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MULTIMODALNO ČITANJE MUZIKE MULTIMODULE阅读音乐
Q3 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2018-12-08 DOI: 10.18485/KKONLINE.2018.9.9.9
Mirjana Matović, Svetlana Lazić
As a dimension of an overall experience, the contemporary popular music offers a space for dynamic realization of the interaction of different media. As a multilayered and complex concept that evolves continually, popular music needs a recognizable matrix for the analysis of its meaning. The aim of this paper is to set a concept of sociolinguistics of music as a means of reading through popular content, within the frame of the critical theory with particular emphasis on its multimodal justification. The focus of the research is multimodality genesis, as well as understanding and interpretation of sociolinguistics of music through the analysis of the artist’s social engagement. By equalizing the importance of the narrative, (audiovisual) visual, musical, and non-musical level of meaning in the popular contemporary music, the analysis goes beyond the known concept of popular text. With the possibility of being interpreted by the means of sociolinguistics of music and viewed through the perspective of multimodality, the contemporary music becomes a complex content. Readable as a language in the context of modern communication, the contemporary music is translatable by the mechanisms of visual literacy and grammar, thus being affirmed and developed as a complex product of the modern cultural industry.
当代流行音乐作为整体体验的一个维度,为不同媒介的互动提供了一个动态实现的空间。流行音乐是一个多层次的、复杂的、不断发展的概念,它需要一个可识别的矩阵来分析它的意义。本文的目的是在批判理论的框架内,特别强调其多模态正当性,将音乐的社会语言学概念作为阅读流行内容的一种手段。研究的重点是多模态起源,以及通过分析艺术家的社会参与来理解和解释音乐的社会语言学。通过平衡当代流行音乐中叙事、(视听)视觉、音乐和非音乐层面意义的重要性,分析超越了流行文本的已知概念。当代音乐有了音乐社会语言学解释的可能,有了多模态的视角,就变成了一个复杂的内容。当代音乐作为一种可读的语言,在现代传播的语境下,通过视觉读写和语法的机制进行翻译,从而作为现代文化工业的复杂产物得到肯定和发展。
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引用次数: 0
DE PUERTAS ADENTRO: CASA Y ESPACIO DOMÉSTICO EN WENCESLAO AYGUALS DE IZCO 室内:WENCESLAO AYGUALS DE IZCO的家和家庭空间
Q3 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2018-12-08 DOI: 10.18485/KKONLINE.2018.9.9.5
Snežana B. Jovanović
The purpose of this work is to approach the subject of domestic spaces as a very significant element in Ayguals de Izco´s novels, an element he uses to represent the reality of different spheres of Spanish society, measure inequalities and oppose the rich and poor. It is also an approach to the study of the relationships established between space and the characters that inhabit it. Our analysis is based on his famous trilogy (Maria o la hija de un jornalero, La marquesa de Bellaflor o el nino de la Inclusa, El palacio de los crimenes o el pueblo y sus opresores) and three other novels: Pobres y ricos o la bruja de Madrid, Los pobres de Madrid and La justicia divina o el hijo del deshonor.
这项工作的目的是接近家庭空间的主题,作为Ayguals de Izco小说中的一个非常重要的元素,他用这个元素来代表西班牙社会不同领域的现实,衡量不平等,反对富人和穷人。这也是一种研究空间与居住在其中的人物之间关系的方法。我们的分析是基于他著名的三部曲(《玛利亚》、《玛利亚》、《贝拉夫勒》、《玛利亚》、《玛利亚》、《玛利亚》、《玛利亚》、《玛利亚》、《玛利亚》、《玛利亚》、《玛利亚》、《玛利亚》、《玛利亚》、《玛利亚》、《玛利亚》、《玛利亚》、《玛利亚》、《玛利亚》、《玛利亚》、《玛利亚》、《玛利亚》、《玛利亚》、《玛利亚》、《玛利亚》、《玛利亚》、《玛利亚》、《玛利亚》、《玛利亚》、《玛利亚》、《玛利亚》、《玛利亚》、《玛利亚》、《玛利亚》、《玛利亚》、《玛利亚》、《玛利亚》、《玛利亚》、《玛利亚》、《玛利亚》、《玛利亚》、《玛利亚》、《玛利亚》、《玛利亚》、《玛利亚》。
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引用次数: 0
„PUTOVATI I STALNO POMERATI CILj“: NEMAČKA I SRPSKI DRŽAVNI NARATIV O EVRO-INTEGRACIJAMA “旅行并不断移动目标”:德国和塞尔维亚关于EVRO-INTEGRATION的国家法律
Q3 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2018-12-08 DOI: 10.18485/kkonline.2018.9.9.7
Ana Jovanovic
European integration process has been one of the dominant topics in Serbian political agenda ever since the regime-change and the restoration of democracy in 2000. Social and economic reforms related to that process are metaphorically represented in Serbian political and public discourse as the “European path” of Serbia. It is a variant of the “Path to Democracy” metaphor and the idea behind it is the assumption that democracy is the most moral form of government (Lakoff 1999). The EU and its political, social and economic system are presented as the best model for the future of Serbia and the EU influence is openly accepted by the Serbian political elite as an integral part of policy-making process (Stojic 2006). Since this complex political, social and economic transition, commonly referred to as “reforms” in political and public discourse, often implies painful changes for different groups of Serbian society, it is important to present it not only as a desirable and necessary but also as an inevitable process. This is accomplished by a careful choice of argumentative tools that the Serbian political elite apply to discursively construct the Serbian Euro-integration process (“the European path” of Serbia). This discourse is an important part of Serbian state narrative, since it explains relations with other states and determines directions of definition for both internal and external politics. Because state narratives are an effective tool for spreading state ideologies, it is important to analyze them in order to better understand the political discourse and the actions it motivates within a society. Therefore, I build on existing scholarship on two important elements of Serbian state narrative on the European integration process, the conceptual metaphor and the cognitive frame, to examine ways in which this narrative is used by political actors to promote their political agenda, namely, the social, political and economic reforms Serbia is obliged to carry out in order to join the EU. Special attention is dedicated to the new framing of Germany, presented and perceived in public as a state with the crucial role for the success of Serbian “European path”. The corpus is composed of statements of the current president of Serbia, Aleksandar Vucic, and media reports on his activities, covering the topic of European integration process and the role of Germany in it. This particular corpus is chosen because of the prominent role Aleksandar Vucic has played in Serbian politics in the last several years, serving the most important political functions of Deputy Prime Minister, Prime Minister and President-elect, which makes him currently the key policy-maker in Serbia. The chronological span of the corpus is the period from the rise of this politician to power in 2012 till 2017, when he became President-elect of Serbia. My analysis shows that this political actor: a) metaphorically constructs the European integration process as the “European path of Ser
自2000年政权更迭和恢复民主以来,欧洲一体化进程一直是塞尔维亚政治议程上的主导议题之一。与这一进程有关的社会和经济改革在塞尔维亚的政治和公共话语中被比喻为塞尔维亚的“欧洲道路”。这是“民主之路”隐喻的变体,其背后的理念是假设民主是最道德的政府形式(Lakoff 1999)。欧盟及其政治、社会和经济体系被认为是塞尔维亚未来的最佳模式,欧盟的影响力被塞尔维亚政治精英公开接受为决策过程的一个组成部分(Stojic 2006)。由于这种复杂的政治、社会和经济转型,在政治和公共话语中通常被称为“改革”,往往意味着塞尔维亚社会不同群体的痛苦变化,因此重要的是,不仅要将其视为一个可取和必要的过程,而且要将其作为一个不可避免的过程。这是通过仔细选择塞尔维亚政治精英用来讨论构建塞尔维亚-欧洲一体化进程(塞尔维亚的“欧洲道路”)的辩论工具来实现的。这种话语是塞尔维亚国家叙事的重要组成部分,因为它解释了与其他国家的关系,并确定了内部和外部政治的定义方向。由于国家叙事是传播国家意识形态的有效工具,因此分析它们以更好地理解政治话语及其在社会中激励的行动是很重要的。因此,我在现有关于塞尔维亚国家叙事中关于欧洲一体化进程的两个重要元素的学术基础上,即概念隐喻和认知框架,来研究政治行为者如何利用这种叙事来推动其政治议程,即塞尔维亚为加入欧盟而必须进行的社会、政治和经济改革。特别关注德国的新框架,该框架在公众面前被呈现和视为对塞尔维亚“欧洲道路”的成功具有关键作用的国家。该语料库由塞尔维亚现任总统亚历山大·武契奇的声明和媒体对其活动的报道组成,涵盖了欧洲一体化进程和德国在其中的作用。之所以选择该语料库,是因为亚历山大·武西奇在过去几年中在塞尔维亚政治中发挥了突出作用,担任副总理、总理和当选总统等最重要的政治职务,这使他目前成为塞尔维亚的主要决策者。语料库的时间跨度是从这位政治家2012年上台到2017年成为塞尔维亚当选总统的这段时间。我的分析表明,这个政治行动者:a)隐喻性地将欧洲一体化进程构建为“塞尔维亚的欧洲道路”;b) 通过新的认知框架,战略性地使用塞尔维亚人对德国人及其国家的传统叙事,呈现塞尔维亚与德国的关系。在这样做的过程中,他停用了德国人构成的侵略和威胁的既定框架,并激活了德国人作为有纪律和勤奋的人的同样根深蒂固的框架。武契奇用“民族/国家是一个人”这个比喻,即民族心态与个人的个人特征相对应,强调德国心态的积极特征是塞尔维亚人在“欧洲道路”上取得成功所应该关注的模式。这一框架变化的目的是进一步促进和证明在塞尔维亚过渡进程中进行的社会、政治和经济改革是合理的,因为这些改革往往对塞尔维亚社会中的许多群体(所谓的“过渡受害者”)有害。本文的结构如下:首先提出了关键的理论概念(状态叙事、概念隐喻和认知框架),然后将其应用于语料库的定性分析。在武契奇的声明和媒体对其活动的报道中都观察到了某些话语模式。基于认知语言学和批判性话语分析(对语言/话语如何促进社会内部权力关系的动态感兴趣)的假设,我对所观察到的话语模式的含义和功能提供了可能的解释。分析结果证实了在政治话语中战略性地使用国家叙事作为创造新意义和促进政治议程过程的一部分的重要性。
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引用次数: 0
SLIKA PORODICE U IBZENOVOJ DRAMI AVETI I CAO JUEVOJ DRAMI OLUJA
Q3 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2018-12-08 DOI: 10.18485/kkonline.2018.9.9.8
Bojana Maksimović
This paper deals with comparative analysis of Ibsen’s Ghosts (1881) and Cao Yu’s Thunderstorm (1934). In addition to other multiple similarities, both works are family plays depicting the fall and degradation of wealthy and prominent families in the time of great social turmoil. Focusing on the portrayal of family and marriage in the aforementioned plays, this paper aims to shed light on the interrelations between these two works by studying central characters and their mutual relationships based on hiding the dark secrets of the past. One of the basic assumptions of this paper is that the family in these dramas is portrayed as a repressive institution that rests on the regulatory mechanisms of a society that seeks to arrange it according to a particular hierarchical scheme where everyone is given a certain role. Consequently, relations between characters are here viewed through the prism of their family roles. Special attention is devoted to the study of the characters of wives and sons who are in these plays the greatest victims of the social systems based on patriarchal values.
本文对易卜生的《鬼》(1881)和曹禺的《雷雨》(1934)作了比较分析。除了其他多重相似之处外,两部作品都是家庭剧,描绘了社会大动荡时期富裕显赫家庭的衰落和堕落。本文以上述两部剧作对家庭和婚姻的刻画为重点,在隐藏过去黑暗秘密的基础上,通过研究两部剧作的中心人物及其相互关系,来揭示两部剧作之间的相互关系。本文的一个基本假设是,这些戏剧中的家庭被描绘成一个压抑的机构,它依赖于一个社会的监管机制,这个社会试图根据一个特定的等级制度来安排它,在这个制度中,每个人都被赋予了特定的角色。因此,人物之间的关系在这里是通过他们的家庭角色的棱镜来看待的。特别关注的是这些戏剧中妻子和儿子的性格,他们是基于父权价值观的社会制度的最大受害者。
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引用次数: 0
UTICAJ VLADAJUĆIH KOGNITIVNIH KULTURNIH MODELA I VREDNOSTI NA UVREDLJIVE IZRAZE VEZANE ZA FIGURU MAJKE U ŠVEDSKOM I ITALIJANSKOM JEZIKU
Q3 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2018-12-08 DOI: 10.18485/kkonline.2018.9.9.4
Dorijan F. Hajdu, Jelena R. Drljević
Cilj rada jeste da se ispita uticaj vladajućih kognitivnih kulturnih modela vezanih za položaj ženskih članova porodice (pre svega majke) u švedskom i italijanskom društvu na uvredljive izraze u savremenom švedskom, odnosno italijanskom jeziku. Teorija o kognitivnim kulturnim modelima nam je, stoga, uz model mentalnog programiranja, osnovni okvir u kome se u radu krećemo. Osnovna pretpostavka od koje polazimo jeste da različiti kulturni modeli u ova dva društva direktno utiču na tematiku uvredljivih izraza. Istraživanje se zasniva na kvalitativnom intervjuu sa izvornim govornicima ova dva jezika, dok su dobijeni podaci obrađeni metodom deskriptivne analize. U tumačenju rezultata oslanjali smo se i na primere iz rečničke građe, proširujući osnovne podatke sinonimnim izrazima koji su u aktuelnoj upotrebi u ovim jezicima. Rezultati istraživanja su pokazali kako u ovim jezicima postoji jasna razlika u praktičnoj upotrebi izraza u kojima se pominje majka u cilju posrednog vređanja: u italijanskom jeziku oni su u svakodnevnoj upotrebi, dok ih u švedskom jeziku ne nalazimo. Analizom rezultata upotrebe ovakvih uvredljivih izraza i odnosa između vladajućih kognitivnih kulturnih modela u ovim društvima, u radu pokušavamo da pokažemo da u italijanskom jeziku još uvek postoji poželjan model ponašanja kojim se dalje definiše položaj i uloga majke u životu i porodici i čijim kršenjem se, putem određenih jezičkih izraza, upravo i dolazi do uvredljivog efekta. Takav model je, s druge strane, iz švedskog društva iščezao, što praktično onemogućava postojanje sličnih izraza u savremenom švedskom jeziku.
这项工作的目的是研究瑞典和意大利社会中与女性家庭(主要是母亲)地位相关的主流认知文化模式对现代瑞典语或意大利语中冒犯性表达的影响。因此,认知文化模型理论与心理规划模型是我们工作的基本框架。我们要做的基本假设是,这两个社会中不同的文化模式直接影响冒犯性表达的主题。这项研究是基于对这两种语言的母语者的定性采访,而数据是通过描述性分析的方法处理的。在解释结果时,我们还依赖于语言示例,将基本数据扩展到目前这些语言中使用的同义词。研究结果表明,这些语言在母亲为了表示侮辱而提到的单词的实际用法上存在明显差异:它们在意大利语中日常使用,直到我们在瑞典语中找到为止。对这些社会中这种冒犯性表达的使用结果以及政府认知文化模式之间关系的分析试图表明,意大利语中仍然存在一种可取的行为模式,它进一步定义了母亲在生活和家庭中的地位和作用,并违反了某些语言,这只是一种冒犯性的效果。另一方面,这种模式从瑞典社会中消失了,这实际上阻止了现代瑞典语中类似表达的存在。
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引用次数: 1
Frazeološki elementi u savremenim reklamnim sloganima na nemačkom jeziku 现代德语广告词汇中的语法成分
Q3 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2018-12-08 DOI: 10.18485/kkonline.2018.9.9.13
Smilja S. Srdić, Jelena Kostić-Tomović, Branislav D. Ivanović
This paper presents results of an analysis of 1,060 advertising campaign slogans on the German market from the late 20th and early 21st centuries. All analyzed slogans were very popular, while German speakers still remember them, and we are yet to see for how long. The introductory part of the paper contains general information on advertising slogans and the language of advertising, while the next one offers a typology of phraseologisms found in German commercials.  The third part deals with various modifications of these slogans, which were made by their creators, who created puns hoping that the slogan and commercial will thus become more conspicuous, interesting or effective. The final part of the paper summarizes the results of the analysis and point to the potential role of advertising slogans in teaching/learning German as a foreign language, and in particular at university level or advanced language courses. Finally, the paper suggests possible approaches to slogans in the process of localization of commercials and advertising campaigns.
本文分析了20世纪末和21世纪初德国市场上1060条广告宣传口号的结果。所有经过分析的口号都很受欢迎,而讲德语的人仍然记得这些口号,我们还不知道会持续多久。本文的引言部分包含了关于广告口号和广告语言的一般信息,而下一部分则提供了德语广告中的措辞类型。第三部分论述了这些标语的创作者对这些标语的各种修改,他们创造了双关语,希望标语和商业广告能够变得更加显眼、有趣或有效。论文的最后一部分总结了分析结果,并指出广告标语在外语教学中的潜在作用,尤其是在大学水平或高级语言课程中。最后,本文提出了在广告本土化和广告宣传过程中可能的口号处理方法。
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引用次数: 0
LETTERS FROM EQUESTRIA: PROSOCIAL MEDIA, HELPING, AND EMPATHY IN FANS OF MY LITTLE PONY 来自equestria的信件:亲社会媒体,帮助和同情我的小马的粉丝
Q3 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2018-12-08 DOI: 10.18485/KKONLINE.2018.9.9.11
C. Plante, Daniel Chadborn, Christopher L. Groves, Stephen Reysen
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引用次数: 0
“I AM MY LANGUAGE”. ARABIC LANGUAGE IN ENGLISH WRITING IN AHDAF SOUEIF’S WORK “我是我的语言”。阿作品中英语写作中的阿拉伯语言
Q3 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2018-12-08 DOI: 10.18485/KKONLINE.2018.9.9.3
Jolanda Guardi
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引用次数: 2
INTERNACIONALIZACIJA UNIVERZITETA U FRANCUSKOJ I SRBIJI I NJEN UTICAJ NA RAZVOJ NASTAVE STRANOG JEZIKA STRUKE
Q3 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2018-12-08 DOI: 10.18485/KKONLINE.2018.9.9.2
Vesna R. Cakeljić
The aim of this article is to delineate the growing importance of the international orientation of university education and its impact on teaching learning foreign languages for specific purposes. Initially, the research was devoted to universities and Grandes ecoles in France, a model of the French business school where many international students which provide the host university a strong multicultural identity and international reputation thanks to agreements on cooperation with the most prestigious institutions of higher education in the world. In order to attract students from all over the world, many French universities have developed degree programs in English. Prestigious business schools offer a wide range of courses covering all major fields and strive to ensure a high level of research projects. These institutions offer students an opportunity to spend part of their studies at foreign universities. At the same time, foreign language teaching has been strengthened and modernized. One of the most important innovations is the integration of foreign language learning and teaching with the contents of other subjects. The development of didactics of French for Academic Purposes (Francais sur Objectifs Universitaires – FOU) contributes significantly to the popularity of those universities, because non-French speaking students stand much better chances of success. French for Academic Purposes, as a branch of French for Specific Purposes (Francais sur Objectifs Specifiques – FOS), and as one of the ways to facilitate the integration of foreign students, is increasingly gaining importance in the domain of French as a foreign language. Serbian schools of management are open to international cooperation and the establishment of agreements on diploma recognition and equivalence in order to facilitate student exchange and Erasmus+ type mobility, but they rarely consider possible improvements in teaching foreign languages for specific purposes by increasing the number of courses and offering several languages in the curriculum, which would make them more competitive. The number of LSP classes per week is insufficient since it equates to an average of thirty hours per semester which are allocated to language learning. Very often, the only language offered to students is English. Although there is a significant disproportion between the desire to expand and strengthen international partnerships and a desire to improve conditions for foreign language teaching, the example of some Serbian universities shows that improvements are possible.
本文的目的是描述大学教育国际化的重要性及其对特定目的外语教学的影响。最初,该研究致力于法国的大学和大学院,这是法国商学院的典范,许多国际学生为主办大学提供了强大的多元文化身份和国际声誉,这得益于与世界上最负盛名的高等教育机构的合作协议。为了吸引来自世界各地的学生,许多法国大学都开设了英语学位课程。著名的商学院提供涵盖所有主要领域的广泛课程,并努力确保高水平的研究项目。这些机构为学生提供在国外大学学习部分课程的机会。与此同时,外语教学得到加强和现代化。其中最重要的创新之一是将外语学习和教学与其他学科的内容相结合。学术法语教学的发展对这些大学的受欢迎程度做出了重大贡献,因为非法语学生获得成功的机会要大得多。学术法语作为特殊用途法语(Francais sur Objectifs Specifiques - FOS)的一个分支,作为促进外国学生融入的一种方式,在法语作为一门外语的领域中越来越重要。塞尔维亚管理学院对国际合作和建立文凭承认和对等协议持开放态度,以便促进学生交换和伊拉斯谟+式的流动,但它们很少考虑为特定目的改进外语教学的可能性,例如增加课程数量和在课程中提供几种语言,这将使它们更具竞争力。每周LSP课程的数量是不够的,因为它相当于每学期平均30个小时的语言学习时间。通常,唯一提供给学生的语言是英语。虽然在扩大和加强国际伙伴关系的愿望与改善外语教学条件的愿望之间存在着明显的不相称,但是一些塞尔维亚大学的例子表明,改善是可能的。
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引用次数: 0
VLADANJE SOBOM: NUŽNI USLOV RAZVOJA LIČNOSTI, KVALITETNE KOMUNIKACIJE I DOBRIH MEĐULJUDSKIH ODNOSA 房间主人:需要发展个性、高质量的沟通和良好的关系
Q3 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2018-12-08 DOI: 10.18485/KKONLINE.2018.9.9.10
T. Milivojević
The topic of self-government is closely related to the issues of ethics, morality, character and virtues, which are the study subject of both philosophy and psychology. Therefore, some scientific, sociocognitive and neuropsychological research which we refer to in our paper, have been approached from a philosophical perspective. In simple terms, science shows us what i possible and how self-regulation - which includes the function of self-control - works. Philosophy explains why, for what purpose is the capacity of personal self-government important. However, the boundary between the two disciplines is not immovable and impermeable. The philosopher uses and reflects on experience and scientific knowledge, and the psychologist relies on value assumptions and address value issues, as for example: what does it mean to be or become an integrated, mature, productive person. The terms of self-government, self-control, and self-management, in essence, have the same meaning, but different connotations. The first belongs to traditional philosophical and the others to contemporary scientific discourse. We have chosen as our primary expression  "self-government" in order to highlight the continuity between the long tradition of philosophical thinking and the latest psychological scientific knowledge on this complex ability. Whether we are observing it from a philosophical or psychological standpoint, we regard self-governance as a prerequisite for all life achievements and virtues. It is not an end in itself, but a capacity that enables the development of other potentials, competencies and skills, as well as the realization of values essential for the individual and society. Self-governance is a component inherent to patience, perseverance, endurance, moderation, fairness, objectivity, decency, kindness, and so on. It is indispensable in education, in negotiations, conflict management, informed decision making, in improving oneself and one's social relations. Just how instrumental the ability to regulate oneself can be is best shown in the fact that it can also serve negative, antisocial goals, when it is, for example, ingrained in calculative, vindictive behavior, in lying, deceit, prevarication, manipulation, and the like. In this paper, however, we are going to be dealing with self-governance as the ability that determines the qualities aimed at personality development where a person is both an individualized and a social being. So we observe self-governance through the prism of virtues modeled after the ancient Greek ethics as skills of excellence in the art of living with others in a community. Community life not only implies, but it is communication. As social beings who actualize their distinctiveness and uniqueness in interpersonal relations and communication, the issue of consciousness and the level of conscious control that we exert over our behavior when interacting with others is undoubtedly one of the most important and fundamental issues of h
自治问题与伦理、道德、品格、美德等问题密切相关,是哲学和心理学的研究课题。因此,我们在论文中提到的一些科学的、社会认知的和神经心理学的研究是从哲学的角度来探讨的。简单来说,科学告诉我们什么是可能的,以及自我调节——包括自我控制的功能——是如何起作用的。哲学解释了个人自治能力的重要性。然而,这两个学科之间的界限并不是不可移动和不可渗透的。哲学家利用和反思经验和科学知识,心理学家依靠价值假设并解决价值问题,例如:成为或成为一个完整的、成熟的、有生产力的人意味着什么?自治、自我控制和自我管理这三个词在本质上是相同的,但内涵不同。前者属于传统哲学话语,后者属于当代科学话语。我们选择“自治”作为我们的主要表述,是为了突出哲学思维的悠久传统与关于这种复杂能力的最新心理学科学知识之间的连续性。无论我们是从哲学还是心理学的角度来观察它,我们都认为自我管理是所有人生成就和美德的先决条件。教育本身并不是目的,而是一种能力,使人能够发展其他潜力、能力和技能,并实现个人和社会所必需的价值。自我治理是耐心、毅力、耐力、适度、公平、客观、正派、善良等内在的组成部分。它在教育、谈判、冲突管理、知情决策、改善自我和个人社会关系方面都是不可或缺的。调节自我的能力有多么重要,最好的证明是它也可以服务于消极的、反社会的目标,例如,当它在算计、报复行为、撒谎、欺骗、搪塞、操纵等行为中根深蒂固时。然而,在本文中,我们将把自我管理作为一种能力来处理,这种能力决定了个性发展的品质,其中一个人既是个体化的,也是社会性的。因此,我们通过美德的棱镜来观察自我管理,这种美德是仿照古希腊伦理的,是在社区中与他人共同生活的艺术中的卓越技能。社区生活不仅是一种暗示,也是一种交流。作为在人际关系和交往中实现其独特性和独特性的社会生物,我们在与他人交往时对自己的行为施加的意识和意识控制水平的问题无疑是人类存在的最重要和最基本的问题之一。本文的目的是恢复自我管理或自我控制观念的声誉,这种观念如今至少被认为是可疑的。今天,当个人主义和享乐主义成为主流时,这个概念被视为不受欢迎,它被认为是倒退和(自我)压抑的道德主义的一个分支。与此相反,我们认为自治是获得自由和自决能力的一种手段,是形成一种能够建立和谐和有利于社会的人际关系的全面和平衡的人格的一种手段。有些人对自我控制的概念持批评态度,因为他们错误地认为这个概念只是压抑现象的另一种形式。当引入压抑概念的精神分析学渗透到流行文化中时,人们开始将自我控制等同于传统的、过度的、神经化的自我压抑。然而,自我控制是一种控制能力,而不是将自己在不同生活环境中的情绪和反应压抑在意识阈值以下,以便在社区中生存和实现自我,实现自己认为重要的目标。与压抑不同,自我控制需要意识到内部状态、感觉、思想和情绪。一个能很好地控制自己的人不会压抑自己的冲动和感受,而是有意识地避免屈服于它们,而另一些人则会屈服于它们,而不顾可能或可能的毁灭性后果。压抑是一种无意识的防御机制。人们不仅没有意识到被压抑的内容,他/她也没有意识到压抑的过程。另一方面,自我控制是基于有意识的元认知策略。 二元思维的自动性根据“非或-非”原则发挥作用,不言而喻地提出了这样一个问题:发展自我控制的能力是否意味着缺乏自发性和真实性。真实性和自发性与忠于自己的情感(“跟随自己的感觉”或“自己的内心”)有关,这被认为是构成个性的本质,而自我控制听起来像是一种必要的邪恶,是为了适应社会而必须付出的代价,这意味着失去了一个人的独特性和独特性。在这里,自发性和真实性的感知是相当有问题的,表面上强加在它们之间的等号也是如此。我们经常把我们学到的东西解释为自发的反应,这些反应已经成为我们无意识的自动性。对自发性概念的误解源于对所谓“真正的”人性的错误和浪漫化的假设,即社会强加人为的、武断的规范和规则。因此,真实性表面上被解释为对所谓的原初本性的忠诚。无意识自动性的速度和即时性欺骗了我们,使我们认为那些是我们真实的感受。然而,真实性是你必须努力的。更高的发展水平和自我决定的自由,这是真实性的核心,不能遵循原始预定的路径,我们的身体在没有我们有意识参与的情况下生长的方式。被自然自发性的必要性所支配的个人,与自由的创造物、为自己做决定的人、依靠决策行为的人,是完全不同的。在成为一个真正的人的道路上,个人必须克服许多外部和内部的阻力和障碍,这需要加强其自我管理的能力。本能、冲动、基本情感是我们天性的一部分,就像动物一样,它们的行为倾向是天生的、无意的、必要的。然而,即使是人类最高级和最复杂的心理功能,也有其生物本质的根源。在自我管理中结合的意志也是如此,也就是说,在选择更艰难的道路的能力中,不符合我们眼前的冲动。神经科学证实了社会认知理论的发现,即几乎每一分钟(除非遇到重大危险),人都会做出影响自己和周围环境的选择。他运用自我调节和自我控制的能力,试图证实他想要的未来,避免他不想要的未来。然而,在我们的日常生活中,我们经常有这样的印象,即神经学上的自我调节能力并没有像我们希望的那样为我们服务,或者它没有像它应该调节的本能和情感那样自然地发挥作用。人们指责许多因素损害了自我管理的能力和“意志储备”,其中包括生理和心理性质的因素以及自然和社会环境所产生的因素。但我们感兴趣的是一个科学无法提出或回答的问题:我们是否有道德上的义务和责任来发展更多的神经心理结构,使我们能够管理自己?如果我们知道一个人建立他的身份,成为一个人,一个人格,只有在主体间的交流空间;一个人在出生后立即进入的社会生活,发展了他的认知和情感能力以及道德倾向,然后我们相信我们有义务学会管理自己。因此,我们选择恢复和恢复我们认为永远有价值的旧的自治概念作为本文的主题和目标。
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