首页 > 最新文献

Atmospheric Environment: X最新文献

英文 中文
Review on main sources and impacts of urban ultrafine particles: Traffic emissions, nucleation, and climate modulation 城市超细颗粒物的主要来源及其影响:交通排放、成核和气候调节
IF 4.6 Q1 Environmental Science Pub Date : 2023-08-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.aeaoa.2023.100221
Qin-Qin Li , Yi-Ting Guo , Jing-Yi Yang , Chun-Sheng Liang

Identifying and quantifying the sources and clarifying the impacts of ultrafine particles (UFP) in the complicated urban environments are important for particle pollution control and UFP-climate interaction understanding. The previous studies have made notable contributions to these aspects and it is necessary to review the achievements. Here, the characteristics of traffic emissions and new particle formation (NPF) events/processes and their effects on urban UFP are summarized mainly based on the latest progresses. The constantly improved techniques of measuring UFP have played a vital role for knowing the sources and impacts of UFP. Meanwhile, the emissions inventories, dispersion models, and receptor models generally perform better when working together and using high resolution input and corrected algorithms. Besides, the interaction between UFP and climate is discussed mainly by linking radiation, cloud condensation nuclei, particle deposition, and the environmental conditions required for nucleation processes. Although for urban UFP, there are consensuses that traffic emissions and nucleation processes are two main sources and UFP and climate interact mainly via radiation and cloud condensation nuclei (CCN), there are many other crucial tasks for future and this work lists seven of them. They involve, scientifically, how much other sources such as industrial and regional sources mix with traffic emissions and nucleation processes in source contributions and how primary pollutants collaborate with UFP (aerosols) in aerosol-climate interactions; and engineeringly, how to improve the integration of the instruments and the instrument customization services according to actual situations. These progresses and future perspectives would help in more accurately quantifying the contributions of emissions and nucleation processes to UFP and better evaluating the impacts of UFP. Despite our efforts, knowledge on the main sources and impacts of urban UFP is limited and detailed solutions for the future tasks are missing here, which need joint efforts from UFP and related fields.

识别和量化超细颗粒物(UFP)的来源,明确其在复杂城市环境中的影响,对于颗粒物污染控制和了解UFP与气候的相互作用具有重要意义。前人的研究在这些方面做出了显著的贡献,有必要对研究成果进行回顾。本文主要根据最新进展综述了交通排放和新颗粒物形成(NPF)事件/过程的特征及其对城市UFP的影响。不断改进的UFP测量技术对了解UFP的来源和影响起着至关重要的作用。同时,当使用高分辨率输入和校正算法时,排放清单、色散模型和受体模型通常表现更好。此外,主要通过将辐射、云凝结核、粒子沉降和成核过程所需的环境条件联系起来,讨论了UFP与气候的相互作用。虽然对于城市UFP,人们一致认为交通排放和成核过程是两个主要来源,UFP和气候主要通过辐射和云凝结核(CCN)相互作用,但未来还有许多其他关键任务,本工作列出了其中的七个。从科学上讲,它们涉及工业和区域源等其他源与交通排放和成核过程在源贡献中的混合程度,以及主要污染物在气溶胶-气候相互作用中如何与UFP(气溶胶)合作;在工程上,如何根据实际情况提高仪器的集成和仪器定制服务。这些进展和未来的展望将有助于更准确地量化排放和成核过程对最丰富资源的贡献,并更好地评价最丰富资源的影响。尽管我们做出了努力,但对城市UFP的主要来源和影响的了解有限,并且缺乏针对未来任务的详细解决方案,这需要UFP和相关领域的共同努力。
{"title":"Review on main sources and impacts of urban ultrafine particles: Traffic emissions, nucleation, and climate modulation","authors":"Qin-Qin Li ,&nbsp;Yi-Ting Guo ,&nbsp;Jing-Yi Yang ,&nbsp;Chun-Sheng Liang","doi":"10.1016/j.aeaoa.2023.100221","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.aeaoa.2023.100221","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Identifying and quantifying the sources and clarifying the impacts of ultrafine particles (UFP) in the complicated urban environments are important for particle pollution control and UFP-climate interaction understanding. The previous studies have made notable contributions to these aspects and it is necessary to review the achievements. Here, the characteristics of traffic emissions and new particle formation (NPF) events/processes and their effects on urban UFP are summarized mainly based on the latest progresses. The constantly improved techniques of measuring UFP have played a vital role for knowing the sources and impacts of UFP. Meanwhile, the emissions inventories, dispersion models, and receptor models generally perform better when working together and using high resolution input and corrected algorithms. Besides, the interaction between UFP and climate is discussed mainly by linking radiation, cloud condensation nuclei, particle deposition, and the environmental conditions required for nucleation processes. Although for urban UFP, there are consensuses that traffic emissions and nucleation processes are two main sources and UFP and climate interact mainly via radiation and cloud condensation nuclei (CCN), there are many other crucial tasks for future and this work lists seven of them. They involve, scientifically, how much other sources such as industrial and regional sources mix with traffic emissions and nucleation processes in source contributions and how primary pollutants collaborate with UFP (aerosols) in aerosol-climate interactions; and engineeringly, how to improve the integration of the instruments and the instrument customization services according to actual situations. These progresses and future perspectives would help in more accurately quantifying the contributions of emissions and nucleation processes to UFP and better evaluating the impacts of UFP. Despite our efforts, knowledge on the main sources and impacts of urban UFP is limited and detailed solutions for the future tasks are missing here, which need joint efforts from UFP and related fields.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":37150,"journal":{"name":"Atmospheric Environment: X","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2023-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43512714","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Estimation of gas emissions from a waste pond using micrometeorological approaches: Footprint sensitivities and complications 使用微气象方法估算废水池的气体排放:足迹敏感性和复杂性
IF 4.6 Q1 Environmental Science Pub Date : 2023-08-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.aeaoa.2023.100219
Thomas K. Flesch , Lowry A. Harper , Trevor W. Coates , Peter J. Carlson

The quantification of gas emissions from waste storage and treatment ponds is an important problem. The objective of this study was to better understand the use of micrometeorological techniques for this purpose. Methane emissions were estimated from a large tailings pond (surface area >11 km2) at an oil sands mine site using datasets collected by different groups over a nine-month period. Emissions were calculated with eddy-covariance (EC) and inverse dispersion modelling (IDM) techniques. Three different IDM calculations were made using methane concentrations measured with either fixed-point sensors (IDM-LGR), a long-path laser (IDM-GL), or an unmanned aerial vehicle (IDM-UAV). Emissions were also estimated from a flux-chamber (FC) survey. Although the temporal overlap between the different datasets was limited, the results indicate substantial differences in emission-rate estimates. During a summer interval the EC, IDM-LGR, and IDM-GL estimates were 19%, 41%, and 56% of the FC-estimated rate, respectively. The overall ordering was EC ≈ IDM-UAV < IDM-LGR < IDM-GL < FC. Differences in the emission estimates appear to be explained by the physical location of the measurement footprints. The EC and IDM-UAV footprints were comparably small and confined to lower emitting areas of the pond, while the larger IDM-LGR and IDM-GL footprints included higher emitting areas. It would seem sensible to prefer the larger footprint IDM approaches for this large pond. However, the large IDM footprints necessitated a complicated analysis to remove the influence of an adjacent methane source in the calculations. This study illustrates the importance of understanding the footprint of micrometeorological techniques when quantifying emissions and the complications that arise when the footprint does not match the source area.

废物储存池和处理池气体排放的量化是一个重要的问题。这项研究的目的是为了更好地了解微气象技术在这方面的应用。利用不同小组在9个月期间收集的数据集,估算了油砂矿场一个大型尾矿库(表面积11平方公里)的甲烷排放量。利用涡流协方差(EC)和逆色散模型(IDM)技术计算辐射。使用定点传感器(IDM- lgr)、长程激光(IDM- gl)或无人机(IDM- uav)测量甲烷浓度,进行了三种不同的IDM计算。还通过通量室(FC)调查估计了排放量。虽然不同数据集之间的时间重叠是有限的,但结果表明在排放率估计上存在实质性差异。在夏季,EC、IDM-LGR和IDM-GL的估计值分别为fc估计值的19%、41%和56%。总体排序为EC≈IDM-UAV <IDM-LGR & lt;IDM-GL & lt;FC。排放估计值的差异似乎可以用测量足迹的物理位置来解释。EC和IDM-UAV足迹相对较小,局限于池塘的低发射区,而较大的IDM-LGR和IDM-GL足迹包括高发射区。对于这个大池塘,更倾向于使用占用空间更大的IDM方法似乎是明智的。然而,大量的IDM足迹需要进行复杂的分析,以消除计算中相邻甲烷源的影响。这项研究说明了在量化排放时理解微气象技术的足迹的重要性,以及当足迹与源区域不匹配时出现的复杂性。
{"title":"Estimation of gas emissions from a waste pond using micrometeorological approaches: Footprint sensitivities and complications","authors":"Thomas K. Flesch ,&nbsp;Lowry A. Harper ,&nbsp;Trevor W. Coates ,&nbsp;Peter J. Carlson","doi":"10.1016/j.aeaoa.2023.100219","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.aeaoa.2023.100219","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The quantification of gas emissions from waste storage and treatment ponds is an important problem. The objective of this study was to better understand the use of micrometeorological techniques for this purpose. Methane emissions were estimated from a large tailings pond (surface area &gt;11 km<sup>2</sup>) at an oil sands mine site using datasets collected by different groups over a nine-month period. Emissions were calculated with eddy-covariance (EC) and inverse dispersion modelling (IDM) techniques. Three different IDM calculations were made using methane concentrations measured with either fixed-point sensors (IDM-LGR), a long-path laser (IDM-GL), or an unmanned aerial vehicle (IDM-UAV). Emissions were also estimated from a flux-chamber (FC) survey. Although the temporal overlap between the different datasets was limited, the results indicate substantial differences in emission-rate estimates. During a summer interval the EC, IDM-LGR, and IDM-GL estimates were 19%, 41%, and 56% of the FC-estimated rate, respectively. The overall ordering was EC ≈ IDM-UAV &lt; IDM-LGR &lt; IDM-GL &lt; FC. Differences in the emission estimates appear to be explained by the physical location of the measurement footprints. The EC and IDM-UAV footprints were comparably small and confined to lower emitting areas of the pond, while the larger IDM-LGR and IDM-GL footprints included higher emitting areas. It would seem sensible to prefer the larger footprint IDM approaches for this large pond. However, the large IDM footprints necessitated a complicated analysis to remove the influence of an adjacent methane source in the calculations. This study illustrates the importance of understanding the footprint of micrometeorological techniques when quantifying emissions and the complications that arise when the footprint does not match the source area.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":37150,"journal":{"name":"Atmospheric Environment: X","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2023-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45631756","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Quantification of natural gas and other hydrocarbons from production sites in northern West Virginia using tracer flux ratio methodology 使用示踪通量比方法对西弗吉尼亚州北部生产地点的天然气和其他碳氢化合物进行量化
IF 4.6 Q1 Environmental Science Pub Date : 2023-08-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.aeaoa.2023.100220
Conner Daube , Scott C. Herndon , Jordan E. Krechmer , Derek Johnson , Nigel Clark , Tracey L. Footer , Eben D. Thoma

Tracer flux ratio (TFR) methodology performed downwind of 15 active oil and natural gas production sites in Ohio County, West Virginia sought to quantify air pollutant emissions over two weeks in April 2018. In coordination with a production company, sites were randomly selected depending on wind forecasts and nearby road access. Methane (CH4), ethane (C2H6), and tracer gas compounds (acetylene and nitrous oxide) were measured via tunable infrared direct absorption spectroscopy. Ion signals attributed to benzene (C6H6) and other volatile gases (e.g., C7 – C9 aromatics) were measured via proton-transfer reaction time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Short-term whole facility emission rates for 12 sites are reported. Results from TFR were systematically higher than the sum of concurrent on-site full flow sampler measurements, though not all sources were assessed on-site in most cases. In downwind plumes, the mode of the C2H6:CH4 molar ratio distribution for all sites was 0.2, which agreed with spot sample analysis from the site operator. Distribution of C6H6:CH4 ratios was skew but values between 1 and 5 pptv ppbv-1 were common. Additionally, the aromatic profile has been attributed to condensate storage tank emissions. Average ratios of C7 – C9 to C6H6 were similar to other literature values reported for natural gas wells.

追踪通量比(TFR)方法在西弗吉尼亚州俄亥俄县的15个活跃石油和天然气生产基地的下风处进行,旨在量化2018年4月两周内的空气污染物排放量。在与一家生产公司的协调下,根据风力预报和附近的道路通道随机选择了现场。甲烷(CH4)、乙烷(C2H6)和示踪气体化合物(乙炔和一氧化二氮)通过可调谐红外直接吸收光谱进行测量。通过质子转移反应飞行时间质谱法测量苯(C6H6)和其他挥发性气体(如C7–C9芳烃)的离子信号。报告了12个地点的短期整体设施排放率。TFR的结果系统地高于同时进行的现场全流采样器测量的总和,尽管在大多数情况下并不是所有来源都进行了现场评估。在顺风羽流中,所有站点的C2H6:CH4摩尔比分布模式为0.2,这与站点操作员的现场样本分析一致。C6H6:CH4比率的分布是偏斜的,但在1和5pptv ppbv-1之间的值是常见的。此外,芳烃分布已归因于冷凝液储罐的排放。C7–C9与C6H6的平均比值与天然气井的其他文献值相似。
{"title":"Quantification of natural gas and other hydrocarbons from production sites in northern West Virginia using tracer flux ratio methodology","authors":"Conner Daube ,&nbsp;Scott C. Herndon ,&nbsp;Jordan E. Krechmer ,&nbsp;Derek Johnson ,&nbsp;Nigel Clark ,&nbsp;Tracey L. Footer ,&nbsp;Eben D. Thoma","doi":"10.1016/j.aeaoa.2023.100220","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.aeaoa.2023.100220","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Tracer flux ratio (TFR) methodology performed downwind of 15 active oil and natural gas production sites in Ohio County, West Virginia sought to quantify air pollutant emissions over two weeks in April 2018. In coordination with a production company, sites were randomly selected depending on wind forecasts and nearby road access. Methane (CH<sub>4</sub>), ethane (C<sub>2</sub>H<sub>6</sub>), and tracer gas compounds (acetylene and nitrous oxide) were measured via tunable infrared direct absorption spectroscopy. Ion signals attributed to benzene (C<sub>6</sub>H<sub>6</sub>) and other volatile gases (e.g., C<sub>7</sub> – C<sub>9</sub> aromatics) were measured via proton-transfer reaction time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Short-term whole facility emission rates for 12 sites are reported. Results from TFR were systematically higher than the sum of concurrent on-site full flow sampler measurements, though not all sources were assessed on-site in most cases. In downwind plumes, the mode of the C<sub>2</sub>H<sub>6</sub>:CH<sub>4</sub> molar ratio distribution for all sites was 0.2, which agreed with spot sample analysis from the site operator. Distribution of C<sub>6</sub>H<sub>6</sub>:CH<sub>4</sub> ratios was skew but values between 1 and 5 pptv ppbv<sup>-1</sup> were common. Additionally, the aromatic profile has been attributed to condensate storage tank emissions. Average ratios of C<sub>7</sub> – C<sub>9</sub> to C<sub>6</sub>H<sub>6</sub> were similar to other literature values reported for natural gas wells.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":37150,"journal":{"name":"Atmospheric Environment: X","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2023-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10394683/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10302298","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
An experimental study on particle number, micromorphology and nanostructure characteristics of particulate matter from a China Ⅵ gasoline direct injection engine 国产Ⅵ汽油直喷发动机颗粒物颗粒数、微观形貌及纳米结构特性的实验研究
IF 4.6 Q1 Environmental Science Pub Date : 2023-04-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.aeaoa.2023.100211
Zhiyuan Hu, Yang Xu, Zizhou Wang, Haochen Zhang, Piqiang Tan, Diming Lou

This study investigated the variation of particle number (PN), morphological features and nano structural parameters of particulate matter (PM) from a China Ⅵ GDI engine under different working conditions, oxidation temperatures, and aerodynamic diameters. The results showed that, particles with a diameter less than 10 nm or 23 nm accounted for 40–65% and 68–94% of total PN respectively. Engine speed has a larger effect on PN emissions with the diameter less than 10 nm. PM emitted from the GDI engine were mainly consisted of primary particles with a diameter of 12–72 nm. Primary particles were composed of numerous graphite fringes with a length of 0.1–1.8 nm, tortuosity of 1.10–2.65, and separation distance of 0.2–1.6 nm. The boundaries of primary particles became vague, the fringe tortuosity and separation distance decreased with the progress of oxidation. Particles in larger aerodynamic diameters were more likely to form cluster-like PM in micromorphology. PM accumulated by particles with an aerodynamic diameter of 52.1 nm had larger fractal dimension, smaller fringe length, higher fringe tortuosity, and greater fringe separation distance, and was more easily be oxidized.

研究了中国Ⅵ直喷发动机在不同工况、氧化温度和气动直径下颗粒物(PM)的颗粒数、形态特征和纳米结构参数的变化规律。结果表明,直径小于10 nm和23 nm的颗粒分别占总PN的40-65%和68-94%。当直径小于10 nm时,发动机转速对PN排放的影响较大。GDI发动机排放的PM主要由直径为12 ~ 72 nm的初级颗粒组成。初级颗粒由大量石墨条纹组成,其长度为0.1 ~ 1.8 nm,弯曲度为1.10 ~ 2.65,分离距离为0.2 ~ 1.6 nm。随着氧化的进行,初级颗粒的边界变得模糊,条纹弯曲度和分离距离减小。在微观形貌上,较大气动直径的颗粒更容易形成团簇状的PM。空气动力学直径为52.1 nm的颗粒所累积的PM具有较大的分形维数、较小的条纹长度、较大的条纹扭曲度和较大的条纹分离距离,并且更容易被氧化。
{"title":"An experimental study on particle number, micromorphology and nanostructure characteristics of particulate matter from a China Ⅵ gasoline direct injection engine","authors":"Zhiyuan Hu,&nbsp;Yang Xu,&nbsp;Zizhou Wang,&nbsp;Haochen Zhang,&nbsp;Piqiang Tan,&nbsp;Diming Lou","doi":"10.1016/j.aeaoa.2023.100211","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.aeaoa.2023.100211","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This study investigated the variation of particle number (PN), morphological features and nano structural parameters of particulate matter (PM) from a China Ⅵ GDI engine under different working conditions, oxidation temperatures, and aerodynamic diameters. The results showed that, particles with a diameter less than 10 nm or 23 nm accounted for 40–65% and 68–94% of total PN respectively. Engine speed has a larger effect on PN emissions with the diameter less than 10 nm. PM emitted from the GDI engine were mainly consisted of primary particles with a diameter of 12–72 nm. Primary particles were composed of numerous graphite fringes with a length of 0.1–1.8 nm, tortuosity of 1.10–2.65, and separation distance of 0.2–1.6 nm. The boundaries of primary particles became vague, the fringe tortuosity and separation distance decreased with the progress of oxidation. Particles in larger aerodynamic diameters were more likely to form cluster-like PM in micromorphology. PM accumulated by particles with an aerodynamic diameter of 52.1 nm had larger fractal dimension, smaller fringe length, higher fringe tortuosity, and greater fringe separation distance, and was more easily be oxidized.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":37150,"journal":{"name":"Atmospheric Environment: X","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2023-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47369200","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 1
Improving the comparability of FFF-3D printing emission data by adjustment of the set extruder temperature 通过调整设定的挤出机温度提高FFF-3D打印排放数据的可比性
IF 4.6 Q1 Environmental Science Pub Date : 2023-04-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.aeaoa.2023.100217
Chi-Long Tang, Stefan Seeger, Mathias Röllig

Fused filament fabrication (FFF) is a material extrusion-based technique often used in desktop 3D printers. Polymeric filaments are melted and are extruded through a heated nozzle to form a 3D object in layers. The extruder temperature is therefore a key parameter for a successful print job but also one of the main emission driving factors as harmful pollutants (e.g., ultrafine particles) are formed by thermal polymer degradation. The awareness of potential health risks has increased the number of emission studies in the past years. However, studies usually refer their calculated emission data to the printer set extruder temperature for comparison purposes. In this study, we used a thermocouple and an infrared camera to measure the actual extruder temperature and found significant temperature deviations to the displayed set temperature among printer models. Our result shows that printing the same filament feedstocks with three different printer models and with identical printer set temperature resulted in a variation in particle emission of around two orders of magnitude. A temperature adjustment has reduced the variation to approx. one order of magnitude. Thus, it is necessary to refer the measured emission data to the actual extruder temperature as it poses a more accurate comparison parameter for evaluation of the indoor air quality in user scenarios or for health risk assessments.

熔融长丝制造(FFF)是一种基于材料挤压的技术,通常用于台式3D打印机。聚合物细丝熔化并通过加热喷嘴挤出以形成分层的3D物体。因此,挤出机温度是成功打印作业的关键参数,也是主要的排放驱动因素之一,因为有害污染物(如超细颗粒)是由热聚合物降解形成的。对潜在健康风险的认识增加了过去几年进行排放研究的数量。然而,研究通常将其计算的排放数据与打印机设置的挤出机温度进行比较。在本研究中,我们使用热电偶和红外摄像机测量实际挤出机温度,发现不同型号的打印机与显示的设定温度有明显的温度偏差。我们的结果表明,用三种不同的打印机型号和相同的打印机设置温度打印相同的长丝原料会导致颗粒发射的变化约两个数量级。温度调节使变化减小到大约。一个数量级。因此,有必要将测量的排放数据与实际挤出机温度进行比较,因为它为评估用户场景下的室内空气质量或进行健康风险评估提供了更准确的比较参数。
{"title":"Improving the comparability of FFF-3D printing emission data by adjustment of the set extruder temperature","authors":"Chi-Long Tang,&nbsp;Stefan Seeger,&nbsp;Mathias Röllig","doi":"10.1016/j.aeaoa.2023.100217","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.aeaoa.2023.100217","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Fused filament fabrication (FFF) is a material extrusion-based technique often used in desktop 3D printers. Polymeric filaments are melted and are extruded through a heated nozzle to form a 3D object in layers. The extruder temperature is therefore a key parameter for a successful print job but also one of the main emission driving factors as harmful pollutants (e.g., ultrafine particles) are formed by thermal polymer degradation. The awareness of potential health risks has increased the number of emission studies in the past years. However, studies usually refer their calculated emission data to the printer set extruder temperature for comparison purposes. In this study, we used a thermocouple and an infrared camera to measure the actual extruder temperature and found significant temperature deviations to the displayed set temperature among printer models. Our result shows that printing the same filament feedstocks with three different printer models and with identical printer set temperature resulted in a variation in particle emission of around two orders of magnitude. A temperature adjustment has reduced the variation to approx. one order of magnitude. Thus, it is necessary to refer the measured emission data to the actual extruder temperature as it poses a more accurate comparison parameter for evaluation of the indoor air quality in user scenarios or for health risk assessments.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":37150,"journal":{"name":"Atmospheric Environment: X","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2023-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47174001","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Effects of polyoxymethylene dimethyl ether (PODEn) blended fuel on diesel engine emission: Insight from soot-particle aerosol mass spectrometry and aethalometer measurements 聚甲醛-二甲醚(PODEn)混合燃料对柴油机排放的影响:从烟尘颗粒气溶胶质谱和乙醚计测量中的见解
IF 4.6 Q1 Environmental Science Pub Date : 2023-04-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.aeaoa.2023.100216
Mutian Ma , Laura-Hélèna Rivellini , Nethmi Kasthuriarachchi , Qiren Zhu , Yichen Zong , Wenbin Yu , Wenming Yang , Markus Kraft , Alex K.Y. Lee

Polyoxymethylene Dimethyl Ether (PODEn) is a promising diesel additive that can reduce particulate matter (PM) emission effectively, yet the changes in chemical and physical characteristics of PM emissions due to the application of PODEn-diesel blended fuel remain largely unexplored. This laboratory study investigates the effects of PODE3–diesel blended fuels (10, 20, and 30 vol% of PODE3 mixed with diesel, denoted as P10, P20, and P30, respectively) on diesel engine emissions at 30% and 60% engine loads. Black carbon (BC) and organic aerosol (OA) were characterized in real time by a combination of a soot-particle aerosol mass spectrometer (SP-AMS) and a seven-wavelength aethalometer. Our results show that PODE3 can significantly reduce both OA and BC emissions at both engine loads, with P20 producing the largest total PM mass reductions (>84%). The changes in the contribution of refractory oxygenated fragments to BC mass (i.e., C3O2+/C3+ and C3O+/C3+) indicate that PODE3 can reduce the functionality of soot surface/nanostructure. This is the first work showing that PODE3 can affect the mixing state of BC and OA in diesel engine exhaust. Increasing PODE3 blended volume can reduce the total fraction contribution of particle types that were composed of notably amounts of BC by mass. Furthermore, clustering analysis of single-particle data can identify two OA-dominated particle classes that were dominated by hydrocarbon fragments (CxHy+), and one of them had higher signal contribution from high molecular weight compounds. Lastly, the absorption Ångström exponent of BC (AAEBC) can be enhanced with PODE3 blended volume for both engine loads, and brown carbon (i.e., a light absorbing fraction of OA) can contribute up to ∼5% to the total aerosol absorption at the wavelength of 370 nm. Overall, this work provides insights into the potential impacts of PODEn blended fuel application on the chemical and optical properties of BC and OA emitted from diesel engine combustion.

聚甲醛二甲醚(PODEn)是一种很有前途的柴油添加剂,可以有效地减少颗粒物(PM)的排放,但由于PODEn柴油混合燃料的应用,PM排放的化学和物理特性的变化在很大程度上仍未得到探索。本实验室研究调查了PODE3–柴油混合燃料(10、20和30体积%的PODE3与柴油混合,分别表示为P10、P20和P30)在30%和60%发动机负荷下对柴油发动机排放的影响。通过烟尘颗粒气溶胶质谱仪(SP-AMS)和七波长乙醚计的组合,对炭黑(BC)和有机气溶胶(OA)进行了实时表征。我们的结果表明,在两种发动机负载下,PODE3都可以显著降低OA和BC排放,其中P20产生了最大的PM总质量减少(>;84%)。耐火含氧碎片对BC质量的贡献(即C3O2+/C3+和C3O+/C3+)的变化表明PODE3可以降低烟灰表面/纳米结构的功能。这是首次表明PODE3会影响柴油机排气中BC和OA的混合状态。增加PODE3的混合体积可以降低由显著量的BC(按质量计)组成的颗粒类型的总分数贡献。此外,单颗粒数据的聚类分析可以确定两个以OA为主的颗粒类别,它们以碳氢化合物片段(CxHy+)为主,其中一个具有较高的高分子量化合物信号贡献。最后,对于两种发动机负载,使用PODE3混合体积可以提高BC(AAEBC)的吸收Ångström指数,并且棕色碳(即OA的光吸收部分)在370nm波长下可以对气溶胶的总吸收贡献高达~5%。总的来说,这项工作深入了解了PODEn混合燃料应用对柴油机燃烧排放的BC和OA的化学和光学特性的潜在影响。
{"title":"Effects of polyoxymethylene dimethyl ether (PODEn) blended fuel on diesel engine emission: Insight from soot-particle aerosol mass spectrometry and aethalometer measurements","authors":"Mutian Ma ,&nbsp;Laura-Hélèna Rivellini ,&nbsp;Nethmi Kasthuriarachchi ,&nbsp;Qiren Zhu ,&nbsp;Yichen Zong ,&nbsp;Wenbin Yu ,&nbsp;Wenming Yang ,&nbsp;Markus Kraft ,&nbsp;Alex K.Y. Lee","doi":"10.1016/j.aeaoa.2023.100216","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aeaoa.2023.100216","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Polyoxymethylene Dimethyl Ether (PODE<sub>n</sub>) is a promising diesel additive that can reduce particulate matter (PM) emission effectively, yet the changes in chemical and physical characteristics of PM emissions due to the application of PODE<sub>n</sub>-diesel blended fuel remain largely unexplored. This laboratory study investigates the effects of PODE<sub>3</sub>–diesel blended fuels (10, 20, and 30 vol% of PODE<sub>3</sub> mixed with diesel, denoted as P10, P20, and P30, respectively) on diesel engine emissions at 30% and 60% engine loads. Black carbon (BC) and organic aerosol (OA) were characterized in real time by a combination of a soot-particle aerosol mass spectrometer (SP-AMS) and a seven-wavelength aethalometer. Our results show that PODE<sub>3</sub> can significantly reduce both OA and BC emissions at both engine loads, with P20 producing the largest total PM mass reductions (&gt;84%). The changes in the contribution of refractory oxygenated fragments to BC mass (i.e., C<sub>3</sub>O<sub>2</sub><sup>+</sup>/C<sub>3</sub><sup>+</sup> and C<sub>3</sub>O<sup>+</sup>/C<sub>3</sub><sup>+</sup>) indicate that PODE<sub>3</sub> can reduce the functionality of soot surface/nanostructure. This is the first work showing that PODE<sub>3</sub> can affect the mixing state of BC and OA in diesel engine exhaust. Increasing PODE<sub>3</sub> blended volume can reduce the total fraction contribution of particle types that were composed of notably amounts of BC by mass. Furthermore, clustering analysis of single-particle data can identify two OA-dominated particle classes that were dominated by hydrocarbon fragments (C<sub>x</sub>H<sub>y</sub><sup>+</sup>), and one of them had higher signal contribution from high molecular weight compounds. Lastly, the absorption Ångström exponent of BC (AAE<sub>BC</sub>) can be enhanced with PODE<sub>3</sub> blended volume for both engine loads, and brown carbon (i.e., a light absorbing fraction of OA) can contribute up to ∼5% to the total aerosol absorption at the wavelength of 370 nm. Overall, this work provides insights into the potential impacts of PODE<sub>n</sub> blended fuel application on the chemical and optical properties of BC and OA emitted from diesel engine combustion.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":37150,"journal":{"name":"Atmospheric Environment: X","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2023-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49817750","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Sustainable design of low-emission brake pads for railway vehicles: An experimental characterization 铁路车辆低排放制动片的可持续设计:实验表征
IF 4.6 Q1 Environmental Science Pub Date : 2023-04-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.aeaoa.2023.100215
Gianluigi De Falco , Giuseppe Russo , Stefania Ferrara , Vittorio De Soccio , Andrea D'Anna

Non-exhaust particulate matter (PM) emissions deriving from transports are steadily increasing over last years. Nevertheless, there is a proven lack of up-to-date emission inventory guidelines, as well as a lack of related research studies. Rail transportation such as trains and subways contribute to non-exhaust PM emissions from different phenomena and specifically from braking events, during which PM of different dimensions can be emitted from both mechanical processes and high temperature processes. This study reports the development and application of an experimental procedure for the investigation of particulate matter PM10, PM2.5 and PM1 emissions in the atmosphere produced by brake pads for railway vehicles. Two different test programs composed of several brake events each were conducted on a dynamometer test bench to simulate the brake performance of a railway vehicle during typical routes. PM emission levels were measured with an Electrical Low-Pressure Impactor at the exhaust air channel of the dynamometer. The tests were performed on an innovative sintered material and two commercial organic materials. For both test simulation routes, the three brake pads exhibited very similar friction performances and very similar average maximum temperature profiles. On the other hand, the innovative sintered material revealed a considerably better behavior in terms of wear resistance compared to the organic materials. Relationships between wear rate, train speed, applied forces and particle concentrations were detected in the wear processes occurring in the braking materials. PM concentrations produced by the sintered brake pad during both simulation tests were substantially lower than the organic pads and the differences were more pronounced for fine particles (PM2.5) and ultrafine particles (PM1). The shape of particle size distributions was similar for the three materials, with the maximum mass concentration of particles measured in the coarse particle region and two other modes in the fine and ultrafine particle regions. An increase in the production of ultrafine particles was observed for an increase in the temperature of the disk, while the production of coarse and fine particles remains substantially unaffected. The experimental results provided in this work can furnish the basis for developing the optimal formulations of brake pad materials with low environmental impact and for setting specific measures on train brake pads composition and production for the mitigation of non-exhaust emissions.

运输产生的非废气颗粒物(PM)排放量在过去几年中稳步增加。然而,事实证明,缺乏最新的排放清单指南,也缺乏相关的研究。火车和地铁等轨道交通有助于不同现象的非废气PM排放,特别是制动事件,在制动过程中,机械过程和高温过程都会排放不同尺寸的PM。本研究报告了一种实验程序的开发和应用,用于调查铁路车辆制动片产生的大气中颗粒物PM10、PM2.5和PM1排放。在测功机试验台上进行了两个不同的试验程序,每个程序由几个制动事件组成,以模拟铁路车辆在典型路线上的制动性能。使用电动低压冲击器在测功机的排气通道处测量PM排放水平。试验在一种创新的烧结材料和两种商业有机材料上进行。对于两种测试模拟路线,三个制动片表现出非常相似的摩擦性能和非常相似的平均最高温度曲线。另一方面,与有机材料相比,创新的烧结材料在耐磨性方面表现出相当好的性能。在制动材料的磨损过程中检测到磨损率、列车速度、施加的力和颗粒浓度之间的关系。在两次模拟测试中,烧结制动片产生的PM浓度均显著低于有机制动片,细颗粒物(PM2.5)和超细颗粒物(PM1)的差异更为明显。三种材料的颗粒尺寸分布形状相似,在粗颗粒区域测量颗粒的最大质量浓度,在细颗粒和超细颗粒区域测量其他两种模式。随着圆盘温度的升高,观察到超细颗粒的产生增加,而粗颗粒和细颗粒的产生基本上不受影响。这项工作中提供的实验结果可以为开发具有低环境影响的制动片材料的最佳配方提供基础,并为制定列车制动片成分和生产的具体措施以减少非废气排放提供基础。
{"title":"Sustainable design of low-emission brake pads for railway vehicles: An experimental characterization","authors":"Gianluigi De Falco ,&nbsp;Giuseppe Russo ,&nbsp;Stefania Ferrara ,&nbsp;Vittorio De Soccio ,&nbsp;Andrea D'Anna","doi":"10.1016/j.aeaoa.2023.100215","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aeaoa.2023.100215","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Non-exhaust particulate matter (PM) emissions deriving from transports are steadily increasing over last years. Nevertheless, there is a proven lack of up-to-date emission inventory guidelines, as well as a lack of related research studies. Rail transportation such as trains and subways contribute to non-exhaust PM emissions from different phenomena and specifically from braking events, during which PM of different dimensions can be emitted from both mechanical processes and high temperature processes. This study reports the development and application of an experimental procedure for the investigation of particulate matter PM<sub>10</sub>, PM<sub>2.5</sub> and PM<sub>1</sub> emissions in the atmosphere produced by brake pads for railway vehicles. Two different test programs composed of several brake events each were conducted on a dynamometer test bench to simulate the brake performance of a railway vehicle during typical routes. PM emission levels were measured with an Electrical Low-Pressure Impactor at the exhaust air channel of the dynamometer. The tests were performed on an innovative sintered material and two commercial organic materials. For both test simulation routes, the three brake pads exhibited very similar friction performances and very similar average maximum temperature profiles. On the other hand, the innovative sintered material revealed a considerably better behavior in terms of wear resistance compared to the organic materials. Relationships between wear rate, train speed, applied forces and particle concentrations were detected in the wear processes occurring in the braking materials. PM concentrations produced by the sintered brake pad during both simulation tests were substantially lower than the organic pads and the differences were more pronounced for fine particles (PM<sub>2.5</sub>) and ultrafine particles (PM<sub>1</sub>). The shape of particle size distributions was similar for the three materials, with the maximum mass concentration of particles measured in the coarse particle region and two other modes in the fine and ultrafine particle regions. An increase in the production of ultrafine particles was observed for an increase in the temperature of the disk, while the production of coarse and fine particles remains substantially unaffected. The experimental results provided in this work can furnish the basis for developing the optimal formulations of brake pad materials with low environmental impact and for setting specific measures on train brake pads composition and production for the mitigation of non-exhaust emissions.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":37150,"journal":{"name":"Atmospheric Environment: X","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2023-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49817749","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Practical usefulness of observing the free tropospheric acidic gases with a parallel plate wet denuder coupled ion chromatograph 用平行板湿式剥蚀耦合离子色谱仪观测对流层游离酸性气体的实用性
IF 4.6 Q1 Environmental Science Pub Date : 2023-04-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.aeaoa.2023.100213
Masaki Takeuchi , Shinya Nakagawa , Hiroki Watanabe , Hideji Tanaka , Takaharu Isobe , Hiroko Ogata , Hiroshi Okochi

Mountain observatories at high altitudes, far from local anthropogenic emission sources, are considered ideal for monitoring temporal variations of tropospheric air pollutants. During August 17–21 in 2013, we measured sulfur dioxide and nitric acid concentrations in the free troposphere at the top (3776 m a.s.l.) of Mt. Fuji, Japan. A parallel plate wet denuder-ion chromatographic system was used for the online measurement with 15 min temporal resolution. The continuous observations were successfully achieved without any problems. Of the samples collected, 97.8% of sulfur dioxide and 75.7% of nitric acid were above the limits of quantification. The average gas concentrations ± standard deviation (n = 408) were 0.106 ± 0.377 ppbv for sulfur dioxide and 0.015 ± 0.014 ppbv for nitric acid, respectively. Episodic elevations of sulfur dioxide concentration were recorded from August 20 to 21. Backward trajectory analyses indicated that the high-temporal resolution monitor detected the volcanic sulfur dioxide from Mt. Sakurajima, located 857 km from the sampling point. High-time-resolved observations in the free troposphere proved useful for source identification of air pollutants.

远离当地人为排放源的高海拔山区天文台被认为是监测对流层空气污染物时间变化的理想场所。2013年8月17日至21日,我们测量了日本富士山顶部(海拔3776米)自由对流层中的二氧化硫和硝酸浓度。使用平行板湿式剥蚀离子色谱系统进行在线测量,时间分辨率为15分钟。连续观测成功实现,没有任何问题。在收集的样品中,97.8%的二氧化硫和75.7%的硝酸高于定量限。二氧化硫和硝酸的平均气体浓度±标准偏差(n=408)分别为0.106±0.377 ppbv和0.015±0.014 ppbv。8月20日至21日期间,二氧化硫浓度出现间歇性上升。后向轨迹分析表明,高时间分辨率监测器从距离采样点857公里的樱岛山探测到火山二氧化硫。在自由对流层中的高时间分辨观测被证明有助于识别空气污染物的来源。
{"title":"Practical usefulness of observing the free tropospheric acidic gases with a parallel plate wet denuder coupled ion chromatograph","authors":"Masaki Takeuchi ,&nbsp;Shinya Nakagawa ,&nbsp;Hiroki Watanabe ,&nbsp;Hideji Tanaka ,&nbsp;Takaharu Isobe ,&nbsp;Hiroko Ogata ,&nbsp;Hiroshi Okochi","doi":"10.1016/j.aeaoa.2023.100213","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aeaoa.2023.100213","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Mountain observatories at high altitudes, far from local anthropogenic emission sources, are considered ideal for monitoring temporal variations of tropospheric air pollutants. During August 17–21 in 2013, we measured sulfur dioxide and nitric acid concentrations in the free troposphere at the top (3776 m a.s.l.) of Mt. Fuji, Japan. A parallel plate wet denuder-ion chromatographic system was used for the online measurement with 15 min temporal resolution. The continuous observations were successfully achieved without any problems. Of the samples collected, 97.8% of sulfur dioxide and 75.7% of nitric acid were above the limits of quantification. The average gas concentrations ± standard deviation (<em>n</em> = 408) were 0.106 ± 0.377 ppbv for sulfur dioxide and 0.015 ± 0.014 ppbv for nitric acid, respectively. Episodic elevations of sulfur dioxide concentration were recorded from August 20 to 21. Backward trajectory analyses indicated that the high-temporal resolution monitor detected the volcanic sulfur dioxide from Mt. Sakurajima, located 857 km from the sampling point. High-time-resolved observations in the free troposphere proved useful for source identification of air pollutants.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":37150,"journal":{"name":"Atmospheric Environment: X","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2023-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49776804","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Assessment of chemical facility ethylene oxide emissions using mobile and multipoint monitoring 利用移动和多点监测评估化学设施环氧乙烷排放
IF 4.6 Q1 Environmental Science Pub Date : 2023-04-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.aeaoa.2023.100214
Eben D. Thoma , Ali Gitipour , Ingrid George , Peter Kariher , Megan MacDonald , Gustavo Queiroz , Parikshit Deshmukh , Josh Childers , Tim Rodak , Volker Schmid

Ethylene oxide (EtO) is a hazardous air pollutant that can be emitted from a variety of difficult to measure industrial sources, such as fugitive leaks, wastewater handling, and episodic releases. Emerging next generation emission measurement (NGEM) approaches capable of time-resolved, low parts per billion by volume (ppbv) method detection limits (MDLs) can help facilities understand and reduce EtO and other air pollutant emissions from these sources yielding a range of environmental and public health benefits. In October 2021, a first of its kind 4-day observational study was conducted at an EtO chemical facility in the midwestern United States. The study had dual objectives to both improve understanding of EtO emission sources within the facility and advance NGEM methods. Using cavity ring-down spectroscopy (CRDS) instruments, a combination of mobile surveys and stationary multipoint process unit monitoring assessed EtO concentrations in and near facility operations, while testing and comparing measurement methods. The study concluded that four main areas of EtO source emissions existed within the facility, each possessing unique emission characteristics. Episodic EtO emissions from supply railcar switchovers and batch reactor washouts, lasting seconds to minutes in duration, produced EtO concentrations exceeding 500 ppbv inside the process unit in some cases. In one instance, EtO at ∼30 ppbv was briefly observed hundreds of meters from the process unit. Lower level but more sustained EtO concentrations were observed near an EtO transfer pump and wastewater tank outfall and drain system. Overall, 4.6% of mobile survey data were above the 1.2 ppbv mobile test MDL while the nine stationary sampling locations ranged from 17.7% to 82.8% of data above the 1.0 ppbv multipoint test MDL. This paper describes the EtO emissions observed in and near the four defined source areas within the facility and provides details of the NGEM method development advances accomplished as part of the study.

环氧乙烷(EtO)是一种危险的空气污染物,可从各种难以测量的工业来源排放,如无组织泄漏、废水处理和偶发性排放。新兴的下一代排放测量(NGEM)方法能够实现时间分辨、低体积百分比(ppbv)方法检测限值(MDL),可以帮助企业了解并减少这些来源的EtO和其他空气污染物排放,从而产生一系列环境和公共健康效益。2021年10月,在美国中西部的EtO化学设施进行了首次为期4天的观测研究。该研究的双重目标是提高对设施内EtO排放源的了解,并推进NGEM方法。使用腔衰荡光谱(CRDS)仪器,结合移动调查和固定多点工艺装置监测,评估了设施运行中和附近的EtO浓度,同时测试和比较了测量方法。该研究得出结论,设施内存在四个主要的EtO源排放区域,每个区域都具有独特的排放特征。供应轨道车切换和间歇式反应器冲洗产生的EtO偶发性排放持续数秒至数分钟,在某些情况下,工艺装置内产生的EtO浓度超过500 ppbv。在一个例子中,在距离工艺装置数百米的地方短暂观察到了约30 ppbv的EtO。在EtO输送泵和废水池排水口和排水系统附近观察到较低水平但更持久的EtO浓度。总体而言,4.6%的移动调查数据高于1.2 ppbv移动测试MDL,而9个固定采样点的数据范围为17.7%-82.8%,高于1.0 ppbv多点测试MDL。本文描述了在设施内四个确定的源区及其附近观察到的EtO排放,并提供了作为研究一部分完成的NGEM方法开发进展的详细信息。
{"title":"Assessment of chemical facility ethylene oxide emissions using mobile and multipoint monitoring","authors":"Eben D. Thoma ,&nbsp;Ali Gitipour ,&nbsp;Ingrid George ,&nbsp;Peter Kariher ,&nbsp;Megan MacDonald ,&nbsp;Gustavo Queiroz ,&nbsp;Parikshit Deshmukh ,&nbsp;Josh Childers ,&nbsp;Tim Rodak ,&nbsp;Volker Schmid","doi":"10.1016/j.aeaoa.2023.100214","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.aeaoa.2023.100214","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Ethylene oxide (EtO) is a hazardous air pollutant that can be emitted from a variety of difficult to measure industrial sources, such as fugitive leaks, wastewater handling, and episodic releases. Emerging next generation emission measurement (NGEM) approaches capable of time-resolved, low parts per billion by volume (ppbv) method detection limits (MDLs) can help facilities understand and reduce EtO and other air pollutant emissions from these sources yielding a range of environmental and public health benefits. In October 2021, a first of its kind 4-day observational study was conducted at an EtO chemical facility in the midwestern United States. The study had dual objectives to both improve understanding of EtO emission sources within the facility and advance NGEM methods. Using cavity ring-down spectroscopy (CRDS) instruments, a combination of mobile surveys and stationary multipoint process unit monitoring assessed EtO concentrations in and near facility operations, while testing and comparing measurement methods. The study concluded that four main areas of EtO source emissions existed within the facility, each possessing unique emission characteristics. Episodic EtO emissions from supply railcar switchovers and batch reactor washouts, lasting seconds to minutes in duration, produced EtO concentrations exceeding 500 ppbv inside the process unit in some cases. In one instance, EtO at ∼30 ppbv was briefly observed hundreds of meters from the process unit. Lower level but more sustained EtO concentrations were observed near an EtO transfer pump and wastewater tank outfall and drain system. Overall, 4.6% of mobile survey data were above the 1.2 ppbv mobile test MDL while the nine stationary sampling locations ranged from 17.7% to 82.8% of data above the 1.0 ppbv multipoint test MDL. This paper describes the EtO emissions observed in and near the four defined source areas within the facility and provides details of the NGEM method development advances accomplished as part of the study.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":37150,"journal":{"name":"Atmospheric Environment: X","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2023-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10228146/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9571260","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
A numerical study of lightning-induced NOx and formation of NOy observed at the summit of Mt. Fuji using an explicit bulk lightning and photochemistry model 用显式整体闪电和光化学模型对富士山顶闪电诱发NOx和NOy形成的数值研究
IF 4.6 Q1 Environmental Science Pub Date : 2023-04-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.aeaoa.2023.100218
Yousuke Sato , Mizuo Kajino , Syugo Hayashi , Ryuichi Wada

This study coupled a meteorological model with explicit bulk lightning and chemical transport models to investigate the impacts of lightning-induced nitrogen oxides (LNOx) on nitrogen monoxide (NO), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), and total reactive nitrogen oxide (NOy) measured on August 22, 2017, at the top of Mt. Fuji, Japan. Our simulation results indicated that the LNOx emitted around Wakasa Bay in the windward area of Mt. Fuji largely contributed to the NOy content measured at the top of Mt. Fuji. Furthermore, sensitivity experiments regarding the height of LNOx emissions indicated that the NOy content measured atop Mt. Fuji originated from LNOx emitted below 6 km. Our simulation assumed that a two-mode vertical distribution of LNOx emissions was more consistent with measured NOy at Mt. Fuji than a single-mode structure assumption in this case. A comparison of simulated NOx (= NO + NO2) and measured NOx at Mt. Fuji indicated that the reaction rates of the NO and NO2 cycles were well reproduced in our model; however, the ratio of NOz (NOy species other than NOx) to NOy estimated by the model were lower than the observed value, implying that the model either underestimated the reaction rate of LNOx or overestimated the wet removal of lightning-induced NOz. Finally, our results also suggest that the simultaneous observation of NOy and NOx is important for understanding LNOx emissions, subsequent atmospheric chemical reactions, and removal processes, as well as validating chemical transport models.

本研究将气象模型与显式闪电和化学输运模型相结合,研究了2017年8月22日在日本富士山山顶测量的雷电致氮氧化物(LNOx)对一氧化氮(NO)、二氧化氮(NO2)和总活性氮氧化物(NOy)的影响。我们的模拟结果表明,富士山迎风区若浅湾周围排放的LNOx对富士山顶部测量的NOy含量有很大贡献。此外,关于LNOx排放高度的灵敏度实验表明,富士山山顶测量的NOy含量来自6 km以下排放的LNOx。在这种情况下,我们的模拟假设LNOx排放的双模垂直分布比单模结构假设更符合富士山测量的NOy。富士山模拟NOx (= NO + NO2)与实测NOx的比较表明,该模型可以很好地再现NO和NO2循环的反应速率;然而,模型估算的NOz(除NOx以外的NOy种类)与NOy的比值低于观测值,这意味着模型要么低估了LNOx的反应速率,要么高估了雷击诱导NOz的湿法去除。最后,我们的研究结果还表明,同时观测NOy和NOx对于理解LNOx排放、随后的大气化学反应和去除过程以及验证化学传输模型非常重要。
{"title":"A numerical study of lightning-induced NOx and formation of NOy observed at the summit of Mt. Fuji using an explicit bulk lightning and photochemistry model","authors":"Yousuke Sato ,&nbsp;Mizuo Kajino ,&nbsp;Syugo Hayashi ,&nbsp;Ryuichi Wada","doi":"10.1016/j.aeaoa.2023.100218","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.aeaoa.2023.100218","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This study coupled a meteorological model with explicit bulk lightning and chemical transport models to investigate the impacts of lightning-induced nitrogen oxides (LNO<sub>x</sub>) on nitrogen monoxide (NO), nitrogen dioxide (NO<sub>2</sub>), and total reactive nitrogen oxide (NO<sub>y</sub>) measured on August 22, 2017, at the top of Mt. Fuji, Japan. Our simulation results indicated that the LNO<sub>x</sub> emitted around Wakasa Bay in the windward area of Mt. Fuji largely contributed to the NO<sub>y</sub> content measured at the top of Mt. Fuji. Furthermore, sensitivity experiments regarding the height of LNO<sub>x</sub> emissions indicated that the NO<sub>y</sub> content measured atop Mt. Fuji originated from LNO<sub>x</sub> emitted below 6 km. Our simulation assumed that a two-mode vertical distribution of LNO<sub>x</sub> emissions was more consistent with measured NO<sub>y</sub> at Mt. Fuji than a single-mode structure assumption in this case. A comparison of simulated NO<sub>x</sub> (= NO + NO<sub>2</sub>) and measured NO<sub>x</sub> at Mt. Fuji indicated that the reaction rates of the NO and NO<sub>2</sub> cycles were well reproduced in our model; however, the ratio of NO<sub>z</sub> (NO<sub>y</sub> species other than NO<sub>x</sub>) to NO<sub>y</sub> estimated by the model were lower than the observed value, implying that the model either underestimated the reaction rate of LNO<sub>x</sub> or overestimated the wet removal of lightning-induced NO<sub>z</sub>. Finally, our results also suggest that the simultaneous observation of NO<sub>y</sub> and NO<sub>x</sub> is important for understanding LNO<sub>x</sub> emissions, subsequent atmospheric chemical reactions, and removal processes, as well as validating chemical transport models.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":37150,"journal":{"name":"Atmospheric Environment: X","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2023-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43103668","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
期刊
Atmospheric Environment: X
全部 Acc. Chem. Res. ACS Applied Bio Materials ACS Appl. Electron. Mater. ACS Appl. Energy Mater. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces ACS Appl. Nano Mater. ACS Appl. Polym. Mater. ACS BIOMATER-SCI ENG ACS Catal. ACS Cent. Sci. ACS Chem. Biol. ACS Chemical Health & Safety ACS Chem. Neurosci. ACS Comb. Sci. ACS Earth Space Chem. ACS Energy Lett. ACS Infect. Dis. ACS Macro Lett. ACS Mater. Lett. ACS Med. Chem. Lett. ACS Nano ACS Omega ACS Photonics ACS Sens. ACS Sustainable Chem. Eng. ACS Synth. Biol. Anal. Chem. BIOCHEMISTRY-US Bioconjugate Chem. BIOMACROMOLECULES Chem. Res. Toxicol. Chem. Rev. Chem. Mater. CRYST GROWTH DES ENERG FUEL Environ. Sci. Technol. Environ. Sci. Technol. Lett. Eur. J. Inorg. Chem. IND ENG CHEM RES Inorg. Chem. J. Agric. Food. Chem. J. Chem. Eng. Data J. Chem. Educ. J. Chem. Inf. Model. J. Chem. Theory Comput. J. Med. Chem. J. Nat. Prod. J PROTEOME RES J. Am. Chem. Soc. LANGMUIR MACROMOLECULES Mol. Pharmaceutics Nano Lett. Org. Lett. ORG PROCESS RES DEV ORGANOMETALLICS J. Org. Chem. J. Phys. Chem. J. Phys. Chem. A J. Phys. Chem. B J. Phys. Chem. C J. Phys. Chem. Lett. Analyst Anal. Methods Biomater. Sci. Catal. Sci. Technol. Chem. Commun. Chem. Soc. Rev. CHEM EDUC RES PRACT CRYSTENGCOMM Dalton Trans. Energy Environ. Sci. ENVIRON SCI-NANO ENVIRON SCI-PROC IMP ENVIRON SCI-WAT RES Faraday Discuss. Food Funct. Green Chem. Inorg. Chem. Front. Integr. Biol. J. Anal. At. Spectrom. J. Mater. Chem. A J. Mater. Chem. B J. Mater. Chem. C Lab Chip Mater. Chem. Front. Mater. Horiz. MEDCHEMCOMM Metallomics Mol. Biosyst. Mol. Syst. Des. Eng. Nanoscale Nanoscale Horiz. Nat. Prod. Rep. New J. Chem. Org. Biomol. Chem. Org. Chem. Front. PHOTOCH PHOTOBIO SCI PCCP Polym. Chem.
×
引用
GB/T 7714-2015
复制
MLA
复制
APA
复制
导出至
BibTeX EndNote RefMan NoteFirst NoteExpress
×
0
微信
客服QQ
Book学术公众号 扫码关注我们
反馈
×
意见反馈
请填写您的意见或建议
请填写您的手机或邮箱
×
提示
您的信息不完整,为了账户安全,请先补充。
现在去补充
×
提示
您因"违规操作"
具体请查看互助需知
我知道了
×
提示
现在去查看 取消
×
提示
确定
Book学术官方微信
Book学术文献互助
Book学术文献互助群
群 号:481959085
Book学术
文献互助 智能选刊 最新文献 互助须知 联系我们:info@booksci.cn
Book学术提供免费学术资源搜索服务,方便国内外学者检索中英文文献。致力于提供最便捷和优质的服务体验。
Copyright © 2023 Book学术 All rights reserved.
ghs 京公网安备 11010802042870号 京ICP备2023020795号-1