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The Management System of Medical Institutions of the Russian Empire of the Late 19th – Early 20th Centurу (on the Example of Eastern Siberia) 19世纪末至20世纪初俄罗斯帝国医疗机构管理体制(以东西伯利亚为例)
Pub Date : 1900-01-01 DOI: 10.26516/2222-9124.2021.38.52
V. Shalamov
The medical sphere of Eastern Siberia was distinguished by a number of features. As for the entire Russian Empire, it was characterized by an extremely large number of departments and organizations that had their own medical organization. In Siberia, there was no zemstvo, which allowed archaic institutions to survive in the form of public charity decree and rural medical units, which were criticized for their inefficiency. City governments were reluctant to develop medical facilities, which encouraged private initiative. There were independent medical institutions for employees of the railway, water transport, mining departments, the cabinet of his Imperial Majesty, the army and the Trans-Baikal Cossacks. Siberia was the land of hard labor and exile, which provoked the emergence of medical institutions in prisons and in hard labor. The agrarian reform of P. A. Stolypin contributed to the resettlement of peasants to the east, including to Eastern Siberia. Medical services were created especially for them both on the way to Siberia and at the places of their new residence. In the cities, a number of public organizations (the Russian Red Cross Society, the Society of Doctors, the All-Russian League against Tuberculosis) created their own medical institutions.
东西伯利亚的医学领域有许多特点。就整个俄罗斯帝国而言,其特点是拥有自己的医疗机构的部门和组织非常多。在西伯利亚,没有地方自治组织(zemstvo),它允许古老的机构以公共慈善法令和农村医疗单位的形式生存下来,后者被批评效率低下。城市政府不愿发展医疗设施,这鼓励了私人的积极性。铁路、水运、矿业部门、皇帝陛下内阁、军队和跨贝加尔湖哥萨克人的雇员都有独立的医疗机构。西伯利亚是苦役和流放之地,这促使监狱和苦役中出现了医疗机构。斯托雷平(p.a. Stolypin)的土地改革促进了东部农民的重新安置,包括东西伯利亚。在前往西伯利亚的途中和在他们的新居住地,专门为他们设立了医疗服务。在城市中,一些公共组织(俄罗斯红十字会、医生协会、全俄防治结核病联盟)建立了自己的医疗机构。
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引用次数: 0
The Activity of Fire-Fighting Educational Institutions in the Baikal Region in 1991–1992 1991-1992年贝加尔湖地区消防教育机构的活动
Pub Date : 1900-01-01 DOI: 10.26516/2222-9124.2023.43.69
M. A. Vasiliev
The subject of the research of the scientific article is the peculiarities of the activities of educational institutions of fire protection of the Baikal region in 1991–1992. A brief analysis of the development and transformation of the educational and educational work of the command and teaching staff of the structural training units of the Irkutsk Fire School and the Irkutsk branch of the Higher Engineering Fire Technical School is given. The role and list of staff of the command and teaching staff who carried out educational and educational work with cadets and trainees during the period of activity of educational institutions are indicated.
这篇科学文章的研究主题是1991-1992年贝加尔湖地区消防教育机构活动的特点。简要分析了伊尔库茨克消防学校和高等工程消防技术学校伊尔库茨克分校结构训练单位指挥教学人员教育教育工作的发展和转变。指出了在教育机构活动期间对学员和学员进行教育和教育工作的指挥人员和教学人员的作用和名单。
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引用次数: 0
The Orthodox Church and the Marginal Policy of the Empire (Based on the Materials of Siberia of the Late 19th – Early 20th Centurу) 东正教与帝国的边缘政策(基于19世纪末至20世纪初西伯利亚的资料)
Pub Date : 1900-01-01 DOI: 10.26516/2222-9124.2022.42.30
L. Dameshek
The article examines the importance of the Orthodoxy spread in Siberia as one of the incorporation forms of the Asian Russia peoples into the economic, administrative and socio-cultural space of the Russian Empire. The evolution of these methods is noted, associated with the changing tasks of the political construction of the empire and the development of commodity–money relations in the economy, everyday life and social relations among the indigenous population of the region during the 18th – early 20th centuries. It is emphasized that in the Russian colonization model of the eastern outskirts of the empire, political and socio-cultural goals associated with the spread of Orthodoxy mutually complemented each other. This was another difference between Russia's colonization policy towards the outskirts of the state and the colonial empires of the West
本文考察了东正教在西伯利亚传播的重要性,作为亚洲俄罗斯民族融入俄罗斯帝国经济、行政和社会文化空间的形式之一。这些方法的演变与帝国政治建设任务的变化以及18世纪至20世纪初该地区土著人口在经济、日常生活和社会关系中商品货币关系的发展有关。强调指出,在帝国东郊的俄罗斯殖民模式中,与东正教传播有关的政治和社会文化目标是相互补充的。这是俄罗斯对国家郊区的殖民政策与西方殖民帝国的另一个不同之处
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引用次数: 0
Questions of History of the Higher Education and Scientific Heritage of Scientists in Works of Professor V. N. Kazarin. To the 65 Anniversaries Since Birth 卡扎林教授著作中的高等教育史和科学家科学遗产问题。恭贺65周年生日
Pub Date : 1900-01-01 DOI: 10.26516/2222-9124.2023.43.91
L. Kuras
Article is devoted to the analysis of works of the Dr. Sciences (History), professor V. N. Kazarin. The conclusion is drawn on value of scientific and educational and methodical works of V. N. Kazarin in modern social and humanitarian knowledge of noted subject.
本文致力于对科学博士(历史)v·n·卡扎林教授的著作进行分析。结论是卡扎林的科学教育和系统著作在现代社会人文主义著名学科知识中的价值。
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引用次数: 0
Barnaul School for Studying the History of Entrepreneurship at the Turn of 20th – 21st Centuries 20 - 21世纪之交的巴诺尔创业史研究学院
Pub Date : 1900-01-01 DOI: 10.26516/2222-9124.2022.39.90
O. G. Klimova
The article is devoted to the formation and development at the turn of the 20-21 cen-turies of the Barnaul Scientific School studying the history of entrepreneurship in pre-revolutionary Siberia. Modern historiography has accumulated a big actual material. Historians published monographs, thematic collections, articles, abstracts, reviews, reports, bibliographic pointers, encyclopedic and reference publications, candidate and doctoral dissertations are defended in the Councils on various issues of this area. Domestic historiography of the history of merchants and entrepreneurship Siberia is represented by a significant number of works of historians of the region. The purpose of the article is to investigate the formation and development of the Barnaul scientific school of the history of pre-revolutionary entrepreneurship as a single process of knowledge production, during which traditions are preserved, new issues are being studied, approaches to solving scientific problems. The author used methods of historical research, with the use of the principle of historicism, which allowed to apply historical and logical, historical system methods. The regional-oriented approach made it possible to most fully explore the peculiarities of the Barnaul Research School. Based on a comprehensive analysis, the importance of a scientific school reflecting the development of Russian science is shown. The article identifies the main milestones and the preliminary results of the work of the Barnaul school are summed up. The conclusions were made that in the study of the history of merchants and entrepreneurship, Barnaul historians have achieved certain success, while working out an extensive historiographic base. The interaction of researchers of different generations allows you to exist a scientific school for a long time. The main traditions of the school are: scientific, scientific and methodical, scientific and pedagogical activities; Values remained at the continuity level “Teacher – Student”. As a result of the study, the paradigm principles of the existence of the Barnaul school studying the history of entrepreneurship of pre-revolutionary Siberia are formulated: humanism as a landmark in the organization of the school; priority topics of the history of entrepreneurship; restability by the scientific community of research results; dialogicality as ensuring dialogue, discussion and complementarity.
本文致力于研究革命前西伯利亚创业史的巴尔瑙尔科学学派在20-21世纪之交的形成和发展。现代史学积累了大量的实际资料。历史学家出版的专著、专题文集、文章、摘要、评论、报告、书目指示、百科全书和参考出版物、候选人和博士论文在委员会中就这一领域的各种问题进行辩护。西伯利亚商人和企业家史的国内史学以该地区历史学家的大量著作为代表。本文的目的是研究革命前创业史上巴尔瑙尔科学学派的形成和发展,这是一个知识生产的单一过程,在此过程中,传统得到保留,新问题得到研究,解决科学问题的方法得到解决。作者运用历史研究的方法,运用历史决定论的原则,允许运用历史的、逻辑的、历史系统的方法。以区域为导向的方法使最充分地探索巴纳尔研究学院的特点成为可能。在综合分析的基础上,论述了建立科学学派对俄罗斯科学发展的重要性。文章指出了主要的里程碑,并对巴纳尔学派的初步工作成果进行了总结。总结认为,在商人和企业家史的研究中,巴瑙尔史家取得了一定的成就,同时也奠定了广泛的史学基础。不同世代的研究人员的相互作用,使一个科学学派得以长期存在。学校的主要传统是:科学,科学和方法,科学和教学活动;价值观保持在“教师-学生”的连续性水平。作为研究的结果,制定了研究革命前西伯利亚企业家史的巴尔瑙尔学派存在的范式原则:人文主义作为学校组织的里程碑;创业史优先课题;科研成果的稳定性受到科学界的重视;对话:确保对话、讨论和互补。
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引用次数: 0
The History of the North-Eastern Outskirts of Russia during the Empire Era in the Latest Historical Studies 近代历史研究中的帝国时期俄罗斯东北郊区历史
Pub Date : 1900-01-01 DOI: 10.26516/2222-9124.2021.37.106
L. Dameshek, I. Dameshek, K. Sosnerzh
In connection with the approaching 300th anniversary of the formation of the Russian Empire, the analysis of the latest monographic studies on the outskirts policy of the Russian state in the 18th – early 20 century is carried out. The fact of the introduction of previously unknown historical sources into scientific circulation, the emergence of new approaches to the study of the problem is noted. At the same time, it is noted that the topic of the outskirts policy of the empire is far from being exhausted and remains in demand by researchers.
在俄罗斯帝国成立300周年之际,对18世纪至20世纪初俄罗斯国家郊区政策的最新专题研究进行了分析。人们注意到,将以前未知的历史资料引入科学流通的事实,以及研究这个问题的新方法的出现。同时指出,帝国近郊政策这一课题远未枯竭,仍然是研究者们的需求。
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引用次数: 0
The Birth Rate of the Rural Population of Western Siberia in 1950–1959 1950-1959年西伯利亚西部农村人口出生率
Pub Date : 1900-01-01 DOI: 10.26516/2222-9124.2023.43.61
A. Burmatov
The article aims to trace the dynamics of the birth rate of the rural population in the regions of Western Siberia in the 1950s. Western Siberia is considered within the boundaries of the territories that make up the West Siberian Economic Region according to the All-Union Population Census of 1959.
本文旨在追溯20世纪50年代西西伯利亚地区农村人口出生率的动态变化。根据1959年的全俄人口普查,西西伯利亚被认为是在构成西西伯利亚经济区的领土范围内。
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引用次数: 0
Religion and Religiosity as a Cultural Toolbox: Understanding the Estonian Religious Landscape 宗教和宗教虔诚作为一个文化工具箱:了解爱沙尼亚的宗教景观
Pub Date : 1900-01-01 DOI: 10.26516/2222-9124.2019.28.52
A. Upadhyay
It is significant, that both the institutional and ideological aspects of religion have emerged as distinct factors in the social and political life of contemporary societies. The reemergence and the consolidation of the religious institutions and identities in the social and political life of contemporary societies have given a renewed fillip to the study of religion and religiosity even in so-called ‘secular’ societies. The Baltic State of Estonia presents an interesting example of distinct understanding of religion in its non-institutional form, as a cultural tool to address ordinary concerns of human existence within the socio-cultural milieu of the society and within the non-institutional and syncretic idiom of spirituality. This article aims at presenting a broad overview of religion as a cultural toolbox in the study of contemporary religion particularly in the context of societies that have very limited experience with institutional forms of religion.
重要的是,宗教的制度和意识形态方面都已成为当代社会社会和政治生活中的独特因素。在当代社会的社会和政治生活中,宗教机构和身份的重新出现和巩固,给宗教和宗教信仰的研究带来了新的刺激,甚至在所谓的“世俗”社会中也是如此。波罗的海国家爱沙尼亚提供了一个有趣的例子,它以非体制形式对宗教有独特的理解,把宗教作为一种文化工具,在社会的社会文化环境中以及在非体制和综合的精神用语中处理人类存在的一般问题。本文旨在对宗教作为当代宗教研究的文化工具箱进行广泛的概述,特别是在对宗教制度形式的经验非常有限的社会背景下。
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引用次数: 0
Prostitution as a Tool for Solving Social Problems of Eastern Siberia and the East of the Second Half of the 19th – Early 20th Century 19世纪下半叶至20世纪初东西伯利亚和东部地区卖淫作为解决社会问题的工具
Pub Date : 1900-01-01 DOI: 10.26516/2222-9124.2022.39.28
R. Evtekhov, T. V. Palikova
The article examines the problem of organizing prostitution and the specific historical plot of the attempt of the Siberian bureaucracy to solve the social problems of the region by means of buying corrupt women. Prostitution, one of the phenomena of everyday life of society since ancient times, in this context is considered as a way of realizing the natural needs of not only an intimate, but also socio-economic nature. The purpose of the work is to disclose the conditions and nature of the organization of prostitution in the eastern outskirts of the Russian empire and attempts to use it as a tool to solve social problems. The research methodology is based on the principles of historicity, objectivity, as well as on micro-historical and problem-chronological research methods. The main source of research was archival materials not previ-ously published contained in regional and federal archives, which are correspondence between the highest Siberian officials. The paper presents a brief historiography of the problem, contain-ing the main conceptual directions in the study of issues of the intimate life of society in the 19th century. The state played the main role in the regulation of prostitution in the Russian Empire, and the police authorities, which controlled the organization and organization of brothels, and the medical examination of prostitutes and their movement, played the oversight. The article provides some data on practicing prostitutes of foreign origin. This aspect is quite interesting, as it was used to solve certain geopolitical problems both by the authorities of the Russian Empire and by states competing with it. The paper also considers some typical plots characterizing the existence of prostitution on the territory of the CER, which is currently poorly studied. In con-clusion, it is concluded that the issue of loneliness and extreme insufficiency of women in East-ern Siberia and even more in the Far East forced the Russian administration to find extremely original ways to solve it. At the same time, the threat of geopolitical strengthening of a strong and energetic neighbor – China, to the regions of the empire, became a decisive and obviously most important argument against it.
本文考察了组织卖淫的问题,以及西伯利亚官僚试图通过收买腐败妇女来解决该地区社会问题的具体历史情节。卖淫自古以来就是社会日常生活中的一种现象,在这种情况下,卖淫被认为是一种实现自然需求的方式,不仅是一种亲密需求,也是一种社会经济需求。作品的目的是揭示俄罗斯帝国东郊卖淫组织的状况和性质,并试图将其作为解决社会问题的工具。研究方法基于历史性、客观性原则,以及微观历史和问题时间顺序研究方法。研究的主要来源是以前未在地区和联邦档案中公布的档案材料,这些材料是西伯利亚最高官员之间的通信。本文简要介绍了这一问题的历史,包括19世纪社会亲密生活问题研究的主要概念方向。在俄罗斯帝国,国家在管理卖淫方面发挥着主要作用,警察当局控制着妓院的组织和组织,并对妓女及其活动进行医疗检查,起到监督作用。本文提供了有关外籍妓女从业情况的一些资料。这方面很有趣,因为它被用来解决俄罗斯帝国当局和与其竞争的国家的某些地缘政治问题。本文还考虑了目前研究较少的一些典型情节,这些情节表征了在CER境内存在的卖淫行为。综上所述,本文的结论是,东西伯利亚乃至远东地区女性的孤独和极度不足的问题迫使俄罗斯政府找到了非常新颖的方法来解决这个问题。与此同时,一个强大而充满活力的邻国——中国——在地缘政治上的加强对帝国地区的威胁,成为反对它的决定性的、显然是最重要的论据。
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引用次数: 0
Imperial Processes in Siberia Through a Prism of Evolution of the Legislation 从立法演变的棱镜看西伯利亚的帝国进程
Pub Date : 1900-01-01 DOI: 10.26516/2222-9124.2022.39.112
V. Kazarin
The review of L. M. Dameshek and I. N. Mamkina's monograph "Siberia in the system of the imperial legislation 18th – the beginnings of the 20th century: law and practice". Scientific results of a research by authors of such problems as are investigated: all-imperial and regional legislation of the Russian Empire; legal fixing and features of implementation of the legislation of Siberia of the imperial period; legal regulation of public service in Siberia. It is shown that authors worked deeply out a conceptual framework of a research, the specifics of position of Siberia as a part of the empire in comparison with other outskirts are defined, questions of features of public service in Siberia and in the Far East are in detail taken up. The value of the monograph in studying historical and legal problems of the Russian Empire and Siberia in a modern historiography is noted.
达梅舍克和马姆基纳的专著《18世纪至20世纪初帝国立法体系中的西伯利亚:法律与实践》述评。作者对所调查的问题进行研究的科学结果:俄罗斯帝国的全帝国和地区立法;帝国时期西伯利亚立法的法律定则及其实施特点对西伯利亚公共服务的法律规定作者对研究的概念框架进行了深入的研究,明确了西伯利亚作为帝国一部分与其他郊区的具体位置,详细讨论了西伯利亚和远东地区公共服务的特征问题。本专著在现代史学研究俄罗斯帝国和西伯利亚的历史和法律问题方面具有重要价值。
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引用次数: 0
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The Bulletin of Irkutsk State University. Series History
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