OpenNano最新文献

The synthesis of covered nanoparticles provides new properties to the materials for biomedical applications. This fully applies to iron oxide nanoparticles. The research aim was to study features of the magnetite nanoparticles synthesized by electron beam technology as well as to investigate their functionalization and cytotoxicity. Nanoparticle characteristics were determined by standard methods. Cytotoxiciy of nanoparticles was studied using erythrocyte model. It was shown that the original magnetite nanoparticles in the sodium chloride matrix can be functionalized with polyvinylpyrrolidone and ethylmethylhydroxypyridine succinate, an antioxidant. All investigated nanoparticles were non-toxic for erythrocytes at concentrations up to 100 μg Fe/ml. At 100-200 μg Fe/ml, they increased the amount of cells expressing phosphatidylserine on the outer membrane, the count of pathological forms of erythrocytes and hemolysis. These phenomena were less pronounced if the nanosystem included the antioxidant. Therefore, magnetite nanoparticles can be obtained by electron beam technology and functionalized to form non-toxic nanosystems.

Conventional anti-cancer drugs, including doxorubicin, are associated with high toxicity and non-specific distribution in the body which results in a cascade of side effects. Cancer cells can utilize autophagy to promote tolerance to the stress induced by anti-cancer agents; this may be the major cause of drug resistance in advanced tumors. Owing to the molecular dynamism of cancer cells, targeting the pro-apoptotic survival pathways such as autophagy may increase the effectiveness of existing therapeutic agents at lower concentrations, thereby reducing the side effects of such agents. SAR405 is an inhibitor of autophagy activity due to its molecular interactions within the ATP binding site; however, it suffers from extracellular premature degradation and poor cellular uptake. Conversely, chitosan nanoparticles are considered biologically degradable, non-toxic, and biocompatible drug delivery agents that can be used to minimize the side effects of conventional therapeutic agents whilst increasing their intracellular uptake. In this study, a binary therapeutic strategy for the enhancement of the efficacy of doxorubicin while simultaneously inhibiting autophagy via a nano-mediated delivery system is reported. Autophagic inhibition was achieved via the improvement of SAR405 cellular uptake using SAR405-loaded chitosan nanoparticles. The synthesized nanoparticles were subsequently characterized for parameters of hydrodynamic diameter and polydispersity, while encapsulation and drug loading efficiencies were determined. Morphological characterization of the nanoparticles was elucidated using electron microscopy, and the cytotoxicity of the SAR405-loaded chitosan nanoparticles in combination treatments with doxorubicin was assessed through MTT and Annexin-v apoptosis assays. Autophagy progression through autophagosome formation was also evaluated using CYTO-ID staining. Following encapsulation, the size of the SAR405-loaded chitosan nanoparticles significantly increased from 54 nm to 161 nm at 10 µM SAR405 concentration, while the polydispersity index increased from 0.11 to 0.31 denoting presence of both encapsulated and unencapsulated moieties. When A549 lung cancer cells were treated with the IC₅₀ values of doxorubicin in combination with SAR405-encapsulated CNP, an approximately 47% more reduction in cell viability was observed via the Annexin V-FITC/PI assay compared to using doxorubicin alone. Inhibition of autophagy was also detected in cells treated with SAR405 delivered using the nanoparticle system and was thought to be the primary reason towards a decrease in the resistance of the cancer cells to doxorubicin and thus increased its efficacy at lower concentrations. Therefore, this study has demonstrated a potential way of targeting cancer cell survival pathways that can be considered an effective way of increasing the efficacy of chemotherapeutic drugs.

Pioglitazone is a type 2 diabetes drug encapsulated in polymeric nanoparticles using solvent evaporation techniques. In this study, the drug-polymer ratio (A), stirring speed (B), and stirring time (C) were three process parameters that were optimized using a three-factor, three-level Central Composite design. Entrapment efficiency, Pioglitazone content, and particle size were assessed as responses to the three dependent variables. The independent and dependent variables were associated using mathematical equations and response surface graphs. The optimization model of entrapment efficiency of about 61.7 %, Pioglitazone content of 12.33 %, and particle size of 323 nm with A, B, and C levels of 1:2, 3000 rpm, and 20 min respectively. The expected values of the optimized technique and the observed responses exhibited good agreement. Morphological examinations, Fourier transforms infrared spectroscopy, and in-vitro drug release tests were used to characterize the produced nanoparticle. The synthesized nanoparticles demonstrated effective sustained drug release. In an in vivo system, the synthesized nanoparticles demonstrated enhanced drug bioavailability. Pioglitazone-loaded nanoparticle treatment of streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats significantly decreased blood glucose levels (up to 7 days) to normal levels (up to 6 hours) when compared to the native drug-treated group. The in vivo toxicity study of the nanoparticles in albino rats failed to detect any appreciable alterations in hematological, biochemical, or behavioral tests. Since Pioglitazone is used to treat type 2 diabetes mellitus, the created system may help achieve a regulated release of the medication, which could assist in lowering dosage frequency and improve patient compliance.

Delivering drugs to tumors using nanoparticles (NPs) has shown promising potential in promoting targeted drug delivery of antineoplastic agents to enhance their efficiency while reducing the associated systemic toxicity. This review highlights the different types of NPs and the physiological characteristics of the tumor microenvironment (TME), and the mechanisms undertaken to safely deliver drugs to specific lesions. We review the principles and latest developments in the field of targeted NPs designed to target tumor vasculature compared to those designed to target cancer cells and their correlation with the TME. We discuss the advantages and limitations of each targeted drug delivery mechanism and future directions aiming to maximize their potential.

Enzyme and amino acid immobilisation increase the efficiency of biochemical reactions while facilitating a mechanism for their delivery to tissues. Herein, clean MgNPs were fabricated via laser ablation and were mixed and ultrasonicated together with trypsin and glutamine for immobilisation. The as-synthesised MgNPs of various concentrations exhibited human dermal fibroblast cell growth-promoting effects and an improved dynamic reciprocity environment as demonstrated via cell adhesion. Adsorption was the mechanism used for immobilising amino acids and enzymes onto MgNPs. The resulting composites, visualised via FESEM, appeared as highly connected needle structures. Immersion in DI water was employed for chemical elution while centrifugation at 12,000 rpm and filtration through 200 nm pore sizes were applied to induce physical elution. The microstructure of the MgNPs-trypsin composites did not change significantly after elution while the MgNPs-trypsin composites showed morphological changes from a monolithic structure to a disaggregated structure.

Extracellular Vesicles (EVs) have gained high repute in drug delivery systems owing to their relatively higher efficacy as natural drug delivery vehicles. The current literature has advanced the use of EVs in drug delivery through exploring various aspects including their biogenesis, characterization, and nanoengineering techniques thereby leading them from laboratory to clinical use with optimized good laboratory practices. In this timely review, we summarize the current status of EVs characterizations and recent updates on nanoengineering of EVs regarding Cargo loading and surface fabrication. Further, we have also reviewed current progress in clinical translation and implications of EVs in clinical trials together with future recommendations.

The study aimed to design trandolapril-embedded nanostructured lipid carriers (NLCs) transdermal patch and evaluate its in vitro drug permeation, bioavailability and pharmacokinetics. Trandolapril, a poorly soluble drug with antihypertensive activity, was used and investigated in the development of NLCs formulations. High-pressure homogenization was used to develop the drug-loaded NLCs formulations, which were then optimized utilizing the box Behnken design. The optimized batch of NLCs formulation includes oleic acid as liquid lipid, solid lipid as Precirol ATO 5 and surfactant poloxamer 188. The developed NLCs had a mean particle size of 82.48 ± 2.16 nm and a zeta potential of – 20.6 ± 2.18 mV. Tailored NLCs were loaded into the transdermal patch and molded using a solvent casting technique and evaluated for thickness, moisture content, weight variation and folding endurance. Furthermore, the in vitro permeation of trandolapril from the transdermal patch was measured using Franz diffusion cells and compared to a pure trandolapril patch. When compared to an oral trandolapril suspension, in vivo pharmacokinetic studies with an NLCs-loaded transdermal patch reveal an increase in maximum plasma concentration (C_max) and concentration-time curve (AUC). These findings showed that trandolapril-NLCs might be a viable transdermal delivery option.

In spite of substantial progress made in the standard treatment and ancillary therapies that include concurrent chemotherapy, radiotherapy, and surgery, malignant brain tumors – especially high-grade glioma (HGG) and glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) – denote a gloomy prospect. Intrinsic factors associated with the protection of the GBM microenvironment and the challenges of delivering drug across the blood-brain barrier (BBB) primarily hinder the efficient treatment of GBM. Recent advances in nanomedicine have shown potential in overcoming some of these hindrances. The present review examines the merits and demerits of using nanoparticle (NP) drug delivery systems for enhancing the effectiveness of the targeted drug delivery for treating HGG. Recent advances in nanomedicine-based drug delivery strategies that focus on direct and dual-targeting drug deliveries for overcoming the challenges associated with malignant glioma are discussed. Finally, clinical translation of drug delivery strategies, unresolved concerns, and prospects for future development to facilitate the effective treatment of malignant glioma are presented.

Psoriasis is a serious condition of the skin which is marked by inflammation and hyper-proliferation of keratinocytes. Because of the complex nature of the disease, it has a tremendous negative impact on the patient's overall quality of life like another chronic disease. Currently, various medications are available to treat psoriasis, but none of the medications is perfect in itself in the treatment of psoriasis. Conventional topical drugs being first-line therapy has limited efficacy due to poor drug penetration, deposition, and dose-related toxicity. Recent advancement in lipid-based colloidal topical nanocarriers promises much better therapeutic efficacy and safety of encapsulated drugs. Topical lipid-based colloidal nanocarriers offer better skin permeation, controlled drug release, offers high drug payload, and excellent colloidal stability of the encapsulated drug. Lipid nanocarriers are mainly prepared from biocompatible and biodegradable lipids to ensure their safety. Through this review, we attempted to present an overview of the pathogenesis of psoriasis, current treatment medications, their limitations, and skin delivery of drugs from such nanocarriers. In addition, combinational drug targeting using lipid-based nanocarrier as a newer technique to psoriatic treatment is also discussed. Further, we attempted to give a brief detail of various lipid-based colloidal topical nanocarriers encapsulating one or more drugs to ensure better skin permeation and reduction of dose-related toxicity for managing psoriasis.

Due to its numerous reported benefits, including biomimetic, immunomodulation, and compatibility with tissue microenvironment, natural bio composite nanomaterials are in demand as an effective replacement in the field of tissue engineering. As a result, in this study, we investigated polysaccharides containing natural materials from Coriandrum sativum(CS) and Trigonella foenum-graecum(TFG) to create a composite nanofiber matrix with polyvinyl alcohol (PVA). Drug-free and drug-containing versions of the natural composite nanofiber have been developed. Zeta potential, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and scanning electron microscopy were used to characterize the conductivity, molecular makeup and size of the fibers (SEM). Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) analysis was used to determine the topography of the surface. To determine how natural biomaterials will affect PVA, the stiffness of the composite nanofibers was tested. Drug release from the PVA composite nanofiber matrix using HPLC analysis was conducted on fibers loaded with drugs. Primary Human tenon fibroblast cells were used to test the fibers biocompatibility. SEM analysis revealed that bead-free composite nanofibers had homogeneous dimensions ranging from 150 nm to 200 nm. The presence of heterogeneous molecules from the natural material was revealed by FTIR data in the composite nanofiber. According to the BET analysis, the addition of natural biomaterial significantly altered the surface topography. With the addition of the drug 5-Fluorouracil, the stiffness of PVA nanofibers decreased from 103 ± 6 to 70 ± 15 Kpa. At the same time, the drug improved the mechanical properties of the composite nanofiber mats, increasing stiffness from 150 ± 22 Kpa to 180 ± 17 Kpa. Human Tenon fibroblast Cell toxicity assay showed that there was a difference in the cell viability of the composite nanofibers with the drug. The release kinetics of HPLC data showed that the composite matrix fibre mat had sustained drug release for 4 hrs. Cell viability assay findings revealed that composite nanofibers did not have any significant effect on the cell viability. Further research on the toxicity of the composite material in vivo is required to determine the mechanism. This may be helpful in modulating fibrosis process post trabeculectomy surgery.