Pub Date : 2026-01-20DOI: 10.1016/j.bprint.2026.e00469
Asena G. Tatar , M. Cahit Kulaç , Çiğdem Bilici , Bahattin Koç
Multimaterial bioprinting approach is an essential technique to fabricate multi-layered complex tissue structures by enabling the extrusion of two or more bioinks in a single bioprinting process. However, recent methods have some drawbacks such as prolonged printing times and poor interfacial integration between adjacent layers. While simultaneous multimaterial bioprinting allows for the concurrent extrusion of multiple bioinks, several studies have highlighted the difficulty of developing toolpaths that are properly synchronized with the nozzle alignment. In this study, we present a novel rotational coaxial multimaterial bioprinting platform capable of simultaneously extruding two distinct inks through a dual microcapillary nozzle for the fabrication of multi-layered structures. This platform promotes effective fusion between adjacent layers while preventing undesirable cross-diffusion or mixing of the inks. Response surface methodology (RSM) analysis was applied to evaluate the performance of the bioprinting platform and to investigate the printing parameters. The developed rotational coaxial multimaterial bioprinting platform successfully fabricated multimaterial tubular structures with different diameters and complex shapes, thereby demonstrating significant potential for advanced multimaterial biofabrication applications.
{"title":"Rotational multimaterial bioprinting platform for embedded additive manufacturing applications","authors":"Asena G. Tatar , M. Cahit Kulaç , Çiğdem Bilici , Bahattin Koç","doi":"10.1016/j.bprint.2026.e00469","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.bprint.2026.e00469","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Multimaterial bioprinting approach is an essential technique to fabricate multi-layered complex tissue structures by enabling the extrusion of two or more bioinks in a single bioprinting process. However, recent methods have some drawbacks such as prolonged printing times and poor interfacial integration between adjacent layers. While simultaneous multimaterial bioprinting allows for the concurrent extrusion of multiple bioinks, several studies have highlighted the difficulty of developing toolpaths that are properly synchronized with the nozzle alignment. In this study, we present a novel rotational coaxial multimaterial bioprinting platform capable of simultaneously extruding two distinct inks through a dual microcapillary nozzle for the fabrication of multi-layered structures. This platform promotes effective fusion between adjacent layers while preventing undesirable cross-diffusion or mixing of the inks. Response surface methodology (RSM) analysis was applied to evaluate the performance of the bioprinting platform and to investigate the printing parameters. The developed rotational coaxial multimaterial bioprinting platform successfully fabricated multimaterial tubular structures with different diameters and complex shapes, thereby demonstrating significant potential for advanced multimaterial biofabrication applications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":37770,"journal":{"name":"Bioprinting","volume":"54 ","pages":"Article e00469"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146024972","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-20DOI: 10.1016/j.bprint.2026.e00470
Moein Zarei , Ayda Pourmostafa , Amirhossein Moghanian , Amir K. Miri
Electrospinning has been established for generating nanofibrous scaffolds that structurally mimic the native extracellular matrix (ECM). Biomimetic electrospun fibers can be used for cell culture, drug delivery, and wound healing. This review surveys the current electrospinning methodologies, focusing on solvent-free and multi-nozzle techniques. We analyze key operational and material parameters that dictate the functional properties of the resulting nanofiber constructs. We establish a correlation between these electrospinning parameters and existing bioprinting methodologies, identifying specific integration points to enhance the biological performance of electrospun scaffolds. We detail the pivotal bioprinting parameters required for successful scaffold integration and subsequent biofabrication. This manuscript offers a roadmap for selecting bioinks and cell compositions to optimize outcomes in engineered tissue constructs and implants.
{"title":"Integration of electrospinning and 3D bioprinting for fibrous tissue manufacturing","authors":"Moein Zarei , Ayda Pourmostafa , Amirhossein Moghanian , Amir K. Miri","doi":"10.1016/j.bprint.2026.e00470","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.bprint.2026.e00470","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Electrospinning has been established for generating nanofibrous scaffolds that structurally mimic the native extracellular matrix (ECM). Biomimetic electrospun fibers can be used for cell culture, drug delivery, and wound healing. This review surveys the current electrospinning methodologies, focusing on solvent-free and multi-nozzle techniques. We analyze key operational and material parameters that dictate the functional properties of the resulting nanofiber constructs. We establish a correlation between these electrospinning parameters and existing bioprinting methodologies, identifying specific integration points to enhance the biological performance of electrospun scaffolds. We detail the pivotal bioprinting parameters required for successful scaffold integration and subsequent biofabrication. This manuscript offers a roadmap for selecting bioinks and cell compositions to optimize outcomes in engineered tissue constructs and implants.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":37770,"journal":{"name":"Bioprinting","volume":"54 ","pages":"Article e00470"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146079591","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-14DOI: 10.1016/j.bprint.2026.e00465
Tayyaba Bari , Asma Tufail Shah , Anila Asif , Rahat Naseer , Azmat Ullah Khan , Fakhera Ikram , Syed Qasim Raza
Decellularized extracellular matrix (dECM) based materials are increasingly explored in biofabrication due to their inherent bioactivity and tissue-specific cues; however, many reported systems rely on synthetic or photo-crosslinkable components to achieve printability.
In this study, we present a human umbilical cord derived dECM–chitosan composite as a potential bioink material, ionically crosslinked using β-glycerol phosphate (BGP) and sodium hydrogen carbonate (SHC) under physiological conditions for extrusion based 3D printing. The formulation demonstrated shear-thinning behavior, rapid gelation, and stable acellular extrusion, enabling the fabrication of three-dimensional bioscaffolds with interconnected porosity (∼500 μm) and preserved structural fidelity. The printed constructs exhibited a semi-crystalline architecture and compressive properties (≈1.7 MPa, 53 % strain at break) within the lower range of native tissues. In addition, the bioscaffolds displayed antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli, supporting their multifunctional character. The Alamar Blue assay performed on surface-seeded NIH3T3 fibroblasts demonstrated sustained metabolic activity and high cytocompatibility (>95 % viability) over a seven-day culture period. These findings confirm the material's printability, mechanical integrity, and biological compatibility at the bioscaffold level; however, further studies are required to validate its performance as a cell-laden bioink.
{"title":"Human umbilical cord-derived dECM-Chitosan hybrid biomaterial ink for 3D bioprinting applications","authors":"Tayyaba Bari , Asma Tufail Shah , Anila Asif , Rahat Naseer , Azmat Ullah Khan , Fakhera Ikram , Syed Qasim Raza","doi":"10.1016/j.bprint.2026.e00465","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.bprint.2026.e00465","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Decellularized extracellular matrix (dECM) based materials are increasingly explored in biofabrication due to their inherent bioactivity and tissue-specific cues; however, many reported systems rely on synthetic or photo-crosslinkable components to achieve printability.</div><div>In this study, we present a human umbilical cord derived dECM–chitosan composite as a potential bioink material, ionically crosslinked using β-glycerol phosphate (BGP) and sodium hydrogen carbonate (SHC) under physiological conditions for extrusion based 3D printing. The formulation demonstrated shear-thinning behavior, rapid gelation, and stable acellular extrusion, enabling the fabrication of three-dimensional bioscaffolds with interconnected porosity (∼500 μm) and preserved structural fidelity. The printed constructs exhibited a semi-crystalline architecture and compressive properties (≈1.7 MPa, 53 % strain at break) within the lower range of native tissues. In addition, the bioscaffolds displayed antibacterial activity against <em>Staphylococcus aureus</em> and <em>Escherichia coli</em>, supporting their multifunctional character. The Alamar Blue assay performed on surface-seeded NIH3T3 fibroblasts demonstrated sustained metabolic activity and high cytocompatibility (>95 % viability) over a seven-day culture period. These findings confirm the material's printability, mechanical integrity, and biological compatibility at the bioscaffold level; however, further studies are required to validate its performance as a cell-laden bioink.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":37770,"journal":{"name":"Bioprinting","volume":"54 ","pages":"Article e00465"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145982112","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This study fabricated a 3D-printed nanocomposite scaffold for enhanced bone regeneration based on biocompatible synthetic polymers. Polycaprolactone (PCL) was combined with Pluronic F-127 (PF-127) to improve hydrophilicity, and halloysite nanotubes (HNTs) loaded with ciprofloxacin (CPX) were incorporated to enhance the scaffold's mechanical, biological, and antibacterial properties. The resulting scaffolds exhibited interconnected pores and optimal porosity (50 %), crucial for cell migration and vascularization. FTIR and XRD confirmed the integration of PF-127 and HNTs-CPX within the PCL matrix. Incorporation of PF-127 significantly enhanced water uptake, while HNTs improved mechanical strength. The presence of CPX provided effective antibacterial activity against E. coli and S. aureus. In vitro assays with MG-63 cells demonstrated enhanced cell adhesion, proliferation, and osteogenic differentiation (ALP activity, Alizarin Red S staining) on HNTs-containing scaffolds. In vivo studies revealed that the scaffold contains 3 % of HNTs-CPX promoted bone regeneration, characterized by increased collagen synthesis and neovascularization, compared to pure PCL scaffold. These findings highlight the potential of this 3D-printed nanocomposite scaffold and offer a promising solution for effective bone tissue engineering applications.
{"title":"Preparation and characterization of 3D printed polycaprolactone/pluronic F-127 scaffold incorporating ciprofloxacin-loaded halloysite nanotubes to promote in vivo bone regeneration","authors":"Seyedeh Mohadeseh Ghoreyshi , Azadeh Ghaee , Esmaeil Mirzaei , Sarah Hosseinidoust","doi":"10.1016/j.bprint.2025.e00462","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.bprint.2025.e00462","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study fabricated a 3D-printed nanocomposite scaffold for enhanced bone regeneration based on biocompatible synthetic polymers. Polycaprolactone (PCL) was combined with Pluronic F-127 (PF-127) to improve hydrophilicity, and halloysite nanotubes (HNTs) loaded with ciprofloxacin (CPX) were incorporated to enhance the scaffold's mechanical, biological, and antibacterial properties. The resulting scaffolds exhibited interconnected pores and optimal porosity (50 %), crucial for cell migration and vascularization. FTIR and XRD confirmed the integration of PF-127 and HNTs-CPX within the PCL matrix. Incorporation of PF-127 significantly enhanced water uptake, while HNTs improved mechanical strength. The presence of CPX provided effective antibacterial activity against <em>E. coli</em> and <em>S. aureus</em>. In vitro assays with MG-63 cells demonstrated enhanced cell adhesion, proliferation, and osteogenic differentiation (ALP activity, Alizarin Red S staining) on HNTs-containing scaffolds. In vivo studies revealed that the scaffold contains 3 % of HNTs-CPX promoted bone regeneration, characterized by increased collagen synthesis and neovascularization, compared to pure PCL scaffold. These findings highlight the potential of this 3D-printed nanocomposite scaffold and offer a promising solution for effective bone tissue engineering applications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":37770,"journal":{"name":"Bioprinting","volume":"53 ","pages":"Article e00462"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145841986","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-24DOI: 10.1016/j.bprint.2025.e00463
Ryan Idnani , Sahil Khan
3D bioprinting represents a transformative convergence of engineering and biology, enabling the precise, layer-by-layer fabrication of complex, functional tissues and organs, with the potential to solve the global organ shortage crisis. This literature review synthesizes recent advancements across core bioprinting modalities and innovative bioinks, while integrating quantitative physiological constraints, vascularization strategies, AI, microfluidics, and translational manufacturing considerations into a unified design framework. The foundational mechanisms of 3D bioprinting (inkjet, extrusion-based, laser-assisted, stereolithography) balance resolution and cell viability alongside next-generation bioinks (decellularized ECM, hybrid nanocomposites and functionalized hydrogels) for mechanical reinforcement, bioactivity and controlled cell behavior. Quantitative performance benchmarks (cell density, diffusion limits, shear stress ranges and vascular architecture requirements) are introduced to contextualize material and hardware choices for organ-scale fabrication. This technology has continued to evolve with the innovation of multimodal printing systems, 4D bioprinting and high-throughput platforms. This is supported by emerging AI-enabled workflows for bioink optimization, print-path planning, real-time process control and quality assurance. Organ-specific applications for liver, heart, kidney and skin illustrate the field's translational potential for fabricating organ replacements. Beyond experimental demonstrations, this review situates bioprinting within its broader translational ecosystem, addressing scalability, vascular integration, immune considerations, regulatory standardization and GMP-compatible production. Despite significant progress, challenges in scalability, vascularization and regulatory standardization remain. By articulating quantitative design rules and a systems-level roadmap, this review moves beyond descriptive surveys to define actionable principles for advancing bioprinted tissues towards clinically deployable, transplant-ready organs.
{"title":"Engineering the future of organ transplantation: A comprehensive review of 3D bioprinting advances for organ bioengineering","authors":"Ryan Idnani , Sahil Khan","doi":"10.1016/j.bprint.2025.e00463","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.bprint.2025.e00463","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>3D bioprinting represents a transformative convergence of engineering and biology, enabling the precise, layer-by-layer fabrication of complex, functional tissues and organs, with the potential to solve the global organ shortage crisis. This literature review synthesizes recent advancements across core bioprinting modalities and innovative bioinks, while integrating quantitative physiological constraints, vascularization strategies, AI, microfluidics, and translational manufacturing considerations into a unified design framework. The foundational mechanisms of 3D bioprinting (inkjet, extrusion-based, laser-assisted, stereolithography) balance resolution and cell viability alongside next-generation bioinks (decellularized ECM, hybrid nanocomposites and functionalized hydrogels) for mechanical reinforcement, bioactivity and controlled cell behavior. Quantitative performance benchmarks (cell density, diffusion limits, shear stress ranges and vascular architecture requirements) are introduced to contextualize material and hardware choices for organ-scale fabrication. This technology has continued to evolve with the innovation of multimodal printing systems, 4D bioprinting and high-throughput platforms. This is supported by emerging AI-enabled workflows for bioink optimization, print-path planning, real-time process control and quality assurance. Organ-specific applications for liver, heart, kidney and skin illustrate the field's translational potential for fabricating organ replacements. Beyond experimental demonstrations, this review situates bioprinting within its broader translational ecosystem, addressing scalability, vascular integration, immune considerations, regulatory standardization and GMP-compatible production. Despite significant progress, challenges in scalability, vascularization and regulatory standardization remain. By articulating quantitative design rules and a systems-level roadmap, this review moves beyond descriptive surveys to define actionable principles for advancing bioprinted tissues towards clinically deployable, transplant-ready organs.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":37770,"journal":{"name":"Bioprinting","volume":"53 ","pages":"Article e00463"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145841985","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Osteosarcoma, a highly aggressive bone malignancy affecting children and adolescents, remains difficult to treat due to drug resistance, systemic toxicity, and high recurrence rates. This study introduces a multifunctional 3D-printed PLGA/PLA scaffold incorporating PEGylated gold nanorods (GNRs@PEG) loaded with doxorubicin (DOX) to enable combined photothermal-chemotherapeutic treatment. Two scaffold formulations were investigated: Target-1 scaffold, consisting of the PLGA/PLA scaffold with uniformly dispersed GNRs@PEG-DOX, and Target-2 scaffold, which includes an additional chitosan (CS) hydrogel coating to enhance hydrophilicity and biological interactions. Target-1 scaffold exhibited increased surface roughness and a compressive strength of 57 MPa, whereas Target-2 scaffold demonstrated higher water uptake and improved flexibility due to the CS layer. Under 810 nm NIR irradiation, both scaffolds efficiently converted light to heat (≈48–51 °C), enabling on-demand DOX release and inducing apoptosis in MG63 osteosarcoma cells. The combined PTT + DOX treatment reduced MG63 viability to below 20 %, indicating a pronounced therapeutic enhancement. These results highlight the potential of GNR-integrated 3D-printed scaffolds as promising platforms for localized osteosarcoma management.
{"title":"3D-printed PLGA/PLA scaffold with PEGylated gold nanorods and doxorubicin for dual-mode bone cancer therapy","authors":"Mahsa Mohammadzadeh , Sheyda Labbaf , Ahmad Kermanpur , Javad Esmaeili","doi":"10.1016/j.bprint.2025.e00460","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.bprint.2025.e00460","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Osteosarcoma, a highly aggressive bone malignancy affecting children and adolescents, remains difficult to treat due to drug resistance, systemic toxicity, and high recurrence rates. This study introduces a multifunctional 3D-printed PLGA/PLA scaffold incorporating PEGylated gold nanorods (GNRs@PEG) loaded with doxorubicin (DOX) to enable combined photothermal-chemotherapeutic treatment. Two scaffold formulations were investigated: Target-1 scaffold, consisting of the PLGA/PLA scaffold with uniformly dispersed GNRs@PEG-DOX, and Target-2 scaffold, which includes an additional chitosan (CS) hydrogel coating to enhance hydrophilicity and biological interactions. Target-1 scaffold exhibited increased surface roughness and a compressive strength of 57 MPa, whereas Target-2 scaffold demonstrated higher water uptake and improved flexibility due to the CS layer. Under 810 nm NIR irradiation, both scaffolds efficiently converted light to heat (≈48–51 °C), enabling on-demand DOX release and inducing apoptosis in MG63 osteosarcoma cells. The combined PTT + DOX treatment reduced MG63 viability to below 20 %, indicating a pronounced therapeutic enhancement. These results highlight the potential of GNR-integrated 3D-printed scaffolds as promising platforms for localized osteosarcoma management.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":37770,"journal":{"name":"Bioprinting","volume":"53 ","pages":"Article e00460"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145753865","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-01DOI: 10.1016/j.bprint.2025.e00448
Ashkan Shafiee , Elham Ghadiri , David Williams , Anthony Atala
{"title":"Corrigendum to “Physics of cellular self-assembly– a microscopic model and mathematical framework for faster maturation of bioprinted tissues” [Bioprinting (14) (2019) 47]","authors":"Ashkan Shafiee , Elham Ghadiri , David Williams , Anthony Atala","doi":"10.1016/j.bprint.2025.e00448","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.bprint.2025.e00448","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":37770,"journal":{"name":"Bioprinting","volume":"52 ","pages":"Article e00448"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145736338","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-01DOI: 10.1016/j.bprint.2025.e00450
Young-Joon Seol , Hyungseok Lee , Joshua S. Copus , Hyun-Wook Kang , Dong-Woo Cho , Anthony Atala , Sang Jin Lee , James J. Yoo
{"title":"Corrigendum to “3D bioprinted biomask for facial skin reconstruction” [Bioprinting 10 (2018) 28]","authors":"Young-Joon Seol , Hyungseok Lee , Joshua S. Copus , Hyun-Wook Kang , Dong-Woo Cho , Anthony Atala , Sang Jin Lee , James J. Yoo","doi":"10.1016/j.bprint.2025.e00450","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.bprint.2025.e00450","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":37770,"journal":{"name":"Bioprinting","volume":"52 ","pages":"Article e00450"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145736336","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-01DOI: 10.1016/j.bprint.2025.e00455
Yasemin A. Geiger , Benedikt K. Kaufmann , Bastian E. Hartmann , Matthias Rudolph , Eduardo Romero Borrero , Andreia Silva , Oliver Hayden , Hauke Clausen-Schaumann , Stefanie Sudhop
The mechanical properties of the extracellular matrix (ECM) are critical regulators of cell behavior. Native tissues span a broad mechanical spectrum, ranging from soft brain tissue to stiff bone and often exhibit a spatial heterogeneity in stiffness. To replicate these complex microenvironments in vitro, biomaterials must offer not only tunable stiffness but also spatial control over mechanical properties within three-dimensional (3D) constructs. Gelatin methacryloyl (GelMA) hydrogels are widely used in biofabrication. Due to their photopolymerizability, their stiffness can be modulated by altering the material composition and exposure to light. However, so far no bioprinting platform has integrated these tuning parameters to fabricate complex 3D constructs with spatially controlled mechanical properties. In this study, we demonstrate the use of a masked stereolithography bioprinter (mSLAb) to systematically tune the Young's modulus (YM) of 3D printed GelMA hydrogel constructs. Systematic variations in YM are achieved by adjusting the material composition. Furthermore, the mSLAb allows for tuning of the YM during the printing process by varying the light exposure and intensity, enabling the creation of YM gradients within the 3D construct. The mSLAb thus allows for generating a predefined 3D structure which mechanical properties can be modified during the printing process. With this approach, we achieved a stiffness range, spanning from roughly 1 kPa to over 200 kPa. These results establish mSLAb as a powerful platform for engineering mechanically customizable and structurally complex hydrogel constructs, with cell-instructive YM gradients with high spatial precision.
{"title":"Tuning the Young’s modulus of gelatin methacryloyl hydrogels with masked stereolithography bioprinting","authors":"Yasemin A. Geiger , Benedikt K. Kaufmann , Bastian E. Hartmann , Matthias Rudolph , Eduardo Romero Borrero , Andreia Silva , Oliver Hayden , Hauke Clausen-Schaumann , Stefanie Sudhop","doi":"10.1016/j.bprint.2025.e00455","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.bprint.2025.e00455","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The mechanical properties of the extracellular matrix (ECM) are critical regulators of cell behavior. Native tissues span a broad mechanical spectrum, ranging from soft brain tissue to stiff bone and often exhibit a spatial heterogeneity in stiffness. To replicate these complex microenvironments <em>in vitro</em>, biomaterials must offer not only tunable stiffness but also spatial control over mechanical properties within three-dimensional (3D) constructs. Gelatin methacryloyl (GelMA) hydrogels are widely used in biofabrication. Due to their photopolymerizability, their stiffness can be modulated by altering the material composition and exposure to light. However, so far no bioprinting platform has integrated these tuning parameters to fabricate complex 3D constructs with spatially controlled mechanical properties. In this study, we demonstrate the use of a masked stereolithography bioprinter (mSLAb) to systematically tune the Young's modulus (YM) of 3D printed GelMA hydrogel constructs. Systematic variations in YM are achieved by adjusting the material composition. Furthermore, the mSLAb allows for tuning of the YM during the printing process by varying the light exposure and intensity, enabling the creation of YM gradients within the 3D construct. The mSLAb thus allows for generating a predefined 3D structure which mechanical properties can be modified during the printing process. With this approach, we achieved a stiffness range, spanning from roughly 1 kPa to over 200 kPa. These results establish mSLAb as a powerful platform for engineering mechanically customizable and structurally complex hydrogel constructs, with cell-instructive YM gradients with high spatial precision.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":37770,"journal":{"name":"Bioprinting","volume":"52 ","pages":"Article e00455"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145615401","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-01DOI: 10.1016/j.bprint.2025.e00458
Marissa R. Perez , Vasiliki K. Kolliopoulos , Katie J. Hogan , Sadhana A. Chari , Zina A. Helal , Vivian Y. Lang , Shufan Yin , George I. Ezeokeke , Marina H. Yu , Kevin J. McHugh , K. Jane Grande-Allen , Antonios G. Mikos
Articular cartilage has limited regenerative capacity due to its avascular and nearly acellular nature, necessitating the development of effective repair strategies, as conventional treatments fail to replicate its native structure and function. 3D printing offers a promising avenue for cartilage tissue engineering; however, it is hindered by a lack of biocompatible and structurally robust materials. This study introduces methacryloylated cartilage decellularized extracellular matrix nanoparticles as a novel bioink component that preserves critical cartilage elements. These nanoparticles were combined with photocrosslinkable gelatin nanoparticles to create composite colloidal inks suitable for extrusion-based 3D printing. 3D-printed scaffolds demonstrated tunable interparticle crosslinking via UV exposure, influencing scaffold stability, composition, and swelling behavior over 35 days. Human bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells cultured on the scaffolds showed sustained viability, enhanced collagen production, increased chondrogenic gene expression, and suppressed osteogenic and hypertrophic genes. This work demonstrates the potential of nanoparticulate extracellular matrix-based scaffolds as a bioactive and mechanically stable platform for cartilage tissue regeneration.
{"title":"3D printing of nanoparticulate cartilage decellularized extracellular matrix for cartilage tissue engineering","authors":"Marissa R. Perez , Vasiliki K. Kolliopoulos , Katie J. Hogan , Sadhana A. Chari , Zina A. Helal , Vivian Y. Lang , Shufan Yin , George I. Ezeokeke , Marina H. Yu , Kevin J. McHugh , K. Jane Grande-Allen , Antonios G. Mikos","doi":"10.1016/j.bprint.2025.e00458","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.bprint.2025.e00458","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Articular cartilage has limited regenerative capacity due to its avascular and nearly acellular nature, necessitating the development of effective repair strategies, as conventional treatments fail to replicate its native structure and function. 3D printing offers a promising avenue for cartilage tissue engineering; however, it is hindered by a lack of biocompatible and structurally robust materials. This study introduces methacryloylated cartilage decellularized extracellular matrix nanoparticles as a novel bioink component that preserves critical cartilage elements. These nanoparticles were combined with photocrosslinkable gelatin nanoparticles to create composite colloidal inks suitable for extrusion-based 3D printing. 3D-printed scaffolds demonstrated tunable interparticle crosslinking via UV exposure, influencing scaffold stability, composition, and swelling behavior over 35 days. Human bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells cultured on the scaffolds showed sustained viability, enhanced collagen production, increased chondrogenic gene expression, and suppressed osteogenic and hypertrophic genes. This work demonstrates the potential of nanoparticulate extracellular matrix-based scaffolds as a bioactive and mechanically stable platform for cartilage tissue regeneration.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":37770,"journal":{"name":"Bioprinting","volume":"52 ","pages":"Article e00458"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145681413","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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