Atmospheric Environment: X最新文献_第9页

Observation-based investigation reveals major sources of heavy metals associated with fine particulate matter (PM2.5) in an East Asian urban area 基于观测的调查揭示了东亚城市地区细颗粒物（PM2.5）相关重金属的主要来源

IF 3.8 Q2 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES

Atmospheric Environment: X

Pub Date : 2025-07-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.aeaoa.2025.100342

Shane S.-E. Sun, Yi-Tang Huang, Mei-June Chen, Xuan-Ru Huang, Shu-Hui Huang, Wen-Yu Liao, Charles C.-K. Chou

Exposure to elevated levels of fine particulate matter (PM_2.5) has been a major public health concern for decades. However, the specific sources of air toxics associated with PM_2.5 remain unclear. In this study, we investigate PM_2.5 pollution in Taichung, Taiwan—a representative East Asian metropolitan area— during March and November of 2021–2023 using an advanced two-stage positive matrix factorization (PMFxPMF) approach. This method enables detailed source apportionment of both bulk PM_2.5 and PM_2.5-bound heavy metals. Our analysis reveals that, during the East Asian winter monsoon seasons, regional transboundary pollution contributed 38 % to the PM_2.5 load, while local sources—such as carbonaceous aerosols, industrial processes, ammonium nitrate/chloride, and transformed sea spray—contributed between 9 % and 20 %. Furthermore, the formation of nitrate was the primary driver of air quality deterioration. Heavy metals constituted 1.2 %–1.5 % of PM_2.5 mass (0.24–0.32 μg m⁻³). By incorporating heavy metal fingerprints from two major local sources—coal-fired power plants and steel sintering facilities—as constraints in our PMF analysis, we reveal that ambient non-Fe heavy metals were mainly associated with suspended dust (34 %), implying significant health risk of dust exposure. Besides, vehicular pollution accounted for 14 % of non-Fe heavy metals, highlighting the need for a stronger control on non-exhaust vehicular emissions. Substantial contributions arose from coal combustion (9 %), steel sintering (5 %) and various industrial sources (22 %). Our results underscore the importance of accelerating the timeline for coal phaseout, and warrant a further investigation on the emissions of heavy metals from industrial activities.

几十年来，暴露于高浓度的细颗粒物（PM2.5）一直是一个主要的公共卫生问题。然而，与PM2.5相关的空气有毒物质的具体来源仍不清楚。本研究采用先进的两阶段正矩阵分解（PMFxPMF）方法，对2021-2023年3月和11月具有代表性的东亚大都市台湾台中地区的PM2.5污染进行了研究。这种方法可以详细地分析PM2.5和PM2.5结合重金属的来源。我们的分析表明，在东亚冬季季风季节，区域跨界污染对PM2.5负荷的贡献为38% %，而本地来源（如碳质气溶胶、工业过程、硝酸铵/氯化铵和转化的海雾）的贡献在9% %至20% %之间。此外，硝酸盐的形成是空气质量恶化的主要驱动因素。重金属占PM2.5质量的1.2 % ~ 1.5 %（0.24 ~ 0.32 μg m−3）。通过将当地两个主要来源（燃煤电厂和钢铁烧结设施）的重金属指纹作为PMF分析的约束条件，我们发现环境中的非铁重金属主要与悬浮粉尘有关（34% %），这意味着粉尘暴露的重大健康风险。此外，机动车污染占非铁重金属的14% %，凸显了加强对机动车非尾气排放控制的必要性。煤炭燃烧（9 %）、钢铁烧结（5 %）和各种工业来源（22 %）都是主要贡献。我们的研究结果强调了加快煤炭淘汰时间表的重要性，并保证了对工业活动中重金属排放的进一步调查。

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引用次数: 0

Comparison of modelled and experimental PM10 source contributions for mapping source-specific oxidative potential 模拟和实验PM10源对绘制源特异性氧化电位的贡献比较

IF 3.8 Q2 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES

Atmospheric Environment: X

Pub Date : 2025-06-13 DOI: 10.1016/j.aeaoa.2025.100339

Floris Pekel , Gaelle Uzu , Samuel Weber , Richard Kranenburg , Janot Tokaya , Martijn Schaap , Pamela Dominutti , Olivier Favez , Jean-Luc Jaffrezo , Renske Timmermans

To effectively reduce the health burden of particulate matter (PM) pollution requires indicators more directly linked to adverse health effects than total PM mass alone. Oxidative potential (OP)—the ability of PM to induce oxidative stress based on its chemical composition—is gaining recognition as a health-relevant metric. Integrating source-specific OP values from field measurements into Chemical Transport Models (CTMs) enables the mapping of source-specific OP with broad spatiotemporal coverage. A critical step is ensuring alignment between CTM-derived and observation-based source contributions.

This study evaluates and optimises the consistency between the LOTOS-EUROS CTM and Positive Matrix Factorization (PMF) source profiles, using PM10 data from 15 French sites (2013–2016). While total PM10 shows reasonable correlation with observations (r² = 0.35–0.66), source-specific comparisons vary across source-types and locations. Promising results are obtained for residential biomass burning (r² = 0.34–0.75), secondary inorganic aerosols (r² = 0.30–0.71), and sea salt (r² = 0.18–0.71), whereas road traffic shows weaker alignment (r² = 0.01–0.40). Using the optimized source matching, OP maps are generated over France, showing stronger contributions from anthropogenic sources to OP than to PM10 mass. The study highlights key challenges in matching CTM and PMF sources for OP modelling, due to secondary aerosol formation, source mixing within PMF profiles, and spatiotemporal representation differences.

Refining emission data, incorporating secondary organic aerosol and aging processes in CTMs, and expanding source-specific OP measurements, particularly for uncharacterized sources like agriculture are identified as essential next steps. Despite current limitations, this approach offers a promising framework for advancing health-oriented air quality management.

要有效减轻颗粒物污染造成的健康负担，就需要比单独的颗粒物总质量更直接地与有害健康影响挂钩的指标。氧化电位(OP) - PM根据其化学成分诱导氧化应激的能力-正在被公认为与健康相关的指标。将现场测量的特定源OP值集成到化学传输模型（CTMs）中，可以绘制具有广泛时空覆盖范围的特定源OP。关键的一步是确保ctm推导和基于观测的源贡献之间的一致性。本研究利用法国15个站点（2013-2016）的PM10数据，评估并优化了lotos - euro CTM和正矩阵分解（PMF）源剖面之间的一致性。虽然PM10总量与观测值有一定的相关性（r2 = 0.35-0.66），但不同源类型和位置的源特异性比较有所不同。住宅生物质燃烧（r2 = 0.34-0.75）、二次无机气溶胶（r2 = 0.30-0.71）和海盐（r2 = 0.18-0.71）的结果令人满意，而道路交通表现出较弱的一致性（r2 = 0.01-0.40）。利用优化的源匹配，生成了法国上空的OP地图，显示人为源对OP的贡献大于PM10质量。该研究强调了在匹配CTM和PMF源进行OP建模的关键挑战，因为次要气溶胶形成、PMF剖面中的源混合以及时空表征差异。完善排放数据，在CTMs中纳入二次有机气溶胶和老化过程，并扩大特定来源的OP测量，特别是对农业等未表征来源的测量，被认为是必不可少的下一步。尽管目前存在局限性，但这种方法为推进以健康为导向的空气质量管理提供了一个有希望的框架。

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引用次数: 0

A comparison of turbulent CFD with Gaussian dispersion models on a methane emission test site 甲烷排放试验场湍流CFD与高斯色散模型的比较

IF 3.8 Q2 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES

Atmospheric Environment: X

Pub Date : 2025-06-10 DOI: 10.1016/j.aeaoa.2025.100326

Ryker Fish , Federico Municchi , Brennan Sprinkle , Dorit Hammerling

This article investigates the influence of structures on the atmospheric transport of methane in an outdoor industrial environment, and provides a comparison in the predictive capability of Gaussian dispersion models against a turbulent computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model, implemented in OpenFOAM. Direct atmospheric measurements from the Methane Emissions Technology Evaluation Center (METEC), as well as a detailed computational mesh of on-site structures, are used to calibrate the turbulent closure model. By comparing the CFD model with and without the computational mesh of structures, it is shown that structures on METEC exhibit only a small effect on concentrations predicted by the CFD model. The calibrated CFD model is then used to assess the fidelity of the commonly employed Gaussian puff model that ignores the effect of any structures or topography. Despite the presence of structures, the Gaussian puff model is in consistent agreement with predictions from the CFD model, however both models fail to capture certain trends in the measurement data. To show that one cannot conclude, in general, that methane transport is unaffected by structures, a simulation study is performed with an emission source placed upwind of a large structure. In this case, it is found that predictions from the Gaussian puff model can deviate significantly from the CFD model due the Gaussian model’s inability to resolve spatially inhomogeneous wind fields caused by structures. This finding highlights the continued importance of CFD modeling for evaluating atmospheric dispersion models in environments with complex structures and topography.

本文研究了室外工业环境中结构对甲烷大气输送的影响，并将高斯色散模型与OpenFOAM中实现的湍流计算流体动力学（CFD）模型的预测能力进行了比较。来自甲烷排放技术评估中心（METEC）的直接大气测量数据，以及现场结构的详细计算网格，用于校准湍流闭合模型。通过对CFD模型中有无结构计算网格的比较，表明METEC上的结构对CFD模型预测的浓度影响很小。校正后的CFD模型用于评估忽略任何结构或地形影响的常用高斯泡芙模型的保真度。尽管存在结构，但高斯喷流模型与CFD模型的预测一致，然而这两种模型都未能捕捉到测量数据中的某些趋势。为了证明一般情况下不能得出甲烷输运不受结构影响的结论，我们进行了一项模拟研究，将排放源置于大型结构的逆风位置。在这种情况下，发现由于高斯模型无法解决由结构引起的空间非均匀风场，高斯扑烟模型的预测结果与CFD模型有很大的偏差。这一发现强调了CFD建模在复杂结构和地形环境中评估大气弥散模型的持续重要性。

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引用次数: 0

Impacts of wildfire smoke aerosols on radiation, clouds, precipitation, climate, and air quality 野火烟雾气溶胶对辐射、云、降水、气候和空气质量的影响

IF 3.8 Q2 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES

Atmospheric Environment: X

Pub Date : 2025-04-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.aeaoa.2025.100322

Rahele Barjeste Vaezi , Michael R. Martin , Farnaz Hosseinpour

Wildfires have become increasingly prevalent, impacting ecosystems, climate, and human health on a global scale. This review aims to present a comprehensive analysis of current knowledge on the environmental factors and conditions driving wildfires, the characteristics and transport of smoke emissions, along the broader impacts of wildfire smoke on the weather and climate. These impacts include changes in atmospheric radiation, cloud formation, atmospheric circulation, precipitation patterns, and air quality, as well as their effects on land cover, safety, and public health. Wildfire emissions include various pollutants such as particulate matter that alter the Earth's energy balance, reduce air quality, and impact cloud microphysics. Key interactions, such as the direct and indirect effects of smoke aerosols, affect cloud cover and lifetime, precipitation, atmospheric stability, and ultimately induce changes in weather and climate dynamics. Moreover, smoke transport extends the effects of wildfires thousands of kilometers beyond their sources, which reduces agricultural productivity, deteriorates human health, and threatens the environment. Advances in satellite retrievals and modeling techniques have improved the ability to monitor, analyze, and predict these complex interactions. Moreover, this review highlights the critical need for advancing research to more precisely quantify and project multi-scale trends in wildfire smoke and its far-reaching impact on public health, safety, infrastructure, and ecosystems. Developing more robust adaptation strategies and resilience measures is essential to effectively mitigate these complex, adverse effects on communities and the environment.

野火越来越普遍，在全球范围内影响着生态系统、气候和人类健康。本综述旨在全面分析当前关于驱动野火的环境因素和条件、烟雾排放的特征和传输以及野火烟雾对天气和气候的广泛影响的知识。这些影响包括大气辐射、云层形成、大气环流、降水模式和空气质量的变化，以及对土地覆盖、安全和公共健康的影响。野火排放物包括颗粒物等各种污染物，这些污染物会改变地球的能量平衡、降低空气质量并影响云的微物理学。关键的相互作用，如烟雾气溶胶的直接和间接影响，会影响云层覆盖和寿命、降水、大气稳定性，并最终导致天气和气候动态的变化。此外，烟雾传输将野火的影响延伸到其源头以外数千公里的地方，这降低了农业生产率，恶化了人类健康，并威胁到环境。卫星检索和建模技术的进步提高了监测、分析和预测这些复杂相互作用的能力。此外，本综述还强调了推进研究的迫切需要，以便更精确地量化和预测野火烟雾的多尺度趋势及其对公众健康、安全、基础设施和生态系统的深远影响。制定更强有力的适应战略和恢复措施对于有效减轻这些复杂的、对社区和环境的不利影响至关重要。

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引用次数: 0

Soil flooding increases greenhouse gas fluxes 土壤淹水增加了温室气体通量

IF 3.8 Q2 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES

Atmospheric Environment: X

Pub Date : 2025-04-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.aeaoa.2025.100333

Getachew A. Kefelegn , Niguss S. Hailegnaw , Haimanote K. Bayabil

Soil flooding poses significant challenges to livelihoods, agriculture, and the environment by adversly affecting soil health. This study investigated the effects of flooding, flooding duration, and water source (seawater and freshwater) on greenhouse gas fluxes from two predominant soil types in South Florida—Krome and Biscayne. Experiments were conducted by flooding Krome and Biscayne soils with fresh and seawater, and greenhouse gas samples were collected using PVC chambers on the 1^st, 7^th, 14^th, and 28^th days of flooding. Samples were analyzed for soil carbon dioxide (CO₂), nitrous oxide (N₂O), and methane (CH₄) fluxes using a gas chromatograph. Results confirmed that CO₂ and N₂O fluxes exhibited a distinct pattern, peaking one day after flooding and sharply decreasing with the progression of flooding. Soil type, flooding duration, and water source were critical factors modulating CO₂ and N₂O fluxes, but CH₄ fluxes were consistently below the detection limit. Biscayne soil had the highest CO₂ and N₂O fluxes under seawater and freshwater flooding compared to Krome. These findings underscore the critical role of the initial flooding phase in driving greenhouse gas emissions, emphasizing the need for targeted mitigation strategies.

土壤洪水对土壤健康产生不利影响，对生计、农业和环境构成重大挑战。本研究调查了洪水、洪水持续时间和水源（海水和淡水）对南佛罗里达州克罗姆和比斯坎两种主要土壤类型温室气体通量的影响。试验采用淡水和海水分别浸渍Krome和Biscayne土壤，并在浸渍后第1、7、14和28天利用PVC箱采集温室气体样本。使用气相色谱仪分析样品的土壤二氧化碳（CO2）、氧化亚氮（N2O）和甲烷（CH4）通量。结果证实，CO2和N2O通量具有明显的变化规律，在淹水后1天达到峰值，随着淹水的进行急剧下降。土壤类型、洪水持续时间和水源是调节CO2和N2O通量的关键因素，但CH4通量始终低于检测限。与Krome相比，Biscayne土壤在海水和淡水淹没下的CO2和N2O通量最高。这些发现强调了洪水初始阶段在推动温室气体排放方面的关键作用，强调了制定有针对性的缓解战略的必要性。

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引用次数: 0

Task specific assessment of particle exposure and low-cost sensor performance in indoor construction environments 室内建筑环境中粒子暴露和低成本传感器性能的任务特定评估

IF 3.8 Q2 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES

Atmospheric Environment: X

Pub Date : 2025-04-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.aeaoa.2025.100336

Anders Brostrøm , Josephine Thalmann , Jesper Baldtzer Liisberg , Frederika Husovská , Søren Hanghøj Møller , Julie Tølbøl Rasmussen , Thomas Nørregaard Jensen , Søren Bendt Jensen , Keld A. Jensen , Thomas Cole-Hunter , Ana S. Fonseca

In this study, a workplace measurement campaign was conducted during indoor renovation of two apartments following panel removal, wallpaper removal (dry/wet), sweeping (dry/wet), and floor removal (including insulation) tasks. Measurements with a low-cost sensor (LCS; OPC-N3; Alphasense) was compared to a benchmark optical particle sizer (OPS, TSI Model 3330) to assess the applicability of this LCS in a construction worker environment. Additionally, ultrafine particle concentrations (<0.1 μm) were measured using a mobility particle sizer (NanoScan, TSI Model 3091) and a diffusion size classifier (DiSCmini).

The highest particle number concentrations (PNC) were found during floor removal, dry sweeping, and wallpaper removal, where 63 % of particles were ultrafine (<0.1 μm) and 96 % were smaller than 2.5 μm (PM_2.5). The PM₁₀ (particulate matter with a diameter <10 μm) concentrations measured during some tasks exceeded the occupational exposure limit of 10 mg m⁻³ for total dust with values from 0.3 to 11 mg m⁻³. Analytical electron microscopy analysis revealed exposure to compounds such as talc, titania, quartz, and potential asbestos. Water-based dust control methods reduced PNC by at least 84 %, highlighting their effectiveness in mitigating exposure. LCS generally underestimated particle concentrations, particularly for PM₁, which was underestimated ranging from 31 % to 92 %. The largest discrepancies occurred during high concentrations in the presence of ultrafine particles, such as floor removal and dry wallpaper removal. This study also emphasizes the importance of multi-metric measurements and breathing zone assessments to accurately evaluate worker exposure and improve occupational safety.

在本研究中，在两套公寓的室内装修过程中，进行了一项工作场所测量活动，包括面板拆除、墙纸拆除（干/湿）、扫地（干/湿）和地板拆除（包括隔热层）任务。使用低成本传感器（LCS）进行测量；OPC-N3;将Alphasense)与基准光学粒度仪（OPS, TSI Model 3330）进行比较，以评估该LCS在建筑工人环境中的适用性。此外，使用迁移度粒度仪（nanscan, TSI Model 3091）和扩散粒度仪（DiSCmini）测量超细颗粒浓度（<0.1 μm）。颗粒数浓度（PNC）最高的是在地板清理、干扫和墙纸清理过程中，其中63%的颗粒是超细（0.1 μm）， 96%的颗粒小于2.5 μm （PM2.5）。在某些作业中测量到的PM10（直径为10 μm的颗粒物）浓度超过了总粉尘（0.3 ~ 11 mg m−3）10 mg m−3的职业暴露限值。分析电子显微镜分析显示暴露于化合物，如滑石粉，二氧化钛，石英，和潜在的石棉。水基粉尘控制方法减少了至少84%的PNC，突出了它们在减轻暴露方面的有效性。LCS普遍低估了颗粒物浓度，特别是PM1，其被低估的幅度在31%至92%之间。最大的差异发生在高浓度超细颗粒存在的情况下，例如地板去除和干燥墙纸去除。本研究还强调了多尺度测量和呼吸区评估对准确评估工人暴露和提高职业安全的重要性。

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引用次数: 0

Deposition of phosphorous to open land and forests in Sweden 磷沉积到开阔的土地和瑞典的森林

IF 3.8 Q2 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES

Atmospheric Environment: X

Pub Date : 2025-04-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.aeaoa.2025.100327

Per Erik Karlsson , Gunilla Pihl Karlsson , Sofie Hellsten , Veronika Kronnäs , Helena Danielsson , Cecilia Akselsson

Deposition of phosphorus (P) is important for the nutrient supply to forests and open land but also contributes to the eutrophication of surface waters. Deposition to open land can be measured as bulk deposition while deposition to forests cannot be measured directly, due to internal circulation of P within forest canopies. This study aimed to quantify the total deposition of P to open land and forests in Sweden. The contribution from dry and wet deposition to the deposition to open land was investigated with bulk deposition sampling equipment placed under and outside a roof. The difference with and without the roofs was small and inconsistent. It was concluded that the deposition of P to open land occurred mostly as dry deposition. To estimate the dry deposition of P to coniferous forests, surrogate surfaces consisting of Teflon string samplers were used positioned under roofs. Co-located measurements of dry deposition to forests and bulk deposition to open land at ten different sites across Sweden showed that P deposition was up to five times higher for forests compared to open land. The highest deposition of P to the open land and forests was found for the inland of southern Sweden. This geographical pattern implied only a small contribution from transboundary sources of P outside Sweden. The deposition of P during 2017–2023 was on average 78 g ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹ to open land in north and 240 g ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹ in inland south Sweden. Corresponding deposition to forests was 120 and 730 g ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹.

磷(P)的沉积对森林和开阔土地的养分供应很重要，但也有助于地表水的富营养化。对开阔土地的沉积可以作为整体沉积测量，而对森林的沉积不能直接测量，这是由于森林冠层内磷的内部循环。本研究旨在量化瑞典开放土地和森林中磷的总沉积量。通过放置在屋顶下和屋顶外的大块沉积采样设备，研究了干湿沉积对开阔土地沉积的贡献。有屋顶和没有屋顶的差异很小，而且不一致。结果表明，磷在开阔地的沉积以干沉降为主。为了估计磷在针叶林中的干沉降，在屋顶下放置了由特氟龙采样器组成的替代表面。在瑞典10个不同地点对森林的干沉积和开阔土地的大块沉积进行了同步测量，结果表明，森林的磷沉积比开阔土地高5倍。在开阔地和森林中磷的沉积量最高的是瑞典南部内陆。这一地理格局表明，瑞典以外的跨境P来源只占很小的比例。2017-2023年，瑞典北部开阔土地的磷沉降量平均为78 g ha−1 yr−1，南部内陆地区为240 g ha−1 yr−1。相应的森林沉积量分别为120和730 g ha−1 yr−1。

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引用次数: 0

Cement and brick factories contribute elevated levels of NO2 pollution in Nepal: Evidence of high-resolution view from space 水泥和砖厂导致尼泊尔二氧化氮污染水平升高：来自太空的高分辨率视图的证据

IF 3.8 Q2 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES

Atmospheric Environment: X

Pub Date : 2025-04-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.aeaoa.2025.100324

Madhu S. Gyawali , Lok N. Lamsal , Sujan Neupane , Bimal Gyawali , Keshav Bhattarai , Bradford Fisher , Nickolay Krotkov , Jos van Geffen , Henk Eskes , Shriram Sharma , Cameron Brunt , Rudra Aryal

An upsurge in the pollution level in areas with a high concentration of brick and cement factories in Nepal is concerning. Nitrogen dioxide (NO₂), a key air quality indicator, can be effectively monitored from space. This study utilizes high-resolution satellite observations of NO₂ from the TROPOspheric Monitoring Instrument (TROPOMI). It examines the NO₂ distribution over areas with emerging sources of nitrogen oxides from brick and cement factories from 2018 to 2021. Rapid growth of brick and cement factories has turned the Lumbini-Butwal-Palpa corridor, in Midwest Nepal, more polluted than the capital city Kathmandu. Between 2019 and 2021, NO₂ levels in this corridor rose considerably, while it remained steady in the Kathmandu Valley. TROPOMI-derived NO₂ levels and inferred NO_x emissions over the corridor nearly doubled in the span of three years. Conversely, Kathmandu Valley exhibited no significant changes except in 2020 when NO₂ and NO_x levels declined. This drop coincided with COVID-19-related travel restrictions and other reduced activities. NO₂ pollution recorded by the Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI) from 2005 to 2019 shows an annual NO₂ increase of ∼3.5 % over both regions. A comparison between NO_x emissions from the 2018 EDGAR inventory and TROPOMI-derived estimates for 2019 reveal comparable values over the Lumbini-Butwal-Palpa corridor but around 35 % higher estimates over Kathmandu. This discrepancy over the capital city, as well as the rapid rise in emissions over the Lumbini-Butwal-Palpa corridor due to a large-scale development of cement and brick industries, highlights the need for timely updates in bottom-up emission inventory.

在尼泊尔砖厂和水泥厂高度集中的地区，污染程度急剧上升令人关切。二氧化氮（NO2）是一项关键的空气质量指标，可以从太空有效监测。本研究利用对流层监测仪器（TROPOMI）对二氧化氮的高分辨率卫星观测。该报告调查了2018年至2021年砖厂和水泥厂产生氮氧化物的地区的二氧化氮分布情况。由于砖厂和水泥厂的快速增长，尼泊尔中西部的蓝比尼-布特瓦尔-帕尔帕走廊的污染程度已经超过了首都加德满都。2019年至2021年期间，该走廊的二氧化氮水平大幅上升，而加德满都谷地的二氧化氮水平保持稳定。从tropomi得出的二氧化氮水平和推断的氮氧化物排放量在三年内几乎翻了一番。相反，除了2020年NO2和NOx水平下降外，加德满都谷地没有明显的变化。这一下降恰逢与covid -19相关的旅行限制和其他活动减少。臭氧监测仪器（OMI）从2005年到2019年记录的二氧化氮污染显示，这两个地区的二氧化氮每年增加~ 3.5%。将2018年EDGAR清单中的氮氧化物排放量与tropomi得出的2019年估计值进行比较，发现Lumbini-Butwal-Palpa走廊的氮氧化物排放量相当，但加德满都的估计值高出约35%。首都的这种差异，以及蓝毗尼-布特瓦尔-帕尔帕走廊由于水泥和砖工业的大规模发展而导致的排放量迅速上升，都突出了及时更新自下而上排放清单的必要性。

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引用次数: 0

Influence factors on airborne pollen dispersal in a tropical island over China: morphology and meteorology 中国热带岛屿空气传播花粉的影响因素：形态学和气象学

IF 3.8 Q2 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES

Atmospheric Environment: X

Pub Date : 2025-04-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.aeaoa.2025.100323

Mengyuan Pang, Ningyan Fu, Siyang Li

Airborne pollen is an important primary biological aerosol particle in tropical regions, greatly impacting climate and human health. However, the pollen morphology in tropical areas, particularly their impact on pollen dispersal, remains unknown. To determine the relationship between the dispersal and morphology of airborne pollens, we collected the airborne pollen by Durham samplers at three vertical heights, including 1.5 m, ∼18.5 m, and ∼55 m in Haikou City, China. Pollen particles showed higher concentrations at higher heights above ground level. The quantitative analysis of single pollen particles based on the size index showed that the airborne pollen sizes in the tropics were mainly small (10–25 μm) (45.9%) and medium (25–50 μm) (32.2%). That's consistent with the pollen morphology of spring and summer flowering plants in the surrounding areas. The proportions of very small (<10 μm) and small (10–25 μm) pollen particles increased significantly with the vertical height. The shape index showed the prominent shape of airborne pollen was subspheroidal/spheroidal (∼80%). The pollen concentration of other shapes, like prolate or oblate, slightly increased with height. The Pearson correlation analysis showed that local meteorological conditions had an important role in influencing pollen amounts, with some associations found to be statistically significant. Temperature variables had significant positive correlation with pollen amounts, especially the maximum temperature (r = 0.71, P < 0.01). The rainfall and relative humidity exhibited a negative correlation with pollen concentration. Notably, pollen release was influenced by meteorological factors with a 1–7 day lagged effect. This study provided a near-ground vertical profile of tropical pollen concentration and morphology. These findings also offer a comprehensive understanding of how airborne pollen morphology and meteorological factors influence their transport and deposition characteristics on a tropical island.

空气中花粉是热带地区重要的初级生物气溶胶颗粒，对气候和人类健康有重要影响。然而，热带地区的花粉形态，特别是它们对花粉传播的影响，仍然是未知的。为了确定空气中花粉的传播与形态之间的关系，我们在中国海口市的三个垂直高度（1.5 m、~ 18.5 m和~ 55 m）用达勒姆采样器采集了空气中花粉。花粉浓度在地面以上越高越高。基于粒径指数的单粒花粉定量分析表明，热带地区空气中花粉粒径主要为小（10 ~ 25 μm）（45.9%）和中（25 ~ 50 μm）（32.2%）。这与周边地区春夏开花植物的花粉形态一致。随着垂直高度的增加，极小（10 μm）和极小（10 ~ 25 μm）花粉所占比例显著增加。形状指数显示空气中花粉的突出形状为近球形/球形（约80%）。其他形状的花粉浓度，如长形或扁形，随着高度的增加而略有增加。Pearson相关分析表明，当地气象条件对花粉量有重要影响，部分相关性具有统计学意义。温度变量与花粉量呈显著正相关，尤其是最高温度(r = 0.71, P <；0.01)。降雨量和相对湿度与花粉浓度呈负相关。值得注意的是，花粉释放受气象因子的影响，存在1 ~ 7 d的滞后效应。本研究提供了热带花粉浓度和形态的近地垂直剖面。这些发现还有助于全面了解空气中花粉形态和气象因素如何影响其在热带岛屿上的运输和沉积特征。

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引用次数: 0

Emissions from fuel-operated heaters in battery-electric buses 电动巴士燃油加热器的排放

IF 3.8 Q2 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES

Atmospheric Environment: X

Pub Date : 2025-04-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.aeaoa.2025.100332

Åsa M. Hallquist, Håkan Salberg

Battery-electric buses have become more common in the urban environment. At low ambient temperatures the energy consumption due to heating of the passenger and driving compartment can be significant, and to preserve the range of the battery fuel-operated heaters can be used. The legislation regarding these heaters is less stringent compared to engine exhaust emission legislation e.g., Euro VI, and knowledge about these emissions is scarce. In this study, emissions from 34 fuel-operated heaters, running on hydrotreated vegetable oil (HVO), in battery-electric buses from an in-use bus fleet have been characterised both regarding gaseous (total hydrocarbon (THC) and nitrogen oxides (NOx)) and particle pollutants (particle number (PN), particle mass (PM), black carbon (BC) and size) during real-world dilution. The median PM and PN emissions varied between 0.96 and 8.4 mg (kg fuel)⁻¹ and 4.4–127 × 10¹³ # (kg fuel)⁻¹ for the heater types studied. Additionally, the significance of the heater emissions compared to engine exhaust emissions was analysed.

纯电动公交车在城市环境中变得越来越普遍。在较低的环境温度下，由于乘客和驾驶隔间的加热而消耗的能量可能是显著的，并且可以使用电池燃料操作加热器来保持范围。与发动机废气排放法规（如欧六）相比，有关这些加热器的法规没有那么严格，而且有关这些排放的知识很少。在这项研究中，来自正在使用的公交车队的34个燃料加热器，使用加氢处理植物油（HVO），在实际稀释过程中，对气体（总碳氢化合物（THC）和氮氧化物（NOx））和颗粒污染物（颗粒数（PN）、颗粒质量（PM）、黑碳（BC）和大小）的排放进行了表征。所研究的加热器类型的PM和PN排放中位数在0.96 - 8.4 mg （kg燃料）−1和4.4-127 × 1013 # （kg燃料）−1之间变化。此外，还分析了加热器排放与发动机尾气排放的关系。

引用次数: 0