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Models of conversion in Modern English 现代英语中的转换模式
Q1 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2022-09-26 DOI: 10.1515/glot-2022-2008
Tetyana Rubanets, S. Kiyko, Y. Kiyko
Abstract The article under studies deals with the issue of the conversives structure and semantic characteristics in the models noun – verb, verb – noun, noun – adjective and adjective – noun. It consists of four stages. The first stage regards the main approaches to the phenomenon of conversion in line with system-structural, communicative-functional and cognitive paradigms, as well as elaborates the definitions, used in the work. The purpose of the second stage is to form the research material. By a continuous sample of three academic dictionaries New Webster’s Dictionary of the English Language (2009. 5th ed. London: Pearson education), Macmillian English Dictionary (2006. In M. Rundell (ed.), For advanced learners. London: Palgrave Macmillan) and Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English (2009. 5th ed. London: Pearson education), a total amount of 18,263 conversives was written out. To avoid repeating the conversives given in the dictionaries, we have developed a sample, in which every conversion pair occurred once. The total number of the studied conversives is 10,140 tokens, grouped into 5,070 conversion pairs. The third stage highlights the structural and semantic features of conversives in modern English. It describes the peculiarities of parts of speech and semantic transitions, as well as determines the conversives structural models and their modifications. In order to establish regular semantic changes, the conversion semantic models are singled out, quantitative characteristics of each model are established and the most productive transitions from the generative to the derivative are described. At the final stage, the results of the work are summarized and the prospects for further research are outlined. The obtained results will enrich the theory of nomination with the new systematized material of conversives, which are an integral part of natural languages, and the analysis of English language conversives will supplement the theoretical and methodological basis for further study of the phenomenon of conversion in other languages.
摘要本文研究的是名词-动词、动词-名词、名词-形容词、形容词-名词等模式语的转换结构和语义特征。它包括四个阶段。第一阶段从系统结构范式、交际功能范式和认知范式三个方面阐述了翻译现象的主要研究方法,并详细阐述了作品中使用的定义。第二阶段的目的是形成研究材料。通过对三本学术词典的连续抽样,新韦氏英语词典(2009)。第5版。伦敦:皮尔森教育),麦克米伦英语词典(2006)。在M.伦德尔(编),为高级学习者。伦敦:Palgrave Macmillan),朗曼当代英语词典(2009)。第5版。伦敦:皮尔森教育),总共有18263个皈依者被写了出来。为了避免重复字典中给出的转换,我们开发了一个示例,其中每个转换对都发生一次。所研究的转换总数为10,140个令牌,分为5,070个转换对。第三阶段强调现代英语转换语的结构和语义特征。它描述了词性和语义转换的特点,并确定了转换的结构模型及其修改。为了建立规则的语义变化,本文选取了转换语义模型,建立了每个模型的定量特征,并描述了从生成到派生的最有效转换。最后,对本文的研究成果进行了总结,并对今后的研究进行了展望。本文的研究成果将为自然语言的转换现象提供系统化的新材料,丰富提名理论,对英语语言转换现象的分析也将为进一步研究其他语言的转换现象提供理论和方法基础。
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引用次数: 1
Kashubian – its Middle Low German heritage as partial superstrate 卡舒比安-它的中低地德意志遗产作为部分上层建筑
Q1 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2022-06-01 DOI: 10.1515/glot-2022-2003
W. Abraham, A. Kątny, Piotr Bartelik
Abstract This article is about a Slavic language that has undergone massive lexical and grammatical influence from medieval Low German (MLG). As it has retained its fundamentally Slavic character, we focus on the heritage status of Low German intruding into what essentially remains Slavic typologically. Kashubian is West Slavic with a considerable (Middle) Low German heritage. As expected for a substrate language, such as Kashubian, there is considerable lexical, but minor syntactic German influence in Kashubian. Yet, one main typological characteristic of Slavic Kashubian and Polish, the cross-Slavic aspect and tense paradigm has been expanded by the miec ʻhave’ and the bëc ʻbe’ periphrases expressing tense in the sense of the German perfect tense using the verbal bracket. We trace the change from the pretemporal periphrastic predicative construction (subject-PP-Aux) and the attributive pattern (subject-Aux-PP) in Kashubian (and Polish), as opposed to the superstate German tense periphrasis and the verbal bracket “subject [-Aux-object-PP]” or “subject-object-PP-Aux”; its link to the Polish aspect and simple tense pattern. And we ask the question: are there evolutionary genetic components in the heritage situation that might lead to genetic patterns of natural L-change and grammaticalization? This paper is based on the view that grammar change in a heritage language like Kashubian is not necessarily a case of Darwinian (genetic) evolution in that the targets are seldom cognitively encapsulated procedural parts of grammar (such as the German verbal bracket in dependent clauses of German). The reason is that the latter is structural in Low German, the superstrate language, while it may be used both structurally and relationally in Kashubian and non-structurally (i.e., only relationally) in Polish. Much rather, the cognitively accessible, declarative content of grammars is open for social changes (lexical inventories and their paradigms). Theoretically, the paper is framed under modern heritage considerations (Kelleher, Ann. 2010. What is a heritage language? Davis: University of California. http://www.cal.org/heritage/pdfs/briefs/What-is-a-Heritage-Language.pdf (accessed 26 February 2021); Polinsky, Maria. 2018. Heritage languages and their speakers. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; Polinsky, Maria & Gregory Scontras. 2019. Understanding heritage languages. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition. 1–17; Scontras, Gregory & Michael T. Putnam. 2020. Lesser studied Heritage Languages: An Appeal to the Dyad. Heritage Language Journal. 152–155).
摘要本文研究的是一种受到中世纪低地德语(MLG)大量词汇和语法影响的斯拉夫语。由于它保留了其基本的斯拉夫特征,我们将重点放在低地德语的遗产地位上,从类型学上讲,它基本上仍然是斯拉夫的。卡舒比语是西斯拉夫语,有相当多的(中)低地德意志血统。正如预期的那样,作为一种基础语言,比如卡舒比语,在卡舒比语中有相当大的词汇影响,但语法影响很小。然而,斯拉夫语卡舒比语和波兰语的一个主要类型学特征是,跨斯拉夫语的方面和时态范式已经被miec ' ' '和bëc ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' '扩展了,这些迂回短语使用动词括号来表达德语完成时态的意义。我们从卡舒比语(和波兰语)的时态前迂回短语谓语结构(主语- pp - aux)和定语模式(主语- aux - pp),以及与德语的超状态时态迂回短语和动词括号“主语[-Aux-object-PP]”或“主语-object- pp - aux”相反的变化进行了追踪;它与波兰语方面的联系和简单的时态模式。我们提出了一个问题:在遗传的情况下,是否存在进化的遗传成分,可能导致自然l -变化和语法化的遗传模式?本文基于这样一种观点,即像卡舒比语这样的传统语言的语法变化不一定是达尔文(遗传)进化的一个例子,因为目标很少是认知上被压缩的语法程序部分(如德语依存从句中的德语动词括号)。原因是后者在上一级语言低德语中是结构性的,而在卡舒比语中可能是结构性和关系性的,而在波兰语中可能是非结构性的(即仅是关系性的)。更确切地说,语法的认知可达性、陈述性内容对社会变化是开放的(词汇清单及其范式)。从理论上讲,本文是在现代遗产考虑的框架下(凯莱赫,安。2010)。什么是传统语言?戴维斯:加州大学。http://www.cal.org/heritage/pdfs/briefs/What-is-a-Heritage-Language.pdf(2021年2月26日访问);玛丽亚·波林斯基,2018。传统语言及其使用者。剑桥:剑桥大学出版社;Maria Polinsky & Gregory Scontras, 2019。了解传统语言。双语:语言与认知;1-17;斯孔特拉斯,格雷戈里和迈克尔·t·帕特南,2020。研究较少的传统语言:对二元语言的呼吁。遗产语言杂志。152-155)。
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引用次数: 0
(Un-)persönliches Schreiben in der Wissenschaftssprache? Eine vergleichende quantitative Studie mit deutschen und polnischen Bachelorarbeiten aus der Germanistik (非)科学语言的个人写作?德语研究中德语与波兰语学士学位论文的定量比较研究
Q1 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2022-06-01 DOI: 10.1515/glot-2022-2002
Jochen Matthies
Abstract Der vorliegende Aufsatz beschäftigt sich mit Agensdemotion und Verfasserreferenz im Deutschen als fremder Wissenschaftssprache. Es wird eine vergleichende Korpusstudie mit deutschsprachigen Bachelorarbeiten von muttersprachlichen und polnischen Studenten durchgeführt. Innerhalb dieser wird untersucht, mit welchen sprachlichen Strukturen die Autoren in ihrem Text auf eigenes Verfasserhandeln verweisen. Eine quantitativ-statistische Auswertung zeigt signifikante Unterschiede zwischen den beiden Gruppen auf: Bei einer insgesamt deutlich niedrigeren Verweisdichte weisen die polnischen Texte einen erheblich höheren Anteil von Passivkonstruktionen auf, während etwa sein + zu + Infinitiv sowie lassen-Konstruktionen deutlich seltener sind. Mögliche Erklärungsansätze liegen in Frequenzmustern im sprachlichen Input, aber auch in Transferphänomenen.
摘要本文论述了科学外语德语中的代理人降级和作者参考问题。对母语和波兰学生的德语学士论文进行了语料库比较研究。在这个框架内,研究了作者在文本中引用自己作者的语言结构。定量统计分析揭示了两组之间的显著差异:波兰语文本的整体参考密度明显较低,被动结构的比例明显较高,而不定式和let结构则明显较少。可能的解释在于语言输入中的频率模式,也在于迁移现象。
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引用次数: 1
Themenheft „Sprachkontakte“: Call for papers 专题刊物“Sprachontakte”:征文
Q1 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2022-06-01 DOI: 10.1515/glot-2022-2004
C. Földes
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引用次数: 0
Iambic verse in different literary traditions 不同文学传统中的抑扬格诗
Q1 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2021-12-31 DOI: 10.1515/glot-2021-2004
Еvgeny Kazartsev
Abstract This paper is devoted to study how the metrical verse like iambic tetrameter can be realized in different literary traditions. The formation of iambic verse in the Early Modern Time in Europe and its spread to the East of the Continent is investigated. The interaction between meter and language in different literary traditions during this process is considered and the nature of the meter’s implementation is determined. As a result of the transfer of iambic verse from one tradition to another, the highest degree of correspondence between meter and language is achieved. The utmost level of verse metricality was especially successfully embodied in the German and later also in the early Russian iambic poetry. However, the evolution and the further transfer of iamb on the East of the Continent significantly modifies the principles of interaction between metrical canon and language prosody.
摘要本文主要研究了在不同的文学传统中,抑扬格四格等格律诗是如何实现的。考察了近代早期欧洲抑扬格诗歌的形成及其在欧洲大陆东部的传播。在此过程中,考察了不同文学传统中格律与语言的相互作用,确定了格律实施的性质。由于抑扬格诗歌从一种传统到另一种传统的转移,在格律和语言之间达到了最高程度的对应。诗歌韵律的最高水平尤其成功地体现在德国诗歌中,后来也体现在早期俄罗斯的抑扬格诗歌中。然而,在大陆东部,抑扬格的演变和进一步转移显著地改变了格律经典和语言韵律之间相互作用的原则。
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引用次数: 1
Gerd Hentschel, Jolanta Tambor & István Fekete: Das Schlesische und seine Sprecher/Śląski lekt i jego użytkownicy. Etablierung in der Gesellschaft, Attitüden, Vitalität der Germanismen/Rozpowszechnienie, postawy społeczne wobec śląszczyzny, żywotność germanizmów w lekcie śląskim
Q1 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2021-11-30 DOI: 10.1515/glot-2022-2006
Emmerich Kelih
Der schlesische Regiolekt hatte unter deutscher Herrschaft eine Vielzahl von Germanismen aufgenommen. Dargestellt wird, inwieweit dieser Einfluss des Deutschen noch heute sichtbar ist. Das Schlesische wird nur noch von einer Minderheit der oberschlesischen Bevölkerung gesprochen, neben Polnisch. Analysiert werden auch die Präferenzen der Wahl des Kodes und wie diese soziobiographisch bedingt sind.Pod rządami niemieckimi na Śląsku regiolekt śląski wchłonął dużą liczbę germanizmów. Przedstawione badania pokazują, w jakim stopniu widoczny jest nadal wpływ języka niemieckiego na lekt śląski, którym obok dominującego polskiego, dziś posługuje się już mniejszość mieszkańców Górnego Śląska. Przedmiotem analiz są też preferencje wyboru używanego kodu i jego socjobiograficzne uwarunkowania.
西里西亚的Regiolekt包含了德国统治下的大量日耳曼人。这表明德国人的这种影响在多大程度上仍然可见。除了波兰语外,上西里西亚人口中只有少数人说西里西亚语。还分析了代码选择的偏好以及这些偏好是如何由社会传记决定的。在德国对西里西亚的统治下,西里西亚地区吸收了大量的日耳曼人。目前的研究表明,德语对西里西亚语的影响在多大程度上仍然可见,除了占主导地位的波兰语外,上西里西亚的少数居民已经使用了这种语言。分析的主题也是所用代码的偏好及其社会传记条件。
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引用次数: 0
Frontmatter
Q1 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2021-10-27 DOI: 10.1515/glot-2021-frontmatter2
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引用次数: 0
Synergetik der Dekodierung von Substantiv-Neubildungen in Satzstrukturen des Deutschen 德语句子结构中名词Neuforms解码的协同学
Q1 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2021-10-11 DOI: 10.1515/glot-2021-2002
Viktor Drebet, Svitlana Kiyko, Yuriy Kiyko
Abstract The article deals with the study of complex noun neologisms in the aspect of transformation and decoding of the semantic volume of their dominant component in relation to the structure of sentences of the German-language press from the standpoint of linguosynergetics. We focus on the synergetic law of conservation of speech energy and minimization of efforts as a driving factor, which directs the human mental lexicon to decoding of the complex nouns-neologisms with the dominant of the corresponding nominations of semantic volume of polysemic and monosemic word models. In a synergetic sense, parallels are drawn between the dictionary as a representative of the linguistic generalization of the structured amount of knowledge of the learned extralinguistic reality and the mental lexicon, which is not an arbitrary accumulation of contributions, but constitutes a structured hierarchical system of such contributions. The indicators obtained on the basis of statistical methods are extrapolated to synergetic models in the format of correlation of decoded nominations with simple and complex sentences of the German-language press. Such linguosynergetic analysis opens up prospects for modeling and predicting the possible lexicalization of complex noun-neologisms in view of their synergetic cycle of order-chaos-order and replenishment of German linguistics with new knowledge about German-language noun vocabulary.
摘要本文从语言学的角度,从德语报刊句子结构的角度,对复名词新词的主成分语义量的转换和解码进行了研究。我们关注的是作为驱动因素的言语能量守恒和努力最小化的协同定律,它指导人类心理词典解码复杂名词新词,并以多义词和单格词模型的相应语义量提名为主导。在协同意义上,词典作为所学语言外现实的结构化知识量的语言概括的代表,与心理词典之间存在相似之处,心理词典不是贡献的任意积累,而是构成了这种贡献的结构化层次系统。根据统计方法获得的指标被外推到协同模型中,其格式为解码提名与德语出版社的简单和复杂句子的相关性。鉴于复杂名词新词的有序-混沌-有序的协同循环,以及德语语言学对德语名词词汇的新知识补充,这种语序分析为复杂名词新词可能的词汇化建模和预测开辟了前景。
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引用次数: 1
A corpus-driven description of when-adverbial in Nigerian and British Englishes 尼日利亚英语和英国英语中when-状语的语料库描述
Q1 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2021-10-01 DOI: 10.1515/glot-2021-2003
Mayowa Akinlotan
Abstract Syntactic alternation allows us to understand how structural variation, including crucial factors relevant to their meaning and interpretation, operates linguistic varieties. Empirical evidence from such syntactic alternation study can provide insights into how new varieties differ from the established ones. The present study aims at increasing contributions that show the nature of syntactic alternation from new Englishes such as Nigerian English, and how they differ from established varieties such as British English. Taking when adverbial construction in Nigerian English as a reference point (When Trump realised his reelection loss, he changed his political expectations versus Trump changed his political expectations when he realised his reelection loss), the study shows the extent to which previously tested factors influence the ordering of the construction and how they differ from findings reported in British English. Relying on corpus data, together with descriptive distributional analysis, the study shows that, unlike British English in which functional and cognitive factors strongly influence structural patterning, functional factors outweigh cognitive factors in Nigerian English.
摘要句法交替使我们能够理解结构变异,包括与其含义和解释相关的关键因素,是如何操作语言变体的。这种句法交替研究的经验证据可以深入了解新变体与现有变体的区别。本研究旨在增加对尼日利亚英语等新英语句法交替性质的研究,以及它们与英国英语等既定变体的区别。以尼日利亚英语中的when状语结构为参考点(当特朗普意识到自己连任失败时,他改变了政治期望,而特朗普意识到连任失败时改变了政治预期),该研究显示了先前测试的因素对结构顺序的影响程度,以及它们与英国英语中报道的结果有何不同。基于语料库数据,结合描述性分布分析,该研究表明,与功能和认知因素强烈影响结构模式的英国英语不同,尼日利亚英语中的功能因素大于认知因素。
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引用次数: 1
Literary “higher dimensions” quantified: a stylometric study of nine stories 文学“更高维度”的量化:对九个故事的文体学研究
Q1 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2021-09-27 DOI: 10.1515/glot-2021-2021
Michal Místecký, Tomi S. Melka
Abstract The study will focus on the quantitative assessment of nine stories, considered important contributions in the supernatural and in the early and modern science-fiction prose. Besides the two treatments of the topic of imaginary Flatland – penned by E. A. Abbott and C. H. Hinton –, the corpus includes writings by H. G. Wells, A. Blackwood, M. Leinster, G. Waldeyer, R. A. Heinlein, L. Padgett, and A. C. Clarke. Texts are researched on the bases of four analyses (moving-average type-token ratio, average tokens length, Busemann’s coefficient, and collocation associativity), with the results tested for statistical significance; next, the textual comparisons will provide a springboard for sketches of literary criticism interpretations. The analyzed corpus has revealed the distinctive and colorful take writers have in their stories. By the nature of their subject, the texts are expected to share higher dimensions and time warps, a thread implying a meeting point in terms of vocabulary richness, plot development, and possibly of narrative structure. Yet, in most cases, the findings suggest basic and nuanced differences, hinting at clear stylistic physiognomies in the authorship. The outcome affects not only the assessment of the weight individual samples have, but also the interface between a common (sub)genre and personal style.
摘要本研究将重点对九个故事进行定量评估,这些故事被认为对超自然现象以及早期和现代科幻散文有重要贡献。除了E.A.Abbott和C.H.Hinton对想象中的平地主题的两种处理之外,语料库还包括H.G.Wells、A.Blackwood、M.Leinster、G.Waldeyer、R.A.Heinlein、L.Padgett和A.C.Clarke的著作。基于四个分析(移动平均型标记比率、平均标记长度、布斯曼系数和搭配关联性)对文本进行了研究,并对结果进行了统计显著性检验;其次,文本比较将为文学批评阐释提供一个跳板。通过对语料库的分析,揭示了作家对故事的独特而丰富多彩的理解。根据主题的性质,文本被期望共享更高的维度和时间扭曲,这条线索暗示了词汇丰富性、情节发展以及叙事结构方面的交汇点。然而,在大多数情况下,研究结果表明了基本的细微差别,暗示了作者明显的风格特征。结果不仅影响个体样本的权重评估,还影响共同(子)类型和个人风格之间的界面。
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引用次数: 0
期刊
Glottotheory
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