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Structure design boosts concomitant enhancement of permittivity, breakdown strength, discharged energy density and efficiency in all-organic dielectrics 结构设计提高了全有机电介质的介电常数、击穿强度、放电能量密度和效率
IF 2.7 Q2 ENGINEERING, ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONIC Pub Date : 2020-12-02 DOI: 10.1049/iet-nde.2020.0034
Zhenkang Dan, Weibin Ren, Mengfan Guo, Zhonghui Shen, Tao Zhang, Jianyong Jiang, Cewen Nan, Yang Shen

Polymer-based nanocomposites with excellent flexibility and intrinsic high breakdown strength are promising candidates for high energy density capacitors compared to ceramics counterparts. However, their energy density is relatively low due to the trade-off between permittivity and breakdown strength. In this work, the authors proposed a ferroconcrete-like structure for all-organic nanocomposites via combinatorial electrospinning and hot-pressing method. In this structure, polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) serves as matrix while poly(vinylidene fluoride-co-hexafluoropropylene) (P(VDF-HFP)) serves as reinforcement phase. This novel structure is highly effective in breaking the paradox of improved discharged energy density with decreased efficiency, as evidenced by the concurrently improved discharged energy density (∼12.15 J/cm3 compared to 8.82 J/cm3 of the matrix) and efficiency (∼81.7% compared to 76.8% of the matrix). Compared to conventional blending composite films, samples with ferroconcrete-like structure exhibit higher permittivity, breakdown strength, discharged energy density and efficiency. The superior energy storage performance is attributed to large aspect ratio P(VDF-HFP) fibres distributed perpendicularly to the external field, which brings about the extra enhancement of permittivity. Besides, mechanical properties are improved and restriction on carrier motion is facilitated, leading to enhanced breakdown strength and suppressed conduction. This work provides a new way to design dielectric composite for high energy density and efficiency applications.

:与陶瓷相比,具有优异柔韧性和固有高击穿强度的聚合物基纳米复合材料是高能量密度电容器的有前途的候选者。然而,由于介电常数和击穿强度之间的权衡,它们的能量密度相对较低。在这项工作中,作者通过组合静电纺丝和热压方法,为全有机纳米复合材料提出了一种类似钢筋混凝土的结构。在该结构中,聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯(PMMA)用作基体,而聚(偏二氟乙烯-共-六氟丙烯)(P(VDF-HFP))用作增强相。这种新型结构非常有效地打破了放电能量密度提高和效率降低的矛盾,放电能量密度(与基体的8.82 J/cm 3相比为-12.15 J/cm 3)和效率(与基质的76.8%相比为-81.7%)同时提高就证明了这一点。与传统的共混复合膜相比,具有类钢筋混凝土结构的样品表现出更高的介电常数、击穿强度、放电能量密度和效率。大纵横比P(VDF-HFP)纤维垂直于外电场分布,使介电常数得到了额外的提高,从而获得了优异的储能性能。此外,机械性能得到改善,并且有利于对载流子运动的限制,从而提高了击穿强度并抑制了导通。这项工作为设计高能量密度和高效率应用的电介质复合材料提供了一种新的方法。
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引用次数: 10
Titania-based transformer nanofluid: a study on the synthesis for enhanced breakdown strength and its humidity ageing 钛酸基变压器纳米流体的合成及其湿老化研究
IF 2.7 Q2 ENGINEERING, ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONIC Pub Date : 2020-11-12 DOI: 10.1049/iet-nde.2020.0014
S. Raja, G. Koperundevi

Researches on the transformer oil-based nanofluids to determine its suitability for replacing the conventional liquid insulation has been consistently happening for more than a decade. Yet, to prepare an optimum blend of transformer oil-based nanofluid with the stability compliance and superior breakdown (BD) characteristics is still a key issue to be addressed. So to achieve the higher BD voltages (BDVs) with good stability, the nanoparticle and surfactant weights dispersed in the oil should be optimised to at least possible critical levels. In this work, dielectric BD characteristic of mineral oil dispersed with TiO2 nanoparticle and surfactant cetyl trimethyl ammonium bromide (CTAB) is been studied with the applied AC and DC high voltages, which is termed as titania-based transformer nanofluid (TTNF) for this study. Series of TTNF samples were synthesised with different weights of TiO2 nanoparticle and CTAB, and the partial discharge inception voltage, AC and DC BDV were experimented to ascertain the optimum concentration level. Results show that the AC and DC BDV enhanced up to 36.23 and 43.07%, respectively, for the TTNF prepared with 0.00562 wt% of TiO2 and its 1% weight of CTAB, which was stable for around eight weeks.

十多年来,对变压器油基纳米流体的研究一直在进行,以确定其是否适合取代传统的液体绝缘。然而,制备一种具有稳定性和优异击穿特性的变压器油基纳米流体的最佳混合物仍然是一个需要解决的关键问题。因此,为了实现具有良好稳定性的更高BD电压(BDV),分散在油中的纳米颗粒和表面活性剂的重量应至少优化到可能的临界水平。在交流和直流高压下,研究了TiO2纳米颗粒和表面活性剂十六烷基三甲基溴化铵(CTAB)分散矿物油的介电BD特性,该研究称为二氧化钛基变压器纳米流体(TTNF)。用不同重量的TiO2纳米粒子和CTAB合成了一系列TTNF样品,并对局部放电起始电压、交流和直流BDV进行了实验,以确定最佳浓度水平。结果表明,对于用0.00562制备的TTNF,AC和DC BDV分别提高了36.23%和43.07% 重量%的TiO2及其1重量%的CTAB,其稳定约8周。
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引用次数: 1
High-temperature dielectric properties and impedance spectroscopy of PbHf1−x Snx O3 ceramics phbhf1−x Sn x O 3陶瓷的高温介电性能和阻抗谱
IF 2.7 Q2 ENGINEERING, ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONIC Pub Date : 2020-11-11 DOI: 10.1049/iet-nde.2020.0030
Zhi-Gang Liu, Peng-Zu Ge, Hui Tang, Xin-Gui Tang, Si-Ming Zeng, Yan-Ping Jiang, Zhen-Hua Tang, Qiu-Xiang Liu

PbHf1−x Snx O3 (PSH) ceramics were synthesised by a conventional solid-state reaction method. Dielectric properties were investigated in the temperature range of 20–650°C. As the Sn4+ content goes up, the phase transition temperatures of an antiferroelectric (AFE1) to another intermediate antiferroelectric (AFE2) phase and AFE2 to the paraelectric (PE) phase decrease gradually. When x ≥0.1 for PSH ceramics, the ferroelectric (FE) phase appears around 225°C, and phase transition temperature from FE phase to PE phase goes up with the increasing concentration of Sn4+. Moreover, high-temperature dielectric relaxation (HTDR) phenomenon can be seen from all samples. Mechanism of HTDR was discussed from impedance spectroscopy and conductivity for PSH ceramics. It was found that three dielectric responses were observed in complex impedance plots and HTDR was involved with the movement of oxygen vacancies. Activation energy calculated from dielectric data suggested that the HTDR was governed by the hopping conduction process.

采用传统的固相反应方法合成了PbHf1−x Sn x O3(PSH)陶瓷。在20–650°C的温度范围内研究了介电性能。随着Sn4+含量的增加,反铁电(AFE1)到另一个中间反铁电(AF E2)相以及AFE2到顺电(PE)相的相变温度逐渐降低。当x≥0.1时,PSH陶瓷在225°C左右出现铁电相,随着Sn4+浓度的增加,铁电相向PE相的相变温度升高。此外,从所有样品中都可以看到高温介电弛豫(HTDR)现象。从PSH陶瓷的阻抗谱和电导率两个方面探讨了HTDR的形成机理。研究发现,在复阻抗图中观察到三种介电响应,HTDR与氧空位的运动有关。根据介电数据计算的活化能表明,HTDR受跳跃传导过程的控制。
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引用次数: 9
Liquid-phase preparation of BaTiO3 nanoparticles batio3纳米颗粒的液相制备
IF 2.7 Q2 ENGINEERING, ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONIC Pub Date : 2020-10-30 DOI: 10.1049/iet-nde.2020.0021
Feng Shi, Huiling Chen, Jing Wang

Barium titanate (BaTiO3, BT) is widely used in the manufacture of electronic components such as multilayer ceramic capacitors, supercapacitors, thermistors, ferroelectric devices and piezoelectric devices due to its excellent dielectric, ferroelectric, piezoelectric and insulating properties. The performance of BT-based components is highly dependent on the quality of the BT nanoparticles. Large particle size and uneven distribution are the disadvantages of the BT nanoparticles synthesised by the traditional solid-phase reaction, however, the liquid-phase method can overcome these shortcomings, which has the characteristics of high purity and uniform composition with small particle size, and therefore is the main method for the preparation of BT nanoparticles. This review described various liquid-phase preparation methods of BT nanoparticles and compared the advantages and disadvantages of these methods, thereafter the optimised process parameters that affected the BT crystalline quality were summarised so as to obtain BT nanoparticles with a high crystalline quality, small particle size and even distribution.

:钛酸钡(batio3, BT)由于其优异的介电、铁电、压电和绝缘性能,被广泛应用于多层陶瓷电容器、超级电容器、热敏电阻、铁电器件和压电器件等电子元件的制造。BT基组件的性能高度依赖于BT纳米颗粒的质量。传统固相法合成的BT纳米颗粒存在粒径大、分布不均匀等缺点,而液相法克服了这些缺点,具有纯度高、组成均匀、粒径小的特点,是目前制备BT纳米颗粒的主要方法。本文介绍了BT纳米颗粒的各种液相制备方法,比较了各种方法的优缺点,总结了影响BT纳米颗粒结晶质量的优化工艺参数,从而获得结晶质量高、粒径小、分布均匀的BT纳米颗粒。
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引用次数: 3
Thermal ageing study of ZnO nanofluid–cellulose insulation 氧化锌纳米流体-纤维素绝热老化研究
IF 2.7 Q2 ENGINEERING, ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONIC Pub Date : 2020-10-28 DOI: 10.1049/iet-nde.2020.0018
Asmaa Ibrahim, Loai Nasrat, Ahmed Elnoby, Soliman Eldebeiky

Trends in the studies of mineral oil (MO)-based nanofluids (NFs) show that most of the conducted works have focused only on the thermal and dielectric properties but few numbers on the ageing performance. In the present study, ZnO NF, in combination with cellulose insulation experienced accelerated thermal ageing at 120 °C for 20 days to study the ageing performance and it was compared with that of MO–cellulose insulation. The deterioration rate of cellulose was evaluated through tensile strength, breakdown voltage (BDV) and dielectric dissipation factor properties. Whereas oils deterioration was evaluated through BDV, interfacial tension, kinematic viscosity, acidity and colour. The results demonstrate that for cellulose aged in NF (NFIP), the tensile strength and BDV are 3 and 6.9% higher, respectively; than those aged in MO. For aged oils, NF exhibits higher values of the viscosity and acidity by 3 and 33.3%, respectively, than MO. The BDV of NF is superior to that of MO in the initial ageing period, after that; it shows a lesser reduction tendency with ageing. The most important observation from this study is that despite this increment of ageing indicators for NF, it could improve the anti-ageing properties of cellulose insulation.

矿物油基纳米流体的研究趋势表明,大多数研究工作只关注其热学和介电性能,而很少关注其老化性能。在本研究中,ZnO NF与纤维素绝热材料在120℃下加速热老化20天,研究其老化性能,并与mo -纤维素绝热材料进行比较。通过拉伸强度、击穿电压(BDV)和介电损耗因子等指标评价纤维素的劣化率。而油的变质是通过BDV、界面张力、运动粘度、酸度和颜色来评估的。结果表明:在NF (NFIP)中陈化的纤维素,其抗拉强度和BDV分别提高了3%和6.9%;对于陈化油,NF的粘度值和酸度值分别比MO高3%和33.3%,在初始陈化期,NF的BDV优于MO;随着老化,其还原趋势较小。本研究最重要的观察结果是,尽管NF的老化指标增加了,但它可以提高纤维素绝缘材料的抗老化性能。
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引用次数: 5
Investigations on the effect of ageing on charge de-trapping processes of epoxy–alumina nanocomposites based on isothermal relaxation current measurements 老化对环氧-氧化铝纳米复合材料电荷脱陷过程影响的等温弛豫电流测量研究
IF 2.7 Q2 ENGINEERING, ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONIC Pub Date : 2020-10-13 DOI: 10.1049/iet-nde.2020.0020
Subhajit Maur, Nasirul Haque, Preetha Pottekat, Biswajit Chakraborty, Sovan Dalai, Biswendu Chatterjee

In this study, the relationship between thermal ageing and charge trapping properties of epoxy-based nanocomposites has been investigated. With ageing, any dielectric material undergoes thorough degradation. This degradation significantly affects the space charge accumulation and charge trapping behaviour of the dielectric, which are very important parameters for insulation health under high-voltage direct current (HVDC) environment. In this work, an improved model based on the isothermal relaxation current (IRC) has been developed to study the charge trapping behaviour of pure epoxy and epoxy alumina (Al2 O3) nano-composites at different ageing conditions. A methodology based on polarisation–depolarisation current (PDC) measurements has been proposed to identify the current component due to a dipolar relaxation in measured total IRC. This will help to identify the trap distribution characteristics more accurately compared to conventional IRC measurements. It was experimentally observed that the addition of nanoparticles significantly reduces trapped charge formation and reduces thermal degradation. It is observed that aging leads to the generation of deeper traps, while the addition of Al2 O3 nanoparticles mainly enhances the density of shallow traps. Results presented in this work indicate that epoxy–alumina nanocomposites are very much suitable in HVDC applications from the perspective of trapped charge accumulation.

本文研究了环氧基纳米复合材料的热老化与电荷俘获性能的关系。随着老化,任何介电材料都会彻底退化。这种退化严重影响了介质的空间电荷积累和电荷捕获行为,这是高压直流(HVDC)环境下绝缘健康的重要参数。本文建立了一种基于等温弛豫电流(IRC)的改进模型,用于研究纯环氧树脂和环氧氧化铝(Al2O3)纳米复合材料在不同老化条件下的电荷俘获行为。提出了一种基于极化-去极化电流(PDC)测量的方法来识别由于测量的总IRC中的偶极弛豫引起的电流分量。与传统的IRC测量相比,这将有助于更准确地识别圈闭分布特征。实验观察到,纳米粒子的加入显著减少了捕获电荷的形成,减少了热降解。结果表明:时效导致了深层陷阱的形成,而Al2O3纳米粒子的加入主要增强了浅层陷阱的密度。本研究结果表明,从捕获电荷积累的角度来看,环氧氧化铝纳米复合材料非常适合于高压直流应用。
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引用次数: 4
Review of dielectric elastomers for actuators, generators and sensors 致动器、发电机和传感器用电介质弹性体综述
IF 2.7 Q2 ENGINEERING, ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONIC Pub Date : 2020-09-03 DOI: 10.1049/iet-nde.2019.0045
Yu Zhao, Li-Juan Yin, Shao-Long Zhong, Jun-Wei Zha, Zhi-Min Dang

Electroactive polymer (EAP) is a kind of smart material, which can change its shape under the stimulation of electric field. Dielectric elastomer (DE) is an important member of the EAP. DE has the characteristics of excellent performance, such as light weight, low noise, low cost, and so on, which guarantee its wide applications in the fields of actuators, generators, sensors. In this review, the principles of energy conversion, the research status and latest development of new technologies for DEs, and the performance characteristics of DEs are summarised. Simultaneously, it points out the development problems and feasible countermeasures. At last, the application prospects of DE are discussed, combined with the research direction of the international frontier.

电活性聚合物(EAP)是一种在电场刺激下可以改变形状的智能材料。介电弹性体(DE)是EAP的重要组成部分。DE具有重量轻、噪声低、成本低等优异性能,保证了其在执行器、发电机、传感器等领域的广泛应用。本文综述了能量转换的原理、DEs新技术的研究现状和最新发展,以及DEs的性能特点。同时指出了发展中存在的问题和可行的对策。最后,结合国际前沿的研究方向,对DE的应用前景进行了展望。
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引用次数: 28
Improved dielectric properties of PVDF nanocomposites with core–shell structured BaTiO3 @polyurethane nanoparticles 核壳结构batio3 @聚氨酯纳米颗粒改善PVDF纳米复合材料介电性能
IF 2.7 Q2 ENGINEERING, ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONIC Pub Date : 2020-09-01 DOI: 10.1049/iet-nde.2020.0015
Ming-Sheng Zheng, Chong Zhang, Yu Yang, Zhao-Liang Xing, Xin Chen, Shao-Long Zhong, Zhi-Min Dang

Polymer nanocomposites with improved dielectric permittivity and high breakdown strength are extremely desirable for the flexible electronic devices and power systems. The compatibility of fillers and polymer matrix is important in determining the dielectric and breakdown strength properties. The core–shell structure concept is useful to improve the compatibility of fillers with polymer matrix. Herein, an organic thermoplastic urethanes (TPU) polymer shell was successfully grafted on the surface of barium titanate (BaTiO3, BT) and such a TPU shell improved the permittivity and breakdown strength of TPU@BT/PVDF polymer nanocomposites greatly. The permittivity of TPU@BT/PVDF nanocomposites with 12 wt% fillers at 102 Hz was up to 13.5, which was 1.5 times higher than that of pure poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF). The improvement of the dielectric properties could be attributed to the enhanced interfacial polarisation between BT nanoparticles and TPU shell. Besides, the compatibility of BT nanoparticles and PVDF matrix was improved after the introduction of TPU shell. Accordingly, a highest breakdown strength value about 373 MV/m was obtained for the TPU@BT/PVDF nanocomposites with 7 wt% fillers. The core–shell strategy could be extended to a variety of inorganic fillers to improve the dielectric and breakdown strength properties of polymer nanocomposites.

聚合物纳米复合材料具有较好的介电常数和较高的击穿强度,是柔性电子器件和电力系统的理想材料。填料与聚合物基体的相容性是决定介质和击穿强度的重要因素。核壳结构的概念有助于提高填料与聚合物基体的相容性。本文成功地在钛酸钡(BaTiO3, BT)表面接枝了有机热塑性聚氨酯(TPU)聚合物外壳,该TPU外壳大大提高了TPU@BT/PVDF聚合物纳米复合材料的介电常数和击穿强度。填充量为12 wt%的TPU@BT/PVDF纳米复合材料在102 Hz下的介电常数高达13.5,是纯聚偏氟乙烯(PVDF)的1.5倍。这种介电性能的改善可归因于BT纳米颗粒与TPU壳之间的界面极化增强。此外,引入TPU壳层后,BT纳米颗粒与PVDF基体的相容性得到了改善。因此,当掺量为7 wt%时,TPU@BT/PVDF纳米复合材料的击穿强度最高可达373 MV/m。核壳策略可以推广到各种无机填料中,以提高聚合物纳米复合材料的介电和击穿强度。
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引用次数: 28
Evaluation of dielectric strength of SiR/TiO2 composites using feed-forward neural network 用前馈神经网络评价SiR/ tio2复合材料的介电强度
IF 2.7 Q2 ENGINEERING, ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONIC Pub Date : 2020-07-06 DOI: 10.1049/iet-nde.2020.0001
Shaymaa A. Qenawy, Loai S. Nasrat, Hanafy M. Ismail, Jeannette N. Asaad

Among the recently insulating materials broadly utilized in high voltage outdoor insulation, silicone rubber (SiR) has gotten the foremost consideration. Actually, SiR is becoming an efficient countermeasure to insulator contamination issues. To enhance different properties of polymeric materials, micro- and nanofillers have been used for dielectric applications. In this study, micron-sized titanium dioxide (TiO2) and nano-sized TiO2 fillers were added to the SiR matrix to improve electrical and mechanical properties. Dielectric strength, tensile strength, and elongation at break tests were monitored. Also, a scanning electron microscope was carried out. The samples were prepared by mixing micro-TiO2 into SiR with the content of 0, 10, 20, 30, and 40 wt% and also mixing nano-TiO2 into SiR with the content of 0, 1, 3, 5, and 7 wt%. A feed-forward neural network technique was used to estimate the dielectric strength in different conditions and different percentages of fillers. Adding nano TiO2 filler enhances the electrical and mechanical properties of SiR composites. SiR with 5 wt% nano TiO2 showed the best improvement in electrical and mechanical properties.

在近年来广泛应用于高压室外绝缘的绝缘材料中,硅橡胶(SiR)受到了最广泛的关注。实际上,SiR已成为解决绝缘子污染问题的有效对策。为了提高高分子材料的不同性能,微纳米填料已被应用于介电介质中。在本研究中,在SiR基体中加入微米级二氧化钛(TiO2)和纳米级二氧化钛填料,以改善其电学和力学性能。对介电强度、抗拉强度和断裂伸长率进行了监测。并对其进行了扫描电镜观察。将微tio2分别以0、10、20、30、40 wt%的质量分数混合到SiR中,并将纳米tio2分别以0、1、3、5、7 wt%的质量分数混合到SiR中。采用前馈神经网络技术对不同条件和不同填料含量下的介质强度进行了估计。添加纳米TiO2填料可以提高SiR复合材料的电性能和力学性能。纳米TiO2添加量为5 wt%时,SiR的电学性能和力学性能得到了最好的改善。
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引用次数: 8
Charge trapped mechanism for semi-crystalline polymer electrets: quasi-dipole model 半结晶聚合物驻极体的电荷捕获机制:准偶极子模型
IF 2.7 Q2 ENGINEERING, ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONIC Pub Date : 2020-07-03 DOI: 10.1049/iet-nde.2020.0003
Gangjin Chen, Jianfeng Zhang, Xiaoyan Shi, Huili Peng, Xi Chen

Polymer electrets are increasingly getting application in a very wide range. However, its charge trapped mechanism is still poorly understood. It is always challenging how to improve its charge trapped ability and to enhance its performance stability. In this study, a charge trapped mechanism, quasi-dipole model, is proposed for semi-crystalline polymer electrets. Every grain of crystallite is viewed as a dipole based on the polarisation effect between crystalline and amorphous region when charged. The energy level of the charge trap has a dependence on the crystallite structure. The more regular the crystallite grain structure the better charge stability is. The melt-blown polypropylene (MBPP) electret fabrics with α or mesomorphic crystallite are used as the model material to verify the rationality of the mechanism. The experiment results from thermally stimulating discharge and X-ray diffraction proved that the charge-trapped stability could be improved by means of transformation from meso-crystalline to α crystalline structure. The MBPP fabric containing α-crystallite shows much better charge trapped performance than one containing mesomorphic-crystallite because of more regular structure in α crystallite. The findings not only present new insight into charge-trapped phenomena in polymer electrets, but also provide innovation for the processing technology of polymer electret materials.

聚合物驻极体的应用越来越广泛。然而,人们对其电荷捕获机制仍知之甚少。如何提高其电荷捕获能力和提高其性能稳定性一直是一个挑战。在本研究中,提出了半结晶聚合物驻极体的电荷捕获机制,准偶极模型。基于带电时晶体和非晶体区域之间的极化效应,微晶的每一个晶粒都被视为偶极。电荷陷阱的能级依赖于微晶结构。晶粒结构越规则,电荷稳定性越好。以具有α或中晶晶粒的熔喷聚丙烯(MBPP)驻极体织物为模型材料,验证了该机理的合理性。热刺激放电和X射线衍射的实验结果表明,由细晶结构向α晶结构转变可以提高电荷捕获的稳定性。含有α-微晶的MBPP织物由于其结构更加规则,表现出比含有介晶微晶的MB聚丙烯织物更好的电荷捕获性能。这些发现不仅为聚合物驻极体中的电荷捕获现象提供了新的见解,而且为聚合物驻电体材料的加工技术提供了创新。
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引用次数: 6
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IET Nanodielectrics
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