Pub Date : 2019-12-15DOI: 10.7206/dec.1733-0092.137
Ł. Markiewicz, Michał J. Białek
{"title":"Sprawozdanie z XXVII konferencji \"Subjective Probability, Utility, And Decision Making” (SPUDM)","authors":"Ł. Markiewicz, Michał J. Białek","doi":"10.7206/dec.1733-0092.137","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7206/dec.1733-0092.137","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":37255,"journal":{"name":"Decyzje","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-12-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41692695","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-12-15DOI: 10.7206/DEC.1733-0092.136
Marek Bożykowski
{"title":"New International Version (Niv) Bible","authors":"Marek Bożykowski","doi":"10.7206/DEC.1733-0092.136","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7206/DEC.1733-0092.136","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":37255,"journal":{"name":"Decyzje","volume":"2019 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-12-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45616687","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-12-15DOI: 10.7206/dec.1733-0092.133
Grzegorz Lissowski
{"title":"Nowa miara zależności statystycznej wyborów od grupy","authors":"Grzegorz Lissowski","doi":"10.7206/dec.1733-0092.133","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7206/dec.1733-0092.133","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":37255,"journal":{"name":"Decyzje","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-12-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41873394","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-06-15DOI: 10.7206/DEC.1733-0092.122
J. Flis, Bartłomiej Michalak
In the Polish public debate, one occasionally hears voices advocating the need for a significant change in the system of elections to Sejm, the Lower Chamber of Parliament – the objective of such changes would be to strengthen larger parties. As an example to follow, proponents of these changes cite Hungary, where the changes in electoral rules allowed the party in power to retain majority in the legislative despite reduction in popular support. Opponents of this solution see it as a manifest electoral manipulation. The aim of the present paper is to analyze how the “marginal only” changes to the structure of constituencies electing members of Sejm postulated in the political arena would affect electoral results of individual political groups and what would be the broader political consequences. The author pays particular attention to expected impact of such changes on the majority bonus for the winning party, possible government coalition variants, concentration of party system at parliamentary level and proportionality of elections. Simulation of allocation of seats in Sejm based on votes cast was prepared for three possible variants of the structure of Sejm constituencies, on the basis of historical data (for the 2011 and 2015 elections) and the predicted results of 2019 elections. Comparison of the simulated outcomes with the results obtained in the system currently in place allows to answer the main question posed.
{"title":"Minimalne” manipulacje, czyli konsekwencje polityczne zmiany struktury okręgów wyborczych w wyborach do Sejmu RP","authors":"J. Flis, Bartłomiej Michalak","doi":"10.7206/DEC.1733-0092.122","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7206/DEC.1733-0092.122","url":null,"abstract":"In the Polish public debate, one occasionally hears voices advocating the need for a significant change in the system of elections to Sejm, the Lower Chamber of Parliament – the objective of such changes would be to strengthen larger parties. As an example to follow, proponents of these changes cite Hungary, where the changes in electoral rules allowed the party in power to retain majority in the legislative despite reduction in popular support. Opponents of this solution see it as a manifest electoral manipulation. The aim of the present paper is to analyze how the “marginal only” changes to the structure of constituencies electing members of Sejm postulated in the political arena would affect electoral results of individual political groups and what would be the broader political consequences. The author pays particular attention to expected impact of such changes on the majority bonus for the winning party, possible government coalition variants, concentration of party system at parliamentary level and proportionality of elections. Simulation of allocation of seats in Sejm based on votes cast was prepared for three possible variants of the structure of Sejm constituencies, on the basis of historical data (for the 2011 and 2015 elections) and the predicted results of 2019 elections. Comparison of the simulated outcomes with the results obtained in the system currently in place allows to answer the main question posed.","PeriodicalId":37255,"journal":{"name":"Decyzje","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-06-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44514073","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-06-15DOI: 10.7206/dec.1733-0092.119
Daria Boratyn
: The paper is devoted to the topic of strategic grading, which is a term that describes situations in which a judge acquires his preferred result by giving a dishonest opinion. The initial issues concern searching for the possibility of supplementing the rules of determining the verdict of the Scottish jury in a way that prevents jurors from manipulating it and strategic grading in the context of a system of arti fi cial majority used in Polish courts of criminal justice. As it is shown, the Polish system is immune to the strategic behaviour of the judges. Article puts forward a new model of grading systems which generalizes the model constructed by Balinski & Laraki, and is similar to the classical model of Moulin. The new model is based on the assumption that for any given grades one should be able to determine how close they are. An utterly new de fi nition of strategic grading is given, and the article explains why it is needed. The main goal of the article is to give a characterization of grade aggregation functions which, in the new model, are immune to the strategic grading. On the basis of the proof by Balinski and Laraki, it is shown that order functions meet this criterion. Moreover, it is proven that under some additional assumptions they are the only type of such functions.
{"title":"Ocenianie strategiczne","authors":"Daria Boratyn","doi":"10.7206/dec.1733-0092.119","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7206/dec.1733-0092.119","url":null,"abstract":": The paper is devoted to the topic of strategic grading, which is a term that describes situations in which a judge acquires his preferred result by giving a dishonest opinion. The initial issues concern searching for the possibility of supplementing the rules of determining the verdict of the Scottish jury in a way that prevents jurors from manipulating it and strategic grading in the context of a system of arti fi cial majority used in Polish courts of criminal justice. As it is shown, the Polish system is immune to the strategic behaviour of the judges. Article puts forward a new model of grading systems which generalizes the model constructed by Balinski & Laraki, and is similar to the classical model of Moulin. The new model is based on the assumption that for any given grades one should be able to determine how close they are. An utterly new de fi nition of strategic grading is given, and the article explains why it is needed. The main goal of the article is to give a characterization of grade aggregation functions which, in the new model, are immune to the strategic grading. On the basis of the proof by Balinski and Laraki, it is shown that order functions meet this criterion. Moreover, it is proven that under some additional assumptions they are the only type of such functions.","PeriodicalId":37255,"journal":{"name":"Decyzje","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-06-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48282733","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-06-15DOI: 10.7206/DEC.1733-0092.120
Wojciech Załuski
The purpose of the article is to provide a comparative analysis of two types of randomization – egalitarian and proportional – in distributive decisions, with a view to determining conditions in which they can be applied. It should be construed broadly (as embracing not only the situation of indifference – the equal satisfaction of a given criterion, but also the situations of the lack of criteria or their incommensurability), and that they are stronger than utilitarian reasons. It is also argued that the confl ict between justice ex ante and justice ex post may take an acute form only in the case of proportional randomization, which is why this type of randomization can be applied relatively rarely – only in two situations: if the distribution is repeatedly made and/or if the differences between claims of the candidates (for a good/burden being distributed) are not substantial. Some other differences are also pointed out in the article, e.g., that while proportional randomization must always be statistical, egalitarian randomization may be at times epistemic. It is also argued that in some circumstances (e.g., in the context of the so called Number Problem) doubts may arise as to which type of randomization should be applied, and the applications of both types may prove to be equivalent.
{"title":"O dwóch typach randomizacji w decyzjach dystrybucyjnych","authors":"Wojciech Załuski","doi":"10.7206/DEC.1733-0092.120","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7206/DEC.1733-0092.120","url":null,"abstract":"The purpose of the article is to provide a comparative analysis of two types of randomization – egalitarian and proportional – in distributive decisions, with a view to determining conditions in which they can be applied. It should be construed broadly (as embracing not only the situation of indifference – the equal satisfaction of a given criterion, but also the situations of the lack of criteria or their incommensurability), and that they are stronger than utilitarian reasons. It is also argued that the confl ict between justice ex ante and justice ex post may take an acute form only in the case of proportional randomization, which is why this type of randomization can be applied relatively rarely – only in two situations: if the distribution is repeatedly made and/or if the differences between claims of the candidates (for a good/burden being distributed) are not substantial. Some other differences are also pointed out in the article, e.g., that while proportional randomization must always be statistical, egalitarian randomization may be at times epistemic. It is also argued that in some circumstances (e.g., in the context of the so called Number Problem) doubts may arise as to which type of randomization should be applied, and the applications of both types may prove to be equivalent.","PeriodicalId":37255,"journal":{"name":"Decyzje","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-06-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41409351","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-01-01DOI: 10.7206/DEC.1733-0092.127
A. Falkowski, B. Dzik
{"title":"Elizabeth Bishop – Ta jedna sztuka","authors":"A. Falkowski, B. Dzik","doi":"10.7206/DEC.1733-0092.127","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7206/DEC.1733-0092.127","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":37255,"journal":{"name":"Decyzje","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"71325856","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-01-01DOI: 10.7206/DEC.1733-0092.132
Wojciech Rutkiewicz
Debate regarding evidence based medicine in current state focuses on basic philosophical as-sumptions of paradigm announced in 1992 by EBM Working Group. One of the topic in this debate is clinical reasoning in light of medical decision-making. Polish literature still lacks of comprehensive presentation in this theoretical fi eld. In current article I present overview of models of clinical reasoning. I begin from the debate of rationality distinguishing two positions called meliorism and panglosianism. Next I proceed to elaboration of three models for clinical reasoning in context of meliorists position. It gives an opportunity to look closer for inferential rules of clinical decision-making and as a result may be precious perspective for future re-search and medical education.
{"title":"Racjonalne modele rozumowania klinicznego","authors":"Wojciech Rutkiewicz","doi":"10.7206/DEC.1733-0092.132","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7206/DEC.1733-0092.132","url":null,"abstract":"Debate regarding evidence based medicine in current state focuses on basic philosophical as-sumptions of paradigm announced in 1992 by EBM Working Group. One of the topic in this debate is clinical reasoning in light of medical decision-making. Polish literature still lacks of comprehensive presentation in this theoretical fi eld. In current article I present overview of models of clinical reasoning. I begin from the debate of rationality distinguishing two positions called meliorism and panglosianism. Next I proceed to elaboration of three models for clinical reasoning in context of meliorists position. It gives an opportunity to look closer for inferential rules of clinical decision-making and as a result may be precious perspective for future re-search and medical education.","PeriodicalId":37255,"journal":{"name":"Decyzje","volume":"1 1","pages":"77-102"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"71325517","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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