such as refurbishing or recycling. The impacts of attitude and subjective norms were the second most positive influences. Meanwhile, only 7% of UAE mobile phone users were significantly impacted by data security in participating in RSC processes. Additionally, recycling intention had no noticeable mediation effect on the relationship among the TPB variables and the extended variables (namely, data security and perceived benefits) and mobile phone recycling behaviour. The study offers confidence to industrial players in implementing these particular factors in their reverse supply chain management (RSCM) systems to influence more users to return end-of-life (EOL) or end-of-use (EOU) mobile phones, which could, in return, assist in resource preservation and environmental protection.
移动电话是全球范围内使用率最高的电子设备。与其他电子废物(电子废物)不同,由于它们比其他电子设备相对较小,因此无法妥善处置。因此,本研究考察了影响手机用户回收手机整体意向的因素。所使用的因素源于计划行为理论(TPB),但也包括其他因素,即感知利益和数据安全,以便对客户行为进行更深入的分析。采用偏最小二乘结构方程模型(PLS-SEM)对来自阿拉伯联合酋长国(UAE)的601项自我管理的在线调查结果进行分析。结果表明,感知利益(无论是环境还是财务)和感知行为控制对阿联酋手机用户参与逆向供应链(RSC)过程(如翻新或回收)的意图具有最显著的统计积极影响。态度和主观规范的影响是第二积极的影响。同时,只有7%的阿联酋手机用户在参与RSC过程中受到数据安全的严重影响。此外,回收意愿对TPB变量与扩展变量(即数据安全性和感知效益)与手机回收行为之间的关系没有显著的中介作用。本研究为业界人士提供信心,让他们在逆向供应链管理(RSCM)系统中实施这些特定因素,以影响更多用户退回使用寿命终止(EOL)或使用终止(EOU)的手机,从而有助于资源保存和环境保护。
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引用次数: 1
Recycling of Post-Consumer Polystyrene Packaging Waste into New Food Packaging Applications—Part 1: Direct Food Contact 消费后聚苯乙烯包装废物回收利用到新的食品包装应用-第1部分:直接食品接触
IF 4.3 Q2 GREEN & SUSTAINABLE SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY Pub Date : 2023-02-16 DOI: 10.3390/recycling8010026
F. Welle
The increase in plastic recycling is an essential pre-requisite for the transition to a circular economy. Polystyrene (PS) is a low diffusive polymer and therefore a promising candidate for recycling back into food contact similar to polyethylene terephthalate (PET). However, such a recycling of PS cups has been not established to date on a commercial scale. Even if recycling back into food contact is desired, the health of the consumer must not be at risk. As a consequence, recycling processes must go through a conservative assessment by relevant authorities. For PS, however, evaluation criteria are not published, which is a drawback for process developers. Within the study, post-consumer PS recyclates were evaluated in a similar way to existing evaluation criteria for PET and HDPE. For the recycling of post-consumer PS back into packages with direct contact with food, there are still some points open which cannot be answered conclusively today. Upon closer inspection, there appears to be enough information available to give a first indication as to whether recycling of post-consumer PS packaging materials back into direct food contact can be considered safe. The knowledge gaps in PS recycling were determined and discussed.
塑料回收的增加是向循环经济转型的必要前提。聚苯乙烯(PS)是一种低扩散性聚合物,因此与聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯(PET)类似,是一种很有前途的回收食品接触的候选者。然而,迄今为止,这种PS杯的回收还没有建立在商业规模上。即使需要回收再与食物接触,消费者的健康也不能受到威胁。因此,回收过程必须经过相关部门的保守评估。然而,对于PS来说,评估标准没有公布,这对流程开发人员来说是一个缺点。在该研究中,消费后PS回收物的评估方式与PET和HDPE的现有评估标准类似。对于将消费后PS回收到与食品直接接触的包装中,仍有一些问题至今无法得到最终解决。经过仔细检查,似乎有足够的信息可以首次表明,将消费后的PS包装材料回收直接接触食品是否安全。确定并讨论了PS回收中的知识差距。
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引用次数: 4
Assessing the Sorting Efficiency of Plastic Packaging Waste in an Italian Material Recovery Facility: Current and Upgraded Configuration 评估意大利材料回收设施中塑料包装废物的分拣效率:现有和升级配置
IF 4.3 Q2 GREEN & SUSTAINABLE SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY Pub Date : 2023-02-12 DOI: 10.3390/recycling8010025
G. Gadaleta, S. De Gisi, F. Todaro, Giuseppe D’Alessandro, S. Binetti, M. Notarnicola
The first step in reintroducing plastic waste into the recycling cycle is to use material recovery facilities (MRFs). However, while the composition and types of plastic waste are changing over time, the layout of MRFs does not always adapt to this change. In this paper, an existing MRF in Southern Italy was chosen as a reference to evaluate its current performance and to estimate possible improvements in sorting through a specific upgrade. First, an analysis of the amount, composition, and sources (in terms of type of waste and distance from the MRF) of the input waste was conducted. The composition of the input waste was then compared with the amount of selected output waste streams in order to calculate the current sorting efficiency of each stream and compare it with the values obtained from the upgrade. Lastly, the current performance of the plant was compared with a previous assessment of the same MRF in order to highlight possible variation. Results showed how the incoming waste was mainly composed of packaging plastic waste, and that some plastic waste not yet selected by the plant ended up in specific output streams. Therefore, the current performance of the MRF resulted high for PET and PE bottles (80.2% and 92.8%, respectively), in contrast to mixed or flexible packaging, where the efficiency achieved lower values (55–50%). These values were caused by a weakness in the 2D flow sorting line, which the upgrade mostly addressed. The upgraded configuration increased the production of recyclable waste from 34.32% to 50.39%, especially due to the recovery of small flexible packaging films in PE and biopolymers.
将塑料垃圾重新引入回收循环的第一步是使用材料回收设施。然而,尽管塑料垃圾的成分和类型随着时间的推移而变化,但MRF的布局并不总是适应这种变化。在本文中,选择意大利南部的一个现有MRF作为参考,以评估其当前的性能,并估计通过特定升级进行排序时可能的改进。首先,对输入废物的数量、成分和来源(根据废物类型和与MRF的距离)进行了分析。然后将输入废物的组成与所选择的输出废物流的量进行比较,以计算每个物流的当前分拣效率,并将其与从升级中获得的值进行比较。最后,将工厂的当前性能与之前对相同MRF的评估进行了比较,以突出可能的变化。结果显示,进入的废物主要由包装塑料废物组成,一些工厂尚未选择的塑料废物最终进入特定的输出流。因此,与混合包装或柔性包装相比,PET和PE瓶的MRF目前的性能较高(分别为80.2%和92.8%),而混合包装或软包装的效率较低(55-50%)。这些值是由2D流分拣线的弱点引起的,升级主要解决了这个问题。升级后的配置将可回收废物的产生率从34.32%提高到50.39%,特别是由于PE和生物聚合物中的小型柔性包装膜的回收。
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引用次数: 4
Identification and Evaluation of (Non-)Intentionally Added Substances in Post-Consumer Recyclates and Their Toxicological Classification 消费后回收物中(非)有意添加物质的鉴定与评价及其毒理学分类
IF 4.3 Q2 GREEN & SUSTAINABLE SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY Pub Date : 2023-02-09 DOI: 10.3390/recycling8010024
Christian Rung, F. Welle, A. Gruner, Arielle Springer, Z. Steinmetz, K. Muñoz
According to the European circular economy strategy, all plastic packaging placed on the market by 2030 has to be recyclable. However, for recycled plastics in direct contact with food, there are still major safety concerns because (non-)intentionally added substances can potentially migrate from recycled polymers into foodstuffs. Therefore, the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) has derived very low migration limits (e.g., 0.1 µg/L for recycled polyethylene terephthalate (PET) and 0.06 µg/L for recycled high-density polyethylene (HDPE)) for recycled polymers. Thus, the use of recyclates from post-consumer waste materials in direct food contact is currently only possible for PET. A first step in assessing potential health hazards is, therefore, the identification and toxicological classification of detected substances. Within this study, samples of post-consumer recyclates from different packaging-relevant recycling materials (HDPE, LDPE, PE, PP, PET, and PS) were analyzed. The detected substances were identified and examined with a focus on their abundance, toxicity (Cramer classification), polarity (log P values), chemical diversity, and origin (post-consumer substances vs. virgin base polymer substances). It was demonstrated that polyolefins contain more substances classified as toxic than PET, potentially due to their higher diffusivity. In addition, despite its low diffusivity compared to polyolefins, a high number of substances was found in PS. Further, post-consumer substances were found to be significantly more toxicologically concerning than virgin base polymer substances. Additionally, a correlation between high log P values and a high Cramer classification was found. It was concluded that PET is currently the only polymer that complies with EFSA’s requirements for a circular economy. However, better-structured collection systems and cleaning processes, as well as more analytical methods that enable a highly sensitive detection and identification of substances, might offer the possibility of implementing other polymers into recycling processes in the future.
根据欧洲循环经济战略,到2030年,所有投放市场的塑料包装都必须是可回收的。然而,对于与食品直接接触的回收塑料,仍然存在主要的安全问题,因为(非)故意添加的物质可能会从回收聚合物迁移到食品中。因此,欧洲食品安全局(EFSA)得出了回收聚合物的极低迁移限值(例如,回收聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯(PET)为0.1µg/L,回收高密度聚乙烯(HDPE)为0.06µg/L)。因此,目前只有PET才有可能在食品直接接触中使用来自消费后废物的可回收物。因此,评估潜在健康危害的第一步是对检测到的物质进行鉴定和毒理学分类。在这项研究中,分析了来自不同包装相关回收材料(HDPE、LDPE、PE、PP、PET和PS)的消费后回收物样本。对检测到的物质进行了鉴定和检查,重点关注其丰度、毒性(克雷默分类)、极性(log P值)、化学多样性和来源(消费后物质与原始基础聚合物物质)。研究表明,聚烯烃比PET含有更多的有毒物质,这可能是因为它们的扩散率更高。此外,尽管与聚烯烃相比,其扩散率较低,但在PS中发现了大量物质。此外,发现消费后物质在毒理学上比原始基础聚合物物质更令人担忧。此外,发现高log P值与高Cramer分类之间存在相关性。得出的结论是,PET是目前唯一符合EFSA循环经济要求的聚合物。然而,结构更好的收集系统和清洁过程,以及能够对物质进行高度敏感的检测和识别的更多分析方法,可能会为将来将其他聚合物应用于回收过程提供可能性。
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引用次数: 4
Recycling of Plastic Food Packages: A Case Study with Finnish University Students 塑料食品包装的回收:芬兰大学生的案例研究
IF 4.3 Q2 GREEN & SUSTAINABLE SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY Pub Date : 2023-02-09 DOI: 10.3390/recycling8010023
Jarmo Alarinta, M. Närvä, G. Wirtanen
Recycling, depositing, and proper discarding of plastics are significant means to reduce plastics in the environment. The purpose of this study was to monitor both the type and amount of plastic food packages recycled, reused, and discarded in Finnish households with at least one university student. The participating students came from various universities of applied sciences. They participated in courses related to sustainable food systems at Seinäjoki University of Applied Sciences. In total, 785 approved participants from 363 households took part in one-week monitoring. The focus was to quantify the number of food packages used and specify how the respondents handled the food packages after use. This study shows that the recycling rate of plastic packages in Finnish households was 61%. Bigger households produce less packaging waste per person than one- or two-person households. Furthermore, the recycling activity in single-person households was lower than for two- and three-person households. The Finnish deposit system for drink packages encourages people to recycle packages. This reduces municipal waste. Recycling requires knowledge of the plastic material used in food packages.
回收、存放和适当丢弃塑料是减少环境中塑料的重要手段。这项研究的目的是监测至少有一名大学生的芬兰家庭中回收、重复使用和丢弃的塑料食品包装的类型和数量。参与的学生来自不同的应用科学大学。他们参加了Seinäjoki应用科学大学与可持续粮食系统有关的课程。总共有来自363个家庭的785名经批准的参与者参加了为期一周的监测。重点是量化使用的食品包装数量,并说明受访者在使用后如何处理食品包装。这项研究表明,芬兰家庭的塑料包装回收率为61%。大家庭每人产生的包装垃圾比一到两个人的家庭少。此外,单人家庭的回收活动低于双人和三人家庭。芬兰的饮料包装押金制度鼓励人们回收包装。这减少了城市垃圾。回收需要了解食品包装中使用的塑料材料。
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引用次数: 0
The Effect of Recycled Citrogypsum as a Supplementary Mineral Additive on the Physical and Mechanical Performance of Granulated Blast Furnace Slag-Based Alkali-Activated Binders 再生柠檬酸石膏作为矿物补充添加剂对造粒高炉渣基碱活化粘结剂物理力学性能的影响
IF 4.3 Q2 GREEN & SUSTAINABLE SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY Pub Date : 2023-02-07 DOI: 10.3390/recycling8010022
N. Kozhukhova, N. Alfimova, M. Kozhukhova, I. Nikulin, Roman A. Glazkov, Anna I. Kolomytceva
In the last decades, gypsum-bearing industrial wastes become one of the common globally produced industrial and domestic wastes that are currently recycled and further utilized. In this study, the gypsum-bearing waste citrogypsum was used as a Ca2+-containing component to modify the properties of alkali-activated cement (AAC) based on granulated blast-furnace slag (GBFS). Citrogypsum was used in different AAC mixes activated with three different alkaline components: Na2CO3, NaOH, and Na2SiO3. Laser granulometry was applied to assess the granulometric characteristics of citrogypsum and GBFS. Specific gravity (SG), compressive strength, and water resistance were tested to evaluate the effect of citrogypsum on the physical and strength performance of AAC. Experimental results obtained over 4-day to 28-day time periods for the studied AACs showed that the addition of citrogypsum had a detrimental effect on the properties of AAC mixes, where decreases in compressive strength between 1 and 100%, decreases in specific gravity between 4 and 30%, and decreases in water resistance between 12 and 100% were observed. It was determined that AAC mixes modified with citrogypsum cured in ambient conditions had compressive strength values 61% to 90% lower than those cured in hydrothermal conditions. In terms of strength performance, specific gravity and water resistance, citrogypsum showed the greatest effect on AAC mixes activated with NaOH, and to a lesser extent, on mixes activated with Na2CO3. The highest water resistance value of 0.77 was observed for the AAC mixes activated with Na2CO3 cured in ambient conditions, and when cured in hydrothermal conditions, the highest water resistance reached up to 0.84 for the AAC mixes activated with NaOH. It was observed that the type of alkaline activator and curing conditions are both crucial factors that govern the response of citrogypsum as a supplementary mineral additive in GBFS-based AAC mixes in regard to compressive strength, specific gravity and water resistance.
在过去的几十年里,含石膏的工业废物成为全球常见的工业和生活废物之一,目前正在回收和进一步利用。本研究以含石膏的废弃香茅为含Ca2+组分,对基于粒化高炉矿渣(GBFS)的碱活性水泥(AAC)的性能进行了改性。柠檬酸石膏用于三种不同碱性成分(Na2CO3、NaOH和Na2SiO3)活化的不同AAC混合物中。激光粒度测定法用于评估柠檬ypsum和GBFS的粒度特征。测试了比重(SG)、抗压强度和耐水性,以评估香茅对AAC物理和强度性能的影响。所研究AAC在4天至28天的时间段内获得的实验结果表明,柠檬酸的添加对AAC混合物的性能有不利影响,其中观察到抗压强度降低了1%至100%,比重降低了4%至30%,耐水性降低了12%至100%。经测定,用在环境条件下固化的柠檬酸改性的AAC混合物的抗压强度值比在水热条件下固化时低61%至90%。就强度性能、比重和耐水性而言,香茅对用NaOH活化的AAC混合物的影响最大,对用Na2CO3活化的混合物的影响较小。在环境条件下固化的用Na2CO3活化的AAC混合物的最高耐水性值为0.77,并且当在水热条件下固化时,用NaOH活化的AAC混合物的最高防水性达到0.84。据观察,碱性活化剂的类型和固化条件都是控制柠檬酸作为GBFS基AAC混合物中的补充矿物添加剂在抗压强度、比重和耐水性方面的响应的关键因素。
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引用次数: 2
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