Pub Date : 2017-06-15DOI: 10.7206/DEC.1733-0092.86
J. Haman
Systems of proportional division of seats between parties, based on the results of the election, and between constituencies on the basis of demographic data, are usually judged on the basis of the compatibility of the final divisions with the criterion of proportionality. In certain situations, moving away from a straightforward proportionality towards degressive or progressive proportionality is intentional and should not be considered as a form of error. This issue has already been analyzed with regard to the degressively proportional distribution of seats, primarily in the context of the distribution of seats between the national delegations in the European Parliament. In this paper, however, I focus on the question of the progressive proportionality of division of seats between parties and propose a tool for measuring the strength of progressivity of division. I use the new measure to describe electoral systems in European countries, as well as to assess the impact of the size of the constituency and the apportionment method used (d'Hondt or Sainte-Lague) on the progressivity of the distribution of seats.
{"title":"Progresywna proporcjonalność jako cecha systemu wyborczego","authors":"J. Haman","doi":"10.7206/DEC.1733-0092.86","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7206/DEC.1733-0092.86","url":null,"abstract":"Systems of proportional division of seats between parties, based on the results of the election, and between constituencies on the basis of demographic data, are usually judged on the basis of the compatibility of the final divisions with the criterion of proportionality. In certain situations, moving away from a straightforward proportionality towards degressive or progressive proportionality is intentional and should not be considered as a form of error. This issue has already been analyzed with regard to the degressively proportional distribution of seats, primarily in the context of the distribution of seats between the national delegations in the European Parliament. In this paper, however, I focus on the question of the progressive proportionality of division of seats between parties and propose a tool for measuring the strength of progressivity of division. I use the new measure to describe electoral systems in European countries, as well as to assess the impact of the size of the constituency and the apportionment method used (d'Hondt or Sainte-Lague) on the progressivity of the distribution of seats.","PeriodicalId":37255,"journal":{"name":"Decyzje","volume":"14 1","pages":"69-88"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-06-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43760617","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-06-15DOI: 10.7206/DEC.1733-0092.85
P. Zielonka
A slight difference in the message formulation may lead to a different behavior of the recipient. This phenomenon is called the framing effect. The article describes three types of framing: the risky choice framing effect, the attribute framing effect and the goal framing effect. It has been shown that the phenomenon responsible for framing effect is, commonly occurring in humans, a strong loss aversion. Examples of the implementation of framing in various economic areas, such as price policy, taxation, or negotiation, are discussed.
{"title":"Framing, czyli efekt sformułowania","authors":"P. Zielonka","doi":"10.7206/DEC.1733-0092.85","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7206/DEC.1733-0092.85","url":null,"abstract":"A slight difference in the message formulation may lead to a different behavior of the recipient. This phenomenon is called the framing effect. The article describes three types of framing: the risky choice framing effect, the attribute framing effect and the goal framing effect. It has been shown that the phenomenon responsible for framing effect is, commonly occurring in humans, a strong loss aversion. Examples of the implementation of framing in various economic areas, such as price policy, taxation, or negotiation, are discussed.","PeriodicalId":37255,"journal":{"name":"Decyzje","volume":"14 1","pages":"41-68"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-06-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43461495","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-06-15DOI: 10.7206/DEC.1733-0092.84
Katarzyna Gawryluk
The research investigates how participants’ age infl uences the subjective judgements of probability and risky decisions making. 140 people aged 6-22 participated in the study. The results show that 6-7 year-olds were unable to differentiate between probabilities. Only 11-13 years old children appeared to distinguish the variation in probabilities, although only in lotteries in the domain of gains. All the judgements of probabilities were strongly overestimated both in children and adults. The research also shows that age infl uences risk taking. Adults were more risk averse in the domain of gains than losses, while children were more risk averse for losses. Due to the fact that the youngest children did not understand the very concept of probability, their choices were not sensitive to the changes in the probability, and therefore also to the changes of the expected values. Risky choices made by the youngest children were independent from the size of gains/losses or probability, while the choices of 9-10 year-olds were affected only by the size of gains/losses. Among 11-13 yearolds and adults the risky choices were infl uenced by both size of gain/loss and the probability as well as their combination (expected value).
{"title":"Percepcja i podejmowanie ryzyka u dzieci","authors":"Katarzyna Gawryluk","doi":"10.7206/DEC.1733-0092.84","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7206/DEC.1733-0092.84","url":null,"abstract":"The research investigates how participants’ age infl uences the subjective judgements of probability and risky decisions making. 140 people aged 6-22 participated in the study. The results show that 6-7 year-olds were unable to differentiate between probabilities. Only 11-13 years old children appeared to distinguish the variation in probabilities, although only in lotteries in the domain of gains. All the judgements of probabilities were strongly overestimated both in children and adults. The research also shows that age infl uences risk taking. Adults were more risk averse in the domain of gains than losses, while children were more risk averse for losses. Due to the fact that the youngest children did not understand the very concept of probability, their choices were not sensitive to the changes in the probability, and therefore also to the changes of the expected values. Risky choices made by the youngest children were independent from the size of gains/losses or probability, while the choices of 9-10 year-olds were affected only by the size of gains/losses. Among 11-13 yearolds and adults the risky choices were infl uenced by both size of gain/loss and the probability as well as their combination (expected value).","PeriodicalId":37255,"journal":{"name":"Decyzje","volume":"14 1","pages":"5-40"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-06-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46600440","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-06-15DOI: 10.7206/DEC.1733-0092.92
Przemysław Korotusz
{"title":"SPRAWOZDANIE Z XI KONFERENCJI „PSYCHOLOGIA EKONOMICZNA” AKADEMICKIEGO STOWARZYSZENIA PSYCHOLOGII EKONOMICZNEJ","authors":"Przemysław Korotusz","doi":"10.7206/DEC.1733-0092.92","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7206/DEC.1733-0092.92","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":37255,"journal":{"name":"Decyzje","volume":"14 1","pages":"139-140"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-06-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49248960","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-06-15DOI: 10.7206/DEC.1733-0092.88
Mieszko Tałasiewicz
The paper is devoted to a formulation of a certain model of group decision-making, grounding the epistemic authority of the group against a single decision-maker. Proposed model is contrasted with models in which Condorcet’s Jury Theorem holds (or some of its generalisations) and is founded on the observation that some of the conditions required for CJT to hold are not only impossible to satisfy but simply not worth being satisfi ed. Instead some different conditions, better suited to model intuitive ideal of rational decision-making, are proposed. In particular, the assumption of homogeneity among jurors or the assumption of independence between them is rejected.
{"title":"O autorytecie epistemicznym ławy przysięgłych i twierdzeniu Condorceta","authors":"Mieszko Tałasiewicz","doi":"10.7206/DEC.1733-0092.88","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7206/DEC.1733-0092.88","url":null,"abstract":"The paper is devoted to a formulation of a certain model of group decision-making, grounding the epistemic authority of the group against a single decision-maker. Proposed model is contrasted with models in which Condorcet’s Jury Theorem holds (or some of its generalisations) and is founded on the observation that some of the conditions required for CJT to hold are not only impossible to satisfy but simply not worth being satisfi ed. Instead some different conditions, better suited to model intuitive ideal of rational decision-making, are proposed. In particular, the assumption of homogeneity among jurors or the assumption of independence between them is rejected.","PeriodicalId":37255,"journal":{"name":"Decyzje","volume":"14 1","pages":"107-114"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-06-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42271761","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-01-01DOI: 10.7206/DEC.1733-0092.95
Marcin Palenik
The phenomenon of negative discounting, that is deferring favourable events, is rare as well as little researched. This article focuses on circumstances that could significantly increase the frequency of the negative discounting. The research hypotheses resulting from the Behavioral Life-Cycle Hypothesis (BLCH) theory by Shefrin and Thaler were derived and empirically verifi ed. According to the first two hypotheses, a high level of the current wealth and income are factors making more likely the preference of deferring additional cash. Two further hypotheses referred to future income. As research has shown, the expected drop in income affects the greater tendency to postpone additional cash. Secondly the expectation of insufficient income in relation to expenditures in the future, encouraged the respondents to postpone part of their income. It should be emphasized that it was not deferral of consumption which was studied. Therefore a normal phenomenon of saving does not explain the experiments results. Instead, studies show possibility of receiving cash deferral. Such an attitude in economics is usually completely excluded.
{"title":"Zjawisko ujemnej stopy dyskontowej w oparciu o behawioralną hipotezę cyklu życia Shefrina i Thalera","authors":"Marcin Palenik","doi":"10.7206/DEC.1733-0092.95","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7206/DEC.1733-0092.95","url":null,"abstract":"The phenomenon of negative discounting, that is deferring favourable events, is rare as well as little researched. This article focuses on circumstances that could significantly increase the frequency of the negative discounting. The research hypotheses resulting from the Behavioral Life-Cycle Hypothesis (BLCH) theory by Shefrin and Thaler were derived and empirically verifi ed. According to the first two hypotheses, a high level of the current wealth and income are factors making more likely the preference of deferring additional cash. Two further hypotheses referred to future income. As research has shown, the expected drop in income affects the greater tendency to postpone additional cash. Secondly the expectation of insufficient income in relation to expenditures in the future, encouraged the respondents to postpone part of their income. It should be emphasized that it was not deferral of consumption which was studied. Therefore a normal phenomenon of saving does not explain the experiments results. Instead, studies show possibility of receiving cash deferral. Such an attitude in economics is usually completely excluded.","PeriodicalId":37255,"journal":{"name":"Decyzje","volume":"1 1","pages":"59-92"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"71326814","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-12-15DOI: 10.7206/DEC.1733-0092.77
Katarzyna Abramczuk
The paper presents an evolutionary model illustrating the dynamics that give rise to discriminatory social norms i.e. such rules of behaviour that fulfil two conditions: (1) they treat differently actors having the same abilities and technical options, but differing in some arbitrary sense (2) they are supported by socially enforced sanctions. In the presented model both discrimination and social norms are necessary to solve a coordination problem that arises when the situation requires different actors to perform different tasks. The properties of behavioural rules relying on discrimination and leading to various degrees of inequality are analysed. It is demonstrated that in general norms ensuring equal payoffs are easier to stabilize, but unfair norms can also be stable.
{"title":"Evolutionary stability of discriminating social norms","authors":"Katarzyna Abramczuk","doi":"10.7206/DEC.1733-0092.77","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7206/DEC.1733-0092.77","url":null,"abstract":"The paper presents an evolutionary model illustrating the dynamics that give rise to discriminatory social norms i.e. such rules of behaviour that fulfil two conditions: (1) they treat differently actors having the same abilities and technical options, but differing in some arbitrary sense (2) they are supported by socially enforced sanctions. In the presented model both discrimination and social norms are necessary to solve a coordination problem that arises when the situation requires different actors to perform different tasks. The properties of behavioural rules relying on discrimination and leading to various degrees of inequality are analysed. It is demonstrated that in general norms ensuring equal payoffs are easier to stabilize, but unfair norms can also be stable.","PeriodicalId":37255,"journal":{"name":"Decyzje","volume":"81 1","pages":"27-57"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-12-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"71326296","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-12-15DOI: 10.7206/DEC.1733-0092.79
A. Domurat, M. Białek
Statistical tests are used in science in order to support research hypotheses (theory, model). The Bayes Factor (BF) is a method that weighs evidence and shows which out of two hypotheses is better supported. Adopting the BF in statistical inference, we can show whether data provided stronger support for the null hypothesis, the alternative hypothesis or whether it is inconclusive and more data needs to be collected to provide more decisive evidence. Such a symmetry in interpretation is an advantage of the Bayes Factor over classical null hypothesis signifi cance testing (NHST). Using NHST, a researcher draws conclusions indirectly, by rejecting or not rejecting the null hypothesis. The discrepancy between these decisions and the researcher’s needs, often leads to misinterpretation of signifi cance test results, e.g. by concluding that non-signifi cant p-values are evidence for the absence of differences between groups or that variables are independent. In this work we show the main differences between the Bayesian and the frequential approach to the understanding of probability and statistical inference. We demonstrate how to verify hypotheses using the BF in practice and provide concrete examples of how it modifi es conclusions about empirical fi ndings based on the NHST procedure and the interpretation of p-values. We discuss the advantages of the BF – particularly the validation of a null hypothesis. Additionally, we provide some guidelines on how to do Bayesian statistics using the freeware statistical program JASP 0.8.
{"title":"Dowodzenie hipotez za pomocą zzynnika bayesowskiego (bayes factor): przykłady użycia w badaniach empirycznych","authors":"A. Domurat, M. Białek","doi":"10.7206/DEC.1733-0092.79","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7206/DEC.1733-0092.79","url":null,"abstract":"Statistical tests are used in science in order to support research hypotheses (theory, model). The Bayes Factor (BF) is a method that weighs evidence and shows which out of two hypotheses is better supported. Adopting the BF in statistical inference, we can show whether data provided stronger support for the null hypothesis, the alternative hypothesis or whether it is inconclusive and more data needs to be collected to provide more decisive evidence. Such a symmetry in interpretation is an advantage of the Bayes Factor over classical null hypothesis signifi cance testing (NHST). Using NHST, a researcher draws conclusions indirectly, by rejecting or not rejecting the null hypothesis. The discrepancy between these decisions and the researcher’s needs, often leads to misinterpretation of signifi cance test results, e.g. by concluding that non-signifi cant p-values are evidence for the absence of differences between groups or that variables are independent. In this work we show the main differences between the Bayesian and the frequential approach to the understanding of probability and statistical inference. We demonstrate how to verify hypotheses using the BF in practice and provide concrete examples of how it modifi es conclusions about empirical fi ndings based on the NHST procedure and the interpretation of p-values. We discuss the advantages of the BF – particularly the validation of a null hypothesis. Additionally, we provide some guidelines on how to do Bayesian statistics using the freeware statistical program JASP 0.8.","PeriodicalId":37255,"journal":{"name":"Decyzje","volume":"1 1","pages":"109-141"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-12-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"71326679","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-12-15DOI: 10.7206/DEC.1733-0092.78
Marek Bożykowski
In fair distribution of a set of indivisible goods it is problematic to provide basic equality if the goods differ in value. One of the most popular solutions to the problems are lotteries. The paper presents seven selected probabilistic procedures: random distribution, lexicographic procedure of equal chances of satisfaction, random serial dictatorship, core from random endowments, probabilistic serial, top trading cycles from equal division and random priority with infi nite k factor. Some of these procedures always lead to the same result as some other procedure, therefore these procedures are equivalent. The formal features of the procedures are also analysed in the paper: ordinal efficiency, ex post effi ciency, and both strong and week version of: envy-freeness, proportionality, equitability, and individual strategy-proofness.
{"title":"Probabilistyczne metody podziału zbioru dóbr niepodzielnych","authors":"Marek Bożykowski","doi":"10.7206/DEC.1733-0092.78","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7206/DEC.1733-0092.78","url":null,"abstract":"In fair distribution of a set of indivisible goods it is problematic to provide basic equality if the goods differ in value. One of the most popular solutions to the problems are lotteries. The paper presents seven selected probabilistic procedures: random distribution, lexicographic procedure of equal chances of satisfaction, random serial dictatorship, core from random endowments, probabilistic serial, top trading cycles from equal division and random priority with infi nite k factor. Some of these procedures always lead to the same result as some other procedure, therefore these procedures are equivalent. The formal features of the procedures are also analysed in the paper: ordinal efficiency, ex post effi ciency, and both strong and week version of: envy-freeness, proportionality, equitability, and individual strategy-proofness.","PeriodicalId":37255,"journal":{"name":"Decyzje","volume":"1 1","pages":"59-107"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-12-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"71326625","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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