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Prussian blue‐based inorganic flexible electrochromism glucose sensor 普鲁士蓝基无机柔性电致变色葡萄糖传感器
IF 2.7 Q2 ENGINEERING, ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONIC Pub Date : 2021-03-11 DOI: 10.1049/NDE2.12011
Anjali Chaudhary, Tanushree Ghosh, D. Pathak, S. Kandpal, M. Tanwar, C. Rani, Rajesh Kumar
Flexible inorganic Prussian blue (PB) containing electrode hcas been synthesised using a simple electrodeposition technique for dual functions in electronics (electrochromism) and biology (glucose sensing) applications. Structural and spectroscopic characterisations of the fabricated film have been done using electron microscopy and Raman spectroscopy. Flexible inorganic electrochromic device is one of its kind having promising features with colour contrast (50%), coloration efficiency (80 cm 2 /C) and robust stability for more than 400 s. The prototype device contains only PB electrode as active electrochromic material with gel electrolyte in a pre ‐ designed device geometry that exhibits two primary colours, blue and green, with little amount of bias switching. Reversible redox processes have been found to be responsible for the electrochromism in PB containing flexible device. The same has been experimentally verified using spectroscopic and electrochemical techniques during device’s operation. Its additional use for glucose sensing purpose can be exploited for wearable electronics application. It is a first fully developed inorganic flexible device with superior electrochromic performance.
采用简单的电沉积技术合成了柔性无机普鲁士蓝(PB)电极,在电子学(电致变色)和生物学(葡萄糖传感)应用中具有双重功能。利用电子显微镜和拉曼光谱对制备的薄膜进行了结构和光谱表征。柔性无机电致变色器件是同类器件之一,具有色彩对比度(50%),显色效率(80 cm 2 /C)和超过400 s的稳健稳定性。该原型器件仅包含PB电极作为活性电致变色材料,其凝胶电解质在预先设计的器件几何结构中显示蓝色和绿色两种原色,并且具有少量的偏置开关。可逆氧化还原过程是导致含铅柔性器件电致变色的主要原因。在装置运行过程中,利用光谱和电化学技术进行了实验验证。其用于葡萄糖传感目的的附加用途可用于可穿戴电子应用。它是国内第一个完全开发的具有优异电致变色性能的无机柔性器件。
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引用次数: 15
Tuneable resonance frequency vibrational energy harvester with electret-embedded variable capacitor 可调谐谐振频率振动能量采集器与驻极体嵌入可变电容器
IF 2.7 Q2 ENGINEERING, ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONIC Pub Date : 2021-03-10 DOI: 10.1049/nde2.12007
Xingchen Ma, Xiaoya Yang, Heinz von Seggern, Ying Dai, Pengfei He, Gerhard M. Sessler, Xiaoqing Zhang

An electret-based electrostatic energy harvester featuring tuneable resonance frequency, small size, light weight, and high output power was designed and its performance predicted by the finite element method and verified by experiment. The device consists of a resilient fluorinated polyethylene propylene (FEP) electret film that is metallised on one side with a small seismic mass attached to its centre and an arc-shaped counter electrode. In principle, such an energy harvester is mechanically a mass-spring system and electrically a self-bias voltage variable capacitor and converts vibrational energy into electrical energy by electromechanical coupling. For an energy harvester sample with dimensions of 30 × 10 × 9 mm for which the last dimension denotes the initial depth of the centre of the harvester, the resonance frequency can be tuned from 17 to 70 Hz by stretching the length of the FEP film loaded with a given seismic mass of 0.06 g. For a seismic mass of 0.1 g, the harvester generated a power up to 797 μW to a matching resistor at its resonance frequency of 17 Hz at an acceleration of 1×g, where g is the gravity of the earth. Such energy harvesters are promising candidates for use in self-powered electronic devices and wireless sensor network nodes.

设计了一种谐振频率可调、体积小、重量轻、输出功率大的驻极体静电能量采集器,并对其性能进行了有限元预测和实验验证。该装置由一个弹性的氟化聚乙烯丙烯(FEP)驻极体膜组成,该膜的一侧被金属化,中心附着一个小的地震质量,以及一个弧形的对电极。原理上,该能量采集器机械上为质量弹簧系统,电气上为自偏压可变电容,通过机电耦合将振动能转换为电能。对于尺寸为30 × 10 × 9 mm的能量收集器样品,其最后一个尺寸表示收集器中心的初始深度,通过拉伸加载给定地震质量0.06 g的FEP膜的长度,可以将共振频率从17 Hz调谐到70 Hz。当地震质量为0.1 g时,采集器以17 Hz的谐振频率向匹配电阻产生797 μW的功率,加速度为1×g (g为地球重力)。这种能量收集器有望用于自供电电子设备和无线传感器网络节点。
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引用次数: 7
Impact of adding activated bentonite to thermally aged ester-based TiO2 nanofluids on insulation performance 热老化酯基TiO2纳米流体中添加活化膨润土对保温性能的影响
IF 2.7 Q2 ENGINEERING, ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONIC Pub Date : 2021-03-07 DOI: 10.1049/nde2.12010
A. J. Amalanathan, N. Harid, H. Griffiths, R. Sarathi

The authors report the key findings from an experimental study that explored the use of activated bentonite for the reclamation of thermally aged ester-based transformer nanofluids to improve their insulation performance. Bentonite activated with acid treatment caused an increase in the specific surface area and pore volume of bentonite compared to the bentonite sample before treatment, thus imparting an improved adsorption capability. Physico-chemical diagnostic studies were carried out to characterise the activated bentonite. The insulation performance of the reclaimed natural ester and nano-filled ester fluid samples was assessed by measuring the corona inception voltage and breakdown voltage of each fluid sample, apart form measuring the flow electrification current using the spinning disk method. The results revealed that the reclamation process improved the corona inception voltage, dissipation factor and the breakdown voltage of the base ester fluid sample due to attraction of carbon particles to activated bentonite, but no significant variation was observed with nanofluids due to the depletion of the electrical double layer. The flow electrification current of ester and ester nanofluids reduced after treatment with activated bentonite, may be attributed to the interaction between copper and bentonite that alters the double layer formation responsible for the separation of charges.

作者报告了一项实验研究的关键发现,该研究探索了使用活化膨润土回收热老化的酯基变压器纳米流体,以提高其绝缘性能。经酸处理后的膨润土比表面积和孔体积比处理前的膨润土样品有所增加,从而提高了吸附能力。进行了物理化学诊断研究,以表征活化的膨润土。采用旋转盘法测定电流起电电流,并通过测量各流体样品的电晕起始电压和击穿电压来评价再生天然酯和纳米填充酯流体样品的绝缘性能。结果表明,由于碳颗粒对活化膨润土的吸引力,回收工艺提高了碱酯流体样品的电晕起始电压、耗散因子和击穿电压,但由于双电层的损耗,纳米流体样品的电晕起始电压和击穿电压没有显著变化。经活化膨润土处理后,酯和酯纳米流体的流动通电电流降低,可能是由于铜和膨润土之间的相互作用改变了负责电荷分离的双层形成。
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引用次数: 7
Nickel-cobalt-zinc ferrite nanoparticles for radio-frequency/terahertz frequency-selective surface application 用于射频/太赫兹频率选择性表面应用的镍钴锌铁氧体纳米颗粒
IF 2.7 Q2 ENGINEERING, ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONIC Pub Date : 2021-02-22 DOI: 10.1049/nde2.12004
Meenakshi Arya, Mayuri N. Gandhi, Shriganesh S. Prabhu, Venu Gopal Achanta, Siddhartha P Duttagupta

Nanoparticles of Ni0.5Co0.2Zn0.3Fe2O4 were prepared using the sol-gel combustion route. The nanoparticles were characterised by x-ray diffraction to confirm single-phase formation in a cubic spinel structure. Micro- and nanostructural analyses were carried out using field emission-scanning electron microscopy and field emission-transmission electron microscopy, respectively. A planetary ball milling technique was used to grind the powder into nanoparticles; the average particle size was 64 nm. Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy was used to determine the atomic composition of the sample. Radio-frequency characteristics were recorded for dielectric measurement in a frequency range of 1 Hz to 15 MHz using a broadband dielectric spectrometer. Terahertz (THz) time-domain spectroscopy was performed to study THz-optical parameters such as refractive index, dielectric constant, and conductivity at room temperature in a frequency range of 0.3−2.2 THz using an indigenously developed THz time-domain spectroscopy setup. The magnetic properties of the sample were studied using a SQUID vibrating sample magnetometer under an applied magnetic field of ±10 kOe. An examination of M-H loops revealed that the saturation magnetization (Ms), remanent magnetization (Mr) and coercivity (Hc) increased with an increase in temperature from 300 to 50 K.

采用溶胶-凝胶燃烧法制备了Ni0.5Co0.2Zn0.3Fe2O4纳米颗粒。用x射线衍射对纳米颗粒进行了表征,证实了立方尖晶石结构中单相的形成。采用场发射扫描电镜和场发射透射电镜对其进行微观和纳米结构分析。采用行星球磨技术将粉末磨成纳米颗粒;平均粒径为64 nm。采用能量色散x射线光谱法测定样品的原子组成。使用宽带介电光谱仪记录了1 Hz至15 MHz频率范围内的介电测量的射频特性。太赫兹(THz)时域光谱研究了太赫兹(THz)光学参数,如折射率,介电常数,和电导率在室温下0.3 - 2.2太赫兹频率范围内使用国产太赫兹时域光谱设置。在±10 kOe的外加磁场下,用SQUID振动样品磁强计研究了样品的磁性能。对M- h环的研究表明,饱和磁化强度(M s),剩余磁化强度(mrr)和矫顽力(hc)随温度从300 ~ 50 K的升高而增大。
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引用次数: 4
Regulating dielectric performances of Poly(vinylidene fluoride) nanocomposites by individually controlling shell thickness of Core@Double-Shells structured nanowires 通过单独控制Core@Double - Shells结构纳米线的壳厚度来调节聚偏氟乙烯纳米复合材料的介电性能
IF 2.7 Q2 ENGINEERING, ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONIC Pub Date : 2021-02-21 DOI: 10.1049/nde2.12003
Minhao Yang, Zhi-Yong Xue, Zhi-Min Dang, Yang Shen, Paul Haghi-Ashtiani, Delong He, Jian Xu, Jinbo Bai

The synthesis of core@double-shells structured TiO2@C@SiO2 nanowires (NWs) with variable thickness of carbon inner shell and SiO2 outer shell was achieved by individually controlling the chemical vapour deposition time and amount of silicon precursor added in the sol–gel synthesis. The resultant TiO2@C@SiO2 NWs filled nanocomposites exhibited an excellent dielectric performance with simultaneously improved dielectric constant and suppressed dielectric loss, which could be further regulated by individually controlling the carbon inner shell and SiO2 outer shell thickness. More importantly, the influences of the conductive carbon inner shell and insulated SiO2 outer shell thickness on the dielectric performance of nanocomposites were clearly revealed. The increase of the conductive carbon inner shell thickness would lead to an increase in dielectric constant and loss of nanocomposites, while the insulated SiO2 outer shell exhibited a totally opposite law that the dielectric constant and loss of nanocomposites decrease with increasing SiO2 outer shell thickness. Numerical simulations were also carried out to theoretically verify the relationship between the dielectric loss and SiO2 outer shell thickness. This promising controllable multi-shell structure could be extended to a variety of hybrids to develop high-performance dielectric nanocomposites.

通过控制化学气相沉积时间和溶胶-凝胶合成过程中硅前驱体的添加量,合成了具有变厚度碳壳和变厚度sio2外壳的core@double‐壳结构tio2 @C@SiO 2纳米线(NWs)。由此制备的tio2 @C@SiO 2 NWs填充纳米复合材料具有优异的介电性能,同时提高了介电常数和抑制了介电损耗,这可以通过单独控制碳内壳和sio2外层厚度来进一步调节。更重要的是,揭示了导电碳内壳和绝缘二氧化硅外壳厚度对纳米复合材料介电性能的影响。增加导电碳的内壳厚度会导致纳米复合材料的介电常数和损耗增加,而绝缘的二氧化硅外壳则表现出完全相反的规律,随着二氧化硅外壳厚度的增加,纳米复合材料的介电常数和损耗减小。通过数值模拟从理论上验证了介质损耗与sio2外壳厚度之间的关系。这种有前途的可控多壳结构可以扩展到各种杂化材料中,以开发高性能的介电纳米复合材料。
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引用次数: 4
Novel failure mechanism of nanoscale mesa-type avalanche photodiodes under harsh environmental stresses 纳米台面型雪崩光电二极管在恶劣环境应力下的新型失效机制
IF 2.7 Q2 ENGINEERING, ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONIC Pub Date : 2021-02-21 DOI: 10.1049/nde2.12001
Jack Jia-Sheng Huang, HsiangSzu Chang, Emin Chou, Yu-Heng Jan, Jin-Wei Shi

Avalanche photodiode (APD) is an indispensable receiver component because of its high bandwidth and low noise performance. Recently, APD reliability, under harsh environmental stresses such as high heat and humidity, has drawn great interest in the applications of passive optical network, wireless, military, and free space optics. The authors study the APD degradation under the harsh environment of high humidity and high bias. The failure morphology through cross-sectional scanning electron microscopy is shown, and a new moisture degradation model based on electrochemical oxidation to account for the failure mechanism is developed.

雪崩光电二极管(APD)具有高带宽和低噪声的性能,是一种不可或缺的接收元件。近年来,APD在高温高湿等恶劣环境应力下的可靠性在无源光网络、无线、军事和自由空间光学等领域引起了人们的极大兴趣。作者研究了APD在高湿度和高偏压的恶劣环境下的降解。通过横截面扫描电子显微镜显示了失效形态,并建立了一个基于电化学氧化的新的水分降解模型来解释失效机理。
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引用次数: 1
Enhanced electromechanical performance through chemistry graft copper phthalocyanine to siloxane-modified polyurethane and interpenetrate with siloxane silicon rubber as composite actuator material 通过将酞菁铜化学接枝到硅氧烷改性聚氨酯上并与硅氧烷硅橡胶互穿作为复合致动器材料来增强机电性能
IF 2.7 Q2 ENGINEERING, ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONIC Pub Date : 2021-02-21 DOI: 10.1049/nde2.12008
Tingting Huang, Bolei Yuan, Jun Tang, Yunhe Zhang

Researchers are devoted to developing dielectric elastomers (DEs) with excellent electromechanical properties as an artificial muscle material. The authors report a new class of semi-interpenetrating network (semi-IPN) composites that contains siloxane-modified linear polyurethane (PU) and silicone rubber through reasonable design of polymer structure. The organic-filler copper phthalocyanine (CuPc) is chemically grafted into the semi-interpenetrating network as a cross-linking point and exhibits excellent dispersibility in the matrix. The various properties of the obtained composite films are also evaluated. The dielectric constant (8.65 at 1 kHz) and maximum actuation strain at 30 MV m−1 (5.32%) are significantly higher than those of semi-IPN composites.

国家自然科学基金,授予/奖号:519730801903100摘要研究人员致力于开发具有优异机电性能的介电弹性体(DE)作为人工肌肉材料。作者通过对聚合物结构的合理设计,报道了一类新型的半互穿网络(semi-IPN)复合材料,该复合材料含有硅氧烷改性的线性聚氨酯(PU)和硅橡胶。有机填料酞菁铜(CuPc)被化学接枝到半互穿网络中作为交联点,并在基体中表现出优异的分散性。并对所得复合膜的各种性能进行了评价。介电常数(1 kHz时为8.65)和30 MV m时的最大致动应变(5.32%)显著高于半互穿网络复合材料。
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引用次数: 4
Integrated multifunctional properties of polypropylene composites by employing three-dimensional flower-like MgO with hierarchical surface morphology 采用具有分级表面形态的三维花状MgO制备聚丙烯复合材料的综合多功能性能
IF 2.7 Q2 ENGINEERING, ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONIC Pub Date : 2021-02-16 DOI: 10.1049/nde2.12006
Jun-Wei Zha, Qi Cheng, Jin-Tao Zhai, Xingming Bian, George Chen, Zhi-Min Dang

Polymer nanocomposites have attracted increased attention for use in the field of high-voltage direct current (HVDC) cable insulation. To study the use of polymer nanocomposites for this purpose, 3D flower-like MgO (flower-MgO) particles with hierarchical surface morphology are first synthesised. Polypropylene (PP) was simultaneously mixed with styrene-(ethylene-co-butylene)-styrene triblock copolymer (SEBS) and flower-MgO to obtain PP/SEBS/flower-MgO composites. The microstructural, thermal, electrical, and mechanical properties of the obtained nanocomposites were then studied in detail. The results showed that flower-MgO particles loaded at low concentration were well dispersed in the PP/SEBS matrix. The incorporation of flower-MgO particles has been found to significantly suppress the injection of homocharges and strengthen the ability to release the charge, thus containing accumulation of the space charge. The DC breakdown strength of PP/SEBS/flower-MgO composites was increased to 323 MV/m. Meanwhile, the tensile strength and elongation at break of the obtained composites was improved by loading 0.5 phr flower-MgO because of the synergistic toughening effects of SEBS and MgO. The investigation demonstrates the immense potential to replace nonrecyclable cross-linked polyethylene as an HVDC cable insulating material.

聚合物纳米复合材料在高压直流电缆绝缘领域的应用越来越受到人们的关注。为了研究聚合物纳米复合材料在这方面的应用,首先合成了具有分层表面形貌的3D花状MgO(花- MgO)颗粒。将聚丙烯(PP)与苯乙烯-乙烯- co -丁烯-苯乙烯三嵌段共聚物(SEBS)和花- MgO同时混合,得到PP/SEBS/花- MgO复合材料。然后详细研究了所获得的纳米复合材料的显微组织、热、电和机械性能。结果表明,低浓度的花氧化镁颗粒在PP/SEBS基质中分散良好。研究发现,花-氧化镁颗粒的掺入可以显著抑制同电荷的注入,增强释放电荷的能力,从而抑制空间电荷的积累。PP/SEBS/flower - MgO复合材料的直流击穿强度提高到323 MV/m。同时,由于SEBS和MgO的协同增韧作用,添加0.5 phr的flower - MgO后,复合材料的抗拉强度和断裂伸长率均有所提高。该研究表明,取代不可回收的交联聚乙烯作为高压直流电缆绝缘材料的巨大潜力。
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引用次数: 2
Dielectric performance of magnetic nanoparticles-based ester oil 磁性纳米颗粒基酯油介电性能研究
IF 2.7 Q2 ENGINEERING, ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONIC Pub Date : 2021-02-16 DOI: 10.1049/nde2.12005
Qasim Khan, Vineet Singh, Furkan Ahmad, Asfar Ali Khan
Furkan Ahmad, Centre for Automotive Research and Tribology (CART), Indian Institute of Technology, Delhi, India. Email: furkanahmad@zhcet.ac.in, ahmdfurkan@iitd. ac.in Abstract Nanotechnology has been applied in the electrical industry for the enhancement of insulation properties. The compactness of the electrical machines has resulted in the requirement and creation of next‐generation insulating fluid with inflated dielectric properties. In this study, the magnetic nanoparticles are used in different concentrations to form stable nanofluids comprising ester‐based oils and two different electrode structures. The host fluids are synthetic ester oil and rapeseed oil, and magnetic nanoparticles used are iron (II, III) oxide, cobalt (II, III) oxide, and iron phosphide. Furthermore, the breakdown tests are analysed using Weibull statistical distribution.
纳米技术已应用于电气工业,以提高绝缘性能。电机的紧凑性导致了对具有膨胀介电特性的下一代绝缘流体的要求和创造。在这项研究中,使用不同浓度的磁性纳米颗粒形成稳定的纳米流体,包括酯基油和两种不同的电极结构。宿主流体为合成酯油和菜籽油,磁性纳米颗粒为氧化铁(II, III)、氧化钴(II, III)和磷化铁。此外,采用威布尔统计分布对击穿试验进行了分析。
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引用次数: 5
Time-domain characterisation of epoxy-based barium titanate nanocomposites 环氧基钛酸钡纳米复合材料的时域表征
IF 2.7 Q2 ENGINEERING, ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONIC Pub Date : 2021-02-12 DOI: 10.1049/nde2.12002
Romana Zafar, Nandini Gupta

In this article, the dielectric response of epoxy resin and epoxy-based barium titanate (BaTiO3) nanocomposites is characterised in the time-domain, based on polarisation and depolarisation current measurements. The aim of this article is to understand the dominant polarisation mechanisms in neat epoxy and its nanocomposites and validate the findings in frequency-domain spectroscopy (FDS). The effect of various parameters on the dielectric response of the material is investigated to this end, namely, polarisation–depolarisation time, electrode material, electric field and specimen thickness. The effect of pre-processing the nano-particles before use is also studied. In order to validate the findings of FDS, time-domain spectroscopy (TDS) of neat epoxy and its nanocomposites is performed.

在本文中,基于极化和去极化电流测量,在时域上表征了环氧树脂和环氧基钛酸钡(batio3)纳米复合材料的介电响应。本文的目的是了解纯环氧树脂及其纳米复合材料的主要极化机制,并在频域光谱(FDS)中验证这些发现。为此,研究了各种参数对材料介电响应的影响,即极化-退极化时间、电极材料、电场和试样厚度。研究了使用前对纳米颗粒进行预处理的效果。为了验证FDS的结果,对纯环氧树脂及其纳米复合材料进行了时域光谱(TDS)分析。
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引用次数: 3
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