This study examines how participants in Korean media talk, specifically talk show interviews, interactively construct puns as and through joint actions. Going beyond puns as humorous wordplay, the study illustrates their interactional and pragmatic functions. A close examination of the sequential positions and interactional contexts of puns in 16 different interviews shows that they recurrently emerge when participants are placed, socially or interactionally, in delicate or difficult situations. Through puns, the participants not only recontextualise the local meaning of a particular target word, but also globally transform the focus and frame of the troublesome ongoing interaction, as well as managing their identities and roles in the interaction. The analysis shows that the participants creatively design puns based on Korean words as well as utilising English words, formulating multilingual puns. The study also demonstrates that puns are often accompanied, triggered or entirely performed by nonlinguistic devices (e.g. body movements, gestures, facial expressions).These multimodal resources play a key role in formulating creative puns, in understanding and responding to puns, and in diverting the trajectory of ongoing interaction.
{"title":"Creative multimodal and multilingual puns as and through joint actions in Korean media interviews","authors":"M. Kim","doi":"10.1558/eap.23261","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1558/eap.23261","url":null,"abstract":"This study examines how participants in Korean media talk, specifically talk show interviews, interactively construct puns as and through joint actions. Going beyond puns as humorous wordplay, the study illustrates their interactional and pragmatic functions. A close examination of the sequential positions and interactional contexts of puns in 16 different interviews shows that they recurrently emerge when participants are placed, socially or interactionally, in delicate or difficult situations. Through puns, the participants not only recontextualise the local meaning of a particular target word, but also globally transform the focus and frame of the troublesome ongoing interaction, as well as managing their identities and roles in the interaction. The analysis shows that the participants creatively design puns based on Korean words as well as utilising English words, formulating multilingual puns. The study also demonstrates that puns are often accompanied, triggered or entirely performed by nonlinguistic devices (e.g. body movements, gestures, facial expressions).These multimodal resources play a key role in formulating creative puns, in understanding and responding to puns, and in diverting the trajectory of ongoing interaction.","PeriodicalId":37018,"journal":{"name":"East Asian Pragmatics","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2022-10-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42876578","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Korean has diverse expressions denoting “wishes”. Among them, this paper focuses on the periphrastic constructions of [-essumyen/-kilul + desiderative verbs], excluding the construction [-ko siph-]. Using the perspectives of grammaticalisation and pragmatics, the developmental paths of how the elliptical constructions -essumyen and -kilul realise the concept of the “wish” of the speaker in the optative mood are investigated. This paper will clarify the evolution of the optative markers of -essumyen and -kilul using the mechanisms of grammaticalisation and pragmatic strategies including specialisation, subjectification, intersubjectification, politeness, insubordination, and pragmatic inferences. The SFP (sentential final particle) optatives -essumyen and -kilul take stance-related functions, undergoing insubordination and inviting pragmatic inferences. A corpus analysis will provide usage-based implications of the constructions.
{"title":"On the Korean optative constructions -essumyen and -kilul from grammaticalisation and pragmatics perspectives","authors":"Sunhee Yae","doi":"10.1558/eap.21334","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1558/eap.21334","url":null,"abstract":"Korean has diverse expressions denoting “wishes”. Among them, this paper focuses on the periphrastic constructions of [-essumyen/-kilul + desiderative verbs], excluding the construction [-ko siph-]. Using the perspectives of grammaticalisation and pragmatics, the developmental paths of how the elliptical constructions -essumyen and -kilul realise the concept of the “wish” of the speaker in the optative mood are investigated. This paper will clarify the evolution of the optative markers of -essumyen and -kilul using the mechanisms of grammaticalisation and pragmatic strategies including specialisation, subjectification, intersubjectification, politeness, insubordination, and pragmatic inferences. The SFP (sentential final particle) optatives -essumyen and -kilul take stance-related functions, undergoing insubordination and inviting pragmatic inferences. A corpus analysis will provide usage-based implications of the constructions.","PeriodicalId":37018,"journal":{"name":"East Asian Pragmatics","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2022-10-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44168032","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The incorporation of materials from the previous speaker in subsequent speaker talk has been variably characterised as repetition (Tannen, 1987), format tying (M. Goodwin, 1990), resonance (Du Bois, 2014) and so forth (henceforth “resonance”). Resonance has been shown to be a pervasive feature of everyday talk-in-interaction. This paper, with data from Mandarin Chinese and American English, shows first that resonance can manifest in multiple modalities, namely morphosyntax, prosody and embodied actions, often simultaneously. Second, it will be shown that the next speaker often does this in the service of creating an amusing effect, or conversational humour. It is proposed that multimodal resonance with amusing effects is an uplifting device in conversation that has a unique impact on the way interaction is managed. As such, investigating such a practice can further our understanding of resonance as a pervasive interactional phenomenon and how multimodality is deployed for coherent courses of action.
{"title":"Multimodal amusement resonance as a conversation interactional device","authors":"H. Tao","doi":"10.1558/eap.23416","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1558/eap.23416","url":null,"abstract":"The incorporation of materials from the previous speaker in subsequent speaker talk has been variably characterised as repetition (Tannen, 1987), format tying (M. Goodwin, 1990), resonance (Du Bois, 2014) and so forth (henceforth “resonance”). Resonance has been shown to be a pervasive feature of everyday talk-in-interaction. This paper, with data from Mandarin Chinese and American English, shows first that resonance can manifest in multiple modalities, namely morphosyntax, prosody and embodied actions, often simultaneously. Second, it will be shown that the next speaker often does this in the service of creating an amusing effect, or conversational humour. It is proposed that multimodal resonance with amusing effects is an uplifting device in conversation that has a unique impact on the way interaction is managed. As such, investigating such a practice can further our understanding of resonance as a pervasive interactional phenomenon and how multimodality is deployed for coherent courses of action.","PeriodicalId":37018,"journal":{"name":"East Asian Pragmatics","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2022-10-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45415762","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The purpose of the current study is two-fold. First, this paper aims to uncover the three-year acquisition process of three interactional particles, ne, yo, and yone by three Chinese-speaking learners of Japanese in a corpus. Among the three particles, yone appeared the latest after one year of study abroad, and the learners progressed in their usage by trying to share epistemic stance and assessments by using yone. However, understanding the epistemic stance for the speaker’s world is challenging. Second, this paper supports the integration of usage-based approaches and sociocultural theory. For teaching interactional particles effectively in the classroom, understanding of the role of intersubjectivity in discourse is crucial. This paper proposes three sets of schematic visual representations for core meanings of ne, yo, and yone, which is essential for concept-based language instruction.
{"title":"Learning Japanese interactional particles through a usage-based and concept-based language instruction","authors":"Kyoko Masuda","doi":"10.1558/eap.22036","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1558/eap.22036","url":null,"abstract":"The purpose of the current study is two-fold. First, this paper aims to uncover the three-year acquisition process of three interactional particles, ne, yo, and yone by three Chinese-speaking learners of Japanese in a corpus. Among the three particles, yone appeared the latest after one year of study abroad, and the learners progressed in their usage by trying to share epistemic stance and assessments by using yone. However, understanding the epistemic stance for the speaker’s world is challenging. Second, this paper supports the integration of usage-based approaches and sociocultural theory. For teaching interactional particles effectively in the classroom, understanding of the role of intersubjectivity in discourse is crucial. This paper proposes three sets of schematic visual representations for core meanings of ne, yo, and yone, which is essential for concept-based language instruction.","PeriodicalId":37018,"journal":{"name":"East Asian Pragmatics","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2022-10-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45906493","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Politeness in Professional Contexts Edited by Dawn Archer, Karen Grainger, and Piotr Jagodzinski (2020)","authors":"Yeming Yang","doi":"10.1558/eap.21751","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1558/eap.21751","url":null,"abstract":"Politeness in Professional Contexts Edited by Dawn Archer, Karen Grainger, and Piotr Jagodzinski (2020) John Benjamins","PeriodicalId":37018,"journal":{"name":"East Asian Pragmatics","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2022-06-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41719573","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pragmatic competence is one of the chief components of language learners’ communicative abilities. However, in research and instruction, limited attention is often directed towards the pragmatic aspects of language. One such pragmatic aspect is conversational implicature. This study investigates the perception of implicatures by EFL undergraduates in Saudi Arabia, where, as in East Asian countries, English is spoken as a foreign language. It employs an exploratory mixed-methods design to collect and analyse the data. Three instruments were used to collect the data, namely, a multiple-choice discourse completion test, the design based on Bouton’s works (1988, 1994), a questionnaire, developed from and based on the taxonomy of the implicature of interpretative strategies by Vandergrift (1997), and interviews. A total of 40 undergraduates who enrolled on a four-year English programme at Majmaah University were randomly selected to participate in this study. The findings revealed that EFL learners encountered difficulties in understanding implicatures. It was also shown that Quantity, Indirect Criticism, Quality, Sequential, and Scalar implicatures are more problematic for learners than the other five types of implicatures, namely, Minimum Requirement Rule, Manner, POPE-Q, Idiomatic, and Relation, respectively. Moreover, the findings obtained from the questionnaire indicated that the participants tended to use inference strategies, deduction/induction, repetition, and transfer strategies more frequently than grouping strategies, elaboration strategies, translation strategies, and summarisation strategies. The study recommends that language teachers should incorporate the pragmatic aspects of language in their teaching, and such aspects should also be incorporated in the English curricula. It provides significant implications which could be useful for EFL/ESL learners and teachers as well as curriculum designers in Saudi Arabia, as much as in East Asia.
{"title":"Pragmatic awareness of conversational implicatures by L2 undergraduate students in Saudi Arabia","authors":"M. Alharbi","doi":"10.1558/eap.19270","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1558/eap.19270","url":null,"abstract":"Pragmatic competence is one of the chief components of language learners’ communicative abilities. However, in research and instruction, limited attention is often directed towards the pragmatic aspects of language. One such pragmatic aspect is conversational implicature. This study investigates the perception of implicatures by EFL undergraduates in Saudi Arabia, where, as in East Asian countries, English is spoken as a foreign language. It employs an exploratory mixed-methods design to collect and analyse the data. Three instruments were used to collect the data, namely, a multiple-choice discourse completion test, the design based on Bouton’s works (1988, 1994), a questionnaire, developed from and based on the taxonomy of the implicature of interpretative strategies by Vandergrift (1997), and interviews. A total of 40 undergraduates who enrolled on a four-year English programme at Majmaah University were randomly selected to participate in this study. The findings revealed that EFL learners encountered difficulties in understanding implicatures. It was also shown that Quantity, Indirect Criticism, Quality, Sequential, and Scalar implicatures are more problematic for learners than the other five types of implicatures, namely, Minimum Requirement Rule, Manner, POPE-Q, Idiomatic, and Relation, respectively. Moreover, the findings obtained from the questionnaire indicated that the participants tended to use inference strategies, deduction/induction, repetition, and transfer strategies more frequently than grouping strategies, elaboration strategies, translation strategies, and summarisation strategies. The study recommends that language teachers should incorporate the pragmatic aspects of language in their teaching, and such aspects should also be incorporated in the English curricula. It provides significant implications which could be useful for EFL/ESL learners and teachers as well as curriculum designers in Saudi Arabia, as much as in East Asia.","PeriodicalId":37018,"journal":{"name":"East Asian Pragmatics","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2022-06-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42942639","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Whereas there are a number of studies that address subject omission in Korean as a pro-drop language, expressed subjects have been less explored. I argue that the reasons for expressed subjects to remain un-omitted are found in their pragmatic effects rather than elsewhere. This study particularly investigates the pragmatic effects of the alternation among reference forms for the expressed subject in spoken Korean and uses three different spoken corpora to identify specific examples of the relevant effects. I believe that this study makes a significant contribution to the literature because it shows that shifts among different reference forms play a crucial role in conveying specific pragmatic effects. In particular, I have categorised the pragmatic effects of expressed subjects into two categories, (im)politeness and authority, and intimacy and estrangement, by the characteristics of interpersonal behaviours.
{"title":"pragmatic understanding of subject expression in spoken Korean","authors":"Narah Lee","doi":"10.1558/eap.18812","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1558/eap.18812","url":null,"abstract":"Whereas there are a number of studies that address subject omission in Korean as a pro-drop language, expressed subjects have been less explored. I argue that the reasons for expressed subjects to remain un-omitted are found in their pragmatic effects rather than elsewhere. This study particularly investigates the pragmatic effects of the alternation among reference forms for the expressed subject in spoken Korean and uses three different spoken corpora to identify specific examples of the relevant effects. I believe that this study makes a significant contribution to the literature because it shows that shifts among different reference forms play a crucial role in conveying specific pragmatic effects. In particular, I have categorised the pragmatic effects of expressed subjects into two categories, (im)politeness and authority, and intimacy and estrangement, by the characteristics of interpersonal behaviours.","PeriodicalId":37018,"journal":{"name":"East Asian Pragmatics","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2022-06-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44251520","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Self-praise, a social practice that threatens the positive face of the addressee, is a relatively under-explored topic in politeness research. This article examines self-praise strategies used by Chinese and American celebrities. Based on an existing taxonomy of self-praise strategies, namely, explicit self-praise without modification, explicit self-praise with modification, and implicit self-praise, we collected data from two Chinese TV shows (Yang Lan Interview One on One and Jin Xing Show) and two American TV shows (The Ellen DeGeneres Show and The Charlie Rose Show). Through a detailed analysis of interactions between host and celebrity within Leech’s (2014) General Strategy of Politeness, it is found that there are four modification devices and three implicit frames in their self-praise. Additionally, American celebrities tend to praise themselves explicitly while Chinese counterparts always mitigate it. Cultural differences exhibited in the form of face-preserving needs and attitudes to the audience may account for preferences for different self-praise strategies in the two linguistic communities. The findings not only open a cross-cultural window to self-praise research but also offer insights into third-person politeness theorising.
{"title":"Self-praise by Chinese and American celebrities on TV talk shows","authors":"F. Li, Yicheng Wu","doi":"10.1558/eap.20299","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1558/eap.20299","url":null,"abstract":"Self-praise, a social practice that threatens the positive face of the addressee, is a relatively under-explored topic in politeness research. This article examines self-praise strategies used by Chinese and American celebrities. Based on an existing taxonomy of self-praise strategies, namely, explicit self-praise without modification, explicit self-praise with modification, and implicit self-praise, we collected data from two Chinese TV shows (Yang Lan Interview One on One and Jin Xing Show) and two American TV shows (The Ellen DeGeneres Show and The Charlie Rose Show). Through a detailed analysis of interactions between host and celebrity within Leech’s (2014) General Strategy of Politeness, it is found that there are four modification devices and three implicit frames in their self-praise. Additionally, American celebrities tend to praise themselves explicitly while Chinese counterparts always mitigate it. Cultural differences exhibited in the form of face-preserving needs and attitudes to the audience may account for preferences for different self-praise strategies in the two linguistic communities. The findings not only open a cross-cultural window to self-praise research but also offer insights into third-person politeness theorising.","PeriodicalId":37018,"journal":{"name":"East Asian Pragmatics","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2022-06-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42773563","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Taking an interactional linguistic approach, this article examines the role of turn-initial wo gaosu ni ‘I tell you’ in informings in Mandarin conversation. Based on data from a television talk show, I argue that one major function of turn-initial wo gaosu ni is to serve as a ‘performative’ strategy in interaction that manages inter-subjectivity among interlocutors (Edwards, 1999, p. 140). Specifically, by treating oneself as the source of information and others as the uninformed, the wo gaosu ni-speaker asserts his/her epistemic primacy over the referent vis-à-vis coparticipants. I also propose that, drawing on this epistemic-encoding function, turn-initial wo gaosu ni can also act to reinforce the speaker’s affective stance, which may be supportive, affiliative, or antithetical to the ones taken by others.
{"title":"Performative intersubjectivity","authors":"Haiping Wu","doi":"10.1558/eap.18790","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1558/eap.18790","url":null,"abstract":"Taking an interactional linguistic approach, this article examines the role of turn-initial wo gaosu ni ‘I tell you’ in informings in Mandarin conversation. Based on data from a television talk show, I argue that one major function of turn-initial wo gaosu ni is to serve as a ‘performative’ strategy in interaction that manages inter-subjectivity among interlocutors (Edwards, 1999, p. 140). Specifically, by treating oneself as the source of information and others as the uninformed, the wo gaosu ni-speaker asserts his/her epistemic primacy over the referent vis-à-vis coparticipants. I also propose that, drawing on this epistemic-encoding function, turn-initial wo gaosu ni can also act to reinforce the speaker’s affective stance, which may be supportive, affiliative, or antithetical to the ones taken by others.","PeriodicalId":37018,"journal":{"name":"East Asian Pragmatics","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2022-06-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48477677","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This study attempts to examine how, in X-change, a Chinese televised documentary programme, fathers and sons practise their relational rituals, display their emotions and (de)construct their relational identities. Based on data analysis and the Confucian ritual theory five Luns, it finds that in family talk, ritual practices change, switching from negative or deviant ones to positive and normative ones, and the affectivity involved also changes from negative emotion to positive emotion. At the beginning of the programme, due to violation of one of the Confucian Luns – loving father and filial son (fucizixiao) – the father and the son conduct the destructive relational ritual practices, deconstruct their relational identities, and release their negative affect. As the programme progresses, both the father and the son commence to conform to Lun, and hence constructive relational ritual practices occur, and relational identities are reconstructed and normalised in terms of Lun; eventually their affect becomes positive, and their interpersonal rapport is enhanced.
{"title":"study of relational ritual, affectivity, and identity (de)construction in Chinese X-change programmes","authors":"Chengtuan Li","doi":"10.1558/eap.19944","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1558/eap.19944","url":null,"abstract":"This study attempts to examine how, in X-change, a Chinese televised documentary programme, fathers and sons practise their relational rituals, display their emotions and (de)construct their relational identities. Based on data analysis and the Confucian ritual theory five Luns, it finds that in family talk, ritual practices change, switching from negative or deviant ones to positive and normative ones, and the affectivity involved also changes from negative emotion to positive emotion. At the beginning of the programme, due to violation of one of the Confucian Luns – loving father and filial son (fucizixiao) – the father and the son conduct the destructive relational ritual practices, deconstruct their relational identities, and release their negative affect. As the programme progresses, both the father and the son commence to conform to Lun, and hence constructive relational ritual practices occur, and relational identities are reconstructed and normalised in terms of Lun; eventually their affect becomes positive, and their interpersonal rapport is enhanced.","PeriodicalId":37018,"journal":{"name":"East Asian Pragmatics","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2022-06-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42405273","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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