Journal of Space Safety Engineering最新文献

{"title":"Surveying space debris management methods: Revealing essential requirements for effective solutions","authors":"Samaneh Elahian,&nbsp;Hamid Kazemi","doi":"10.1016/j.jsse.2024.05.002","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jsse.2024.05.002","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This paper delves into the management of space debris covering two main categories; preventive measures to mitigate space debris generation and methods for debris removal. Through a thorough review, it clarifies key aspects of outer space governance and the critical importance of effective space debris management. Space debris management methods are categorized into three main groups: prevention of debris generation, repair techniques, and collective/removal methods. Each category employs distinct approaches, which are discussed through its relevant equations and requirements. To define the requirements, two symbol spacecraft with masses of 25 and 100 kg in orbits at altitudes of 600 and 800 km are considered. This analysis aids in the selection of the most effective space debris management method for future space activities.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":37283,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Space Safety Engineering","volume":"11 4","pages":"Pages 721-729"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2024-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141132733","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Sociomapping qualitative analysis of the structure and dynamics of relationships in the crews of SIRIUS-19 and SIRIUS-21 during a simulated space mission to the Moon through the lens of comparison","authors":"K. Bernardova Sykorova ,&nbsp;E. Chroustova ,&nbsp;M. Klosova ,&nbsp;A. Zubkova ,&nbsp;K. Krasna ,&nbsp;J. Lastovkova ,&nbsp;E. Höschlova ,&nbsp;R. Bahbouh","doi":"10.1016/j.jsse.2024.06.004","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jsse.2024.06.004","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Introduction</h3><div>The contribution is based on the author's own MODEL OF SOCIAL RESEARCH in EXPOSED PROFESSIONS based on a set of diagnostic, analytical methods, and mathematical modelling in the measurement of human attitudes. Its subject is a comprehensive analysis of the functioning of humans and small social groups in specific conditions of long-term isolation, from a bio-psycho-social point of view. The contribution will present the outputs of the international research project “SIRIUS 2017–2023″, from the 4-month and 8-month isolation experiment organized by the IBMP RAS and NASA.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>SOCIOMAPPING is a technique suitable for the analysis of non-linear dynamic systems - groups, organizations, population. The method of the Czech author Radvan Bahbouh makes it possible to analyse the relationships and ties between system elements to reveal stable and recurring structural patterns and to monitor their dynamics. As part of the 2nd and 3rd stages of the “SIRIUS” project, the method was deployed in 3 stages during both experiments. QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS of the data provided detailed insight into the structure and dynamics of relationships and ties in both crews in 35 areas.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS shows highly favourable findings in the structure and dynamics of relationships in both crews during isolation. In the field of PROFESSIONALISM, the crew of SIRIUS-19 maintains a continuously high rating, higher at the end of the mission than at the beginning. A slightly opposite tendency was found for the SIRIUS-21 crew, the “definitely yes” rating shifts to “rather yes” or “can't judge” after 8 months of the mission. A similar pattern was found in the field of WORKING and PERSONAL RELATIONSHIP where the background of the individual participants in the experiment may have contributed to the results.</div><div>It is confirmed once again that the highly positive mutual evaluation of crew members has a fundamental influence on work performance, social atmosphere, decision-making, the occurrence of misunderstandings, task performance, workload management, quality of communication, cooperation, and in real space missions, also an influence on the issue of survival of crews.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":37283,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Space Safety Engineering","volume":"11 4","pages":"Pages 628-635"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2024-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141701863","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Enabling safe commercial space transportation in the United States","authors":"Kelvin B. Coleman","doi":"10.1016/j.jsse.2024.11.001","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jsse.2024.11.001","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":37283,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Space Safety Engineering","volume":"11 4","pages":"Pages 547-549"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2024-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143158609","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The political and legal landscape of space debris mitigation in emerging space nations","authors":"Jacqueline H. Smith ,&nbsp;Minoo Rathnasabapathy ,&nbsp;Danielle Wood","doi":"10.1016/j.jsse.2024.08.009","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jsse.2024.08.009","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The issue of space debris and its impact on space sustainability is a growing concern that requires collective action from all nations. Over the past decade, the number of spacefaring nations has increased, as evidenced by the number of satellites launched by emerging space nations and by an increase in the number of applications for United Nations Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space (UN COPUOS) membership from emerging member states. More recently, there has been an increase in emerging space nations stating their commitment to join the COPUOS Long-term Sustainability (LTS) 2.0 Working Group, as well as nations who have opted to join as signatories to initiatives such as “Net Zero Space” (e.g., Azercosmos, EgSA, GISTDA), and the Artemis Accords (e.g., Nigeria, Rwanda, and Angola). These initiatives share a common goal of promoting the sustainable and responsible use of space to ensure the long-term sustainability of space activities, including: 1) the recognition of the need for sustainable practices; 2) the importance of promoting cooperation in long-term sustainability between all nations; 3) the support of international guidelines and best practices; and 4) the recognition of the increasing role and contribution of emerging space nations.</div><div>Given the rapid diversification of the space sector, and in accordance with Part C International Cooperation, Capacity-Building and Awareness of the 2019 COPUOS Long Term Sustainability guidelines, many emerging nations continue to face challenges in implementing space debris mitigation and removal measures. The aim of this paper is threefold: 1) showcase examples of emerging space nations who are actively supporting the sustained use of space at a national, regional, and international level, which includes complying with existing binding requirements concerning space debris within national laws; 2) discuss how the Space Sustainability Rating (SSR) provides opportunities for emerging space nations to progress in their efforts to participate in seeking space sustainability; and 3) provide an analysis using the SSR for several missions launched by emerging space nations including recommended steps for increased sustainability in both the design phase and during operations. The study aims to identify potential challenges and opportunities in the adoption of the SSR by emerging space nations, and dispel the perception that sustainable design, operations, and implementation of the LTS guidelines is a barrier for emerging space nations. The selection of nations chosen for the analysis of this paper aims to ensure a representative sample of diverse space market sizes and maturity, with particular consideration given to geographic diversity.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":37283,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Space Safety Engineering","volume":"11 4","pages":"Pages 697-709"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2024-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143158619","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Enabling efficient satellite mission design with rule-based collision avoidance","authors":"Simon Burgis ,&nbsp;Pia Lenhardt ,&nbsp;Reinhold Bertrand ,&nbsp;Esfandiar Farahvashi ,&nbsp;Jonas Radtke ,&nbsp;Christopher Kebschull","doi":"10.1016/j.jsse.2024.06.002","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jsse.2024.06.002","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The growing number of operational spacecraft in Earth's orbit entails an increasing operational effort for collision avoidance (COLA), particularly regarding the coordination of evasive measures. To reduce the associated workload, COLA operations should already be considered in the early planning phases of space missions. The Mission Analysis Software (MAS) is a web-based application developed within the ESA-funded CASCADE (Collision avoidance, satellite coordination assessment demonstration environment) project by OKAPI:Orbits and TU Darmstadt for this purpose. The software follows a data-driven approach to offer satellite operators, mission designers, service providers, agencies, and authorities two services: conjunction assessment and rule analysis. The conjunction assessment provides an estimation of the number and type of conjunctions to be expected on the targeted orbit and identifies frequently conjuncting parties for the current population of active satellites as well as for conceivable future scenarios. The rule analysis follows a rule-based approach to coordinate COLA between individual operators, allowing users to build custom hierarchical rule sets from pre-defined rule building blocks to achieve a desired split of effort between the conjunction parties. The MAS enables the assessment of the operational consequences for a chosen rule set, empowering users to reach bilateral agreements with identified frequently conjuncting parties to determine the obligation to take evasive measures for future conjunctions. The approach of the MAS allows for the pre-emptive reduction of the expected number of conjunctions enabling operators to optimize orbit parameters within their mission constraints as well as the automatization of COLA coordination during operations. Through this, the MAS optimizes propellant needs, mission time, and required workforce associated with COLA for space missions.</div><div>This paper presents the MAS, showcasing the key features and use cases that have been developed closely with stakeholders and the European Space Agency. Furthermore, the data-based simulation approach of the MAS will be explained, covering the data sources and design choices for the conjunction detection and propagation module. The paper also presents the results of a preliminary rule analysis conducted for the population of active satellites in low Earth orbit as of April 2023. As an intermediate result of an on-going research activity involving the authoring entities, a major goal of this paper is to engage with satellite operators, mission designers, service providers, agencies, and authorities in order to tailor the results of the activity to their actual needs.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":37283,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Space Safety Engineering","volume":"11 4","pages":"Pages 739-749"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2024-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141413756","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Conceptual design and testing for the advancement of mechanical counterpressure spacesuits","authors":"Michelle Kostin","doi":"10.1016/j.jsse.2024.08.003","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jsse.2024.08.003","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In response to the growing demands for heightened efficiency in extravehicular activity solutions for upcoming missions, mechanical counterpressure (MCP) spacesuits have emerged as a promising alternative to traditional gas-pressurised suits. The distinctive attributes of these MCP suits offer numerous advantages, including reduced energy exertion, reduced risk of decompression failure in case of puncture, and enhanced astronaut comfort. This advanced concept utilises the application of direct pressure via tensioning fabric that is wrapped around the astronaut's body. This study addresses key engineering obstacles that have impeded the implementation of this technology, presenting a possible solution to several of these issues, demonstrated through experimental testing. The conceptual design moves away from the usage of smart materials, with a primary focus on mechanical components. The resulting prototype was successful in reaching a maximum counterpressure of 15.8 kPa whilst also being examined in the context of donning speed and garment sizing adjustability.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":37283,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Space Safety Engineering","volume":"11 4","pages":"Pages 652-661"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2024-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143159115","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Regional mechanisms to support safe, secure, and sustainable environment for space activities: A case study of Asia-Pacific region","authors":"Aisha Jagirani,&nbsp;Qin Pei","doi":"10.1016/j.jsse.2024.07.006","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jsse.2024.07.006","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>A safe, secure, and sustainable environment for space activities is inevitable in the current space age. The fast-track development of technology and the enthusiasm to explore and exploit space resources for various benefits have also led to the development of factors that can jeopardize ongoing and future activities in outer space. On the one hand, these developments contribute to exploring new horizons of outer space but simultaneously pose significant threats to the sustainability of a conducive environment where various stakeholders can pursue their interests. Multiple initiatives have been taken at the national and international levels to address this issue; however, much more still needs to be done collectively. Since governments are the primary stakeholders and entirely responsible for space activities in terms of international law, individual efforts by governments would take longer to implement measures that can contribute to the long-term sustainability of outer space. Therefore, the role of global and regional organizations in the area has certainly become more critical. International cooperation drives the policy objectives and strategy to advance a mechanism that collectively contributes to outer space's safety and security. The regional agencies provide more significant opportunities to leverage the expertise, investments, and resources together to develop such programs. It helps to adopt multiple ways to formalize relationships that can lead to pursuing specific activities and initiatives such as joint statements, signing cooperative agreements, exchanging data, pooling financial resources, and exchanging know-how. This paper emphasizes regional cooperation schemes and identifies the possible legal tools for regional cooperation to support a safe, secure, and sustainable environment for space activities. The paper focuses on the Asia-Pacific region as a case study. It covers an analysis of the regional organizations, particularly the Asia-Pacific Space Cooperation Organization (APSCO) initiatives as the formal multilateral inter-governmental organization and the Asia-Pacific Regional Space Agency Forum (APRSAF) as a flexible and informal regional mechanism. The paper covers a comparative study of organizations on the cooperation mechanisms and policies related to space activities and their contributions to developing relevant procedures and programs to ensure outer space's sustainability.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":37283,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Space Safety Engineering","volume":"11 4","pages":"Pages 767-778"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2024-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141842993","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Concept of operations for increasingly autonomous space operations","authors":"Bettina L. Beard","doi":"10.1016/j.jsse.2024.06.008","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jsse.2024.06.008","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Concept of Operations (ConOps) documents provide a common view of future system functions to all stakeholders. This ConOps focuses on deep space missions, such as a mission to Mars. While Earth experts will be continuously monitoring operations during crewed deep-space missions, there will be communication delays and disruptions that will impede the rapid assistance required by the crew in time- and safety-critical situations. An argument will be made that the crew will require (some kind of) assistance to quickly understand the situation enough to safe the system. This document describes a notional vision of the operational processes, practices and capabilities needed by a deep space mission crew for them to autonomously respond to anticipated and unanticipated, time-critical anomalies. A descriptive model of a Crew Performance Support System (CPSS) is used to illustrate what will be required for a safe and successful manned mission to Mars. Scenarios will address crew, Earth-Support and technology roles/responsibilities, task prioritization, teaming strategies, complex procedure development and execution, assumptions, asynchronous collaboration under communication time delay and limited data exchange to illustrate potential operational needs and approaches. Scenarios are responsive to known human risks identified during and after long duration spaceflight and incorporate transition plans as space travel moves from ISS to Lunar to Mars operations specifically identifying test bed and research activity needs. The envisioned CPSS will alter the current operational paradigm of crew reliance on Earth experts to resolve anomalies. The intent of this ConOps is to advance the research and development of a CPSS.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":37283,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Space Safety Engineering","volume":"11 4","pages":"Pages 636-651"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2024-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143159114","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A case study into the safety management systems for the effects of potential space weather risks, for operators of very high altitude ‘near space’ flights from Mojave Air & Space Port, California, and the associated regulatory challenges","authors":"C.T. Rees ,&nbsp;J.R. Catchpole ,&nbsp;A. Sewell ,&nbsp;T. Reid ,&nbsp;K.A. Ryden ,&nbsp;S. Block ,&nbsp;A. Mack","doi":"10.1016/j.jsse.2024.08.010","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jsse.2024.08.010","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Mojave Air &amp; Space Port is located in Mojave, California, United States. It is at an elevation of 2,801 feet (854 m), is nearly 3000 acres in size and has three runways. It is licensed by the FAA for horizontal launches of reusable spacecraft and is already a major hub for aerospace research and space enterprises, which includes potential space flights and very high altitude subsonic, supersonic, and hypersonic flights.</div><div>During potential very high-altitude ‘near space’ space flights, the effects of cosmic radiation exposure, especially during sudden changes in space weather, such as ground level enhancement (GLE) or solar particle events (SPEs), could have significant health implications for crew and passengers. This case study examines the intricate landscape of radiation risks, regulatory challenges, licensing complexities, and approaches to risk management for very high-altitude ‘near space’ space flights from Mojave Air and Space Port carrying one or more paying \"space flight participant\" (being an individual, who is not crew, carried aboard a launch vehicle or re-entry vehicle).</div><div>The study explores the specific challenges of risk assessment of very high-altitude flights, looking in detail at the risk posed by the space weather radiation environment in flight planning and execution, for both Space Port and flight operator. The study covers the ‘end to end’ licensing process and the regulatory considerations of space weather required for both Space Port and flight operator. Further, we look at the integration of Safety Management Systems (SMS), namely, we explore how SMS frameworks proactively identify, assess, and mitigate risks throughout the ‘near space’ space flight process. Further, the study presents a template for addressing the regulatory framework for flights, risk assessment, pre-flight briefings, and the flight licensing procedure.</div><div>This case study offers valuable insights for Space Port and flight operators, regulators, and policymakers, contributing to the development of comprehensive safety strategies, which are crucial for safe very high-altitude ‘near space’ space exploration.</div><div>Plain Language Summary: A case study of how the potential space weather risks can be successfully managed for very high altitude ‘near space’ subsonic, supersonic, and hypersonic flights from Mojave Air and Space Port, California, USA carrying one or more space flight participant(s).</div></div>","PeriodicalId":37283,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Space Safety Engineering","volume":"11 4","pages":"Pages 710-720"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2024-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143159089","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Obituary for Maj. Gen. Joe Henry Engle","authors":"","doi":"10.1016/j.jsse.2024.08.007","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jsse.2024.08.007","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":37283,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Space Safety Engineering","volume":"11 4","pages":"Page 786"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2024-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143159216","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}