Zusammenfassung Fachliche Kommunikation erfüllt zahlreiche Funktionen. Um diese systematisch zu erfassen, sind sie an einem allgemeinen Modell fachlicher Kommunikation festzumachen, indem jedem seiner Elemente eine eigene kommunikative Funktion zugewiesen wird. Nach dieser Methode, die (ohne besondere Berücksichtigung fachlicher Kommunikation) bei Karl Bühler zum Ansatz von drei und bei Roman Jakobson zum Ansatz von sechs kommunikativen Funktionen führt, können schließlich neun bzw. elf fachkommunikative Funktionen unterschieden werden, die letztlich auch auf den Bereich der allgemeinen Kommunikation zu übertragen sind: Eine symptomatische, eine appellative, eine referentielle, eine epistemische, eine poetische, eine phatische, eine semiotische, eine diskursive und eine situative bzw. soziale oder kulturelle Funktion. Diese Funktionen werden in diesem Beitrag vorgestellt und erläutert sowie am Beispiel einer Fortbildung im IT-Bereich veranschaulicht.
{"title":"Funktionen fachlicher Kommunikation","authors":"T. Roelcke","doi":"10.1515/glot-2023-2005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/glot-2023-2005","url":null,"abstract":"Zusammenfassung Fachliche Kommunikation erfüllt zahlreiche Funktionen. Um diese systematisch zu erfassen, sind sie an einem allgemeinen Modell fachlicher Kommunikation festzumachen, indem jedem seiner Elemente eine eigene kommunikative Funktion zugewiesen wird. Nach dieser Methode, die (ohne besondere Berücksichtigung fachlicher Kommunikation) bei Karl Bühler zum Ansatz von drei und bei Roman Jakobson zum Ansatz von sechs kommunikativen Funktionen führt, können schließlich neun bzw. elf fachkommunikative Funktionen unterschieden werden, die letztlich auch auf den Bereich der allgemeinen Kommunikation zu übertragen sind: Eine symptomatische, eine appellative, eine referentielle, eine epistemische, eine poetische, eine phatische, eine semiotische, eine diskursive und eine situative bzw. soziale oder kulturelle Funktion. Diese Funktionen werden in diesem Beitrag vorgestellt und erläutert sowie am Beispiel einer Fortbildung im IT-Bereich veranschaulicht.","PeriodicalId":37792,"journal":{"name":"Glottotheory","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42561686","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract In German (and Dutch), main clauses and dependent clauses differ clearly with respect to form. Main clauses are always V2 and autonomous (with speech act status) while dependent ones are verb-final/VL (V-last) and nonautonomous (without speech act status). This paper is about autonomous clauses with the form of dependent clauses (i.e. VL-form, also captured in the literature under the term insubordinate subordination, coined by Evans, Nicholas. 2007. Insubordination and its uses. In Irina Nikolaeva (ed.), Finiteness: Theoretical and empirical foundations, 366–431. Oxford: Oxford University Press). In the recent literature, it has been argued that in order to explain the occurrence of autonomous dependent clauses in the historical development of German, the introducing main clause fell elliptically leaving behind a dependent form with autonomous status. The present paper argues that this account is false. Dependent forms can exist independently. Since speech act autonomy of dependent forms exists with certain (albeit not all) complementizers, a special account is provided. It is argued that this development typical of modern German, matches with the tendency toward an illocutionary semantics in its own right. Parallels for the latter path of grammaticalization are drawn from several languages other than German. The importance of the concerns for modern generative grammar is a twofold one: first, it provides insights into how independent (autonomous), but formally dependent sentences divide into several kinds of modality that are expressed in the left sentential periphery; and, second, it shows in which ways speaker-perspective is grammaticalized.
{"title":"Types of autonomous V-final clauses","authors":"W. Abraham","doi":"10.1515/glot-2023-2004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/glot-2023-2004","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract In German (and Dutch), main clauses and dependent clauses differ clearly with respect to form. Main clauses are always V2 and autonomous (with speech act status) while dependent ones are verb-final/VL (V-last) and nonautonomous (without speech act status). This paper is about autonomous clauses with the form of dependent clauses (i.e. VL-form, also captured in the literature under the term insubordinate subordination, coined by Evans, Nicholas. 2007. Insubordination and its uses. In Irina Nikolaeva (ed.), Finiteness: Theoretical and empirical foundations, 366–431. Oxford: Oxford University Press). In the recent literature, it has been argued that in order to explain the occurrence of autonomous dependent clauses in the historical development of German, the introducing main clause fell elliptically leaving behind a dependent form with autonomous status. The present paper argues that this account is false. Dependent forms can exist independently. Since speech act autonomy of dependent forms exists with certain (albeit not all) complementizers, a special account is provided. It is argued that this development typical of modern German, matches with the tendency toward an illocutionary semantics in its own right. Parallels for the latter path of grammaticalization are drawn from several languages other than German. The importance of the concerns for modern generative grammar is a twofold one: first, it provides insights into how independent (autonomous), but formally dependent sentences divide into several kinds of modality that are expressed in the left sentential periphery; and, second, it shows in which ways speaker-perspective is grammaticalized.","PeriodicalId":37792,"journal":{"name":"Glottotheory","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48998373","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract The article deals with the study of structural and semantic features of the German professional language of architecture and construction. The study is based on the main principles of structural-semantic linguistic paradigm and represents the modeling of terminology in the form of a thesaurus with its multilevel classification structure. Achieving the main goal involves the selection of various structural types of terms and phrases, the analysis of key terms and their semantic fields and the study of possible logical-semantic relations in the proposed German professional language. The study was conducted in four stages. The first stage included an explanation of the main approaches to the study of both terminological systems of professional languages and individual terms. The second stage consisted in the analysis of logical-conceptual relations between terms, such as hypero-hyponymy, subcontracting as well as relations concerning the localization of the object, its purpose, etc. At this stage, terminology is considered as a thesaurus, taking into account the specifics of the organization of the studied branch of knowledge and the lexical-semantic field of the key terms of architecture and construction. The third stage was based on the structural and morphological analysis of the terms and included a description of structural models of terms. The last stage concerned the formulation of the conclusions of our study.
{"title":"Deutsche Fachsprache der Architektur und des Bauwesens: Struktur und Semantik","authors":"Svitlana Kiyko, Yevheniia Rubana","doi":"10.1515/glot-2023-2003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/glot-2023-2003","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The article deals with the study of structural and semantic features of the German professional language of architecture and construction. The study is based on the main principles of structural-semantic linguistic paradigm and represents the modeling of terminology in the form of a thesaurus with its multilevel classification structure. Achieving the main goal involves the selection of various structural types of terms and phrases, the analysis of key terms and their semantic fields and the study of possible logical-semantic relations in the proposed German professional language. The study was conducted in four stages. The first stage included an explanation of the main approaches to the study of both terminological systems of professional languages and individual terms. The second stage consisted in the analysis of logical-conceptual relations between terms, such as hypero-hyponymy, subcontracting as well as relations concerning the localization of the object, its purpose, etc. At this stage, terminology is considered as a thesaurus, taking into account the specifics of the organization of the studied branch of knowledge and the lexical-semantic field of the key terms of architecture and construction. The third stage was based on the structural and morphological analysis of the terms and included a description of structural models of terms. The last stage concerned the formulation of the conclusions of our study.","PeriodicalId":37792,"journal":{"name":"Glottotheory","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43937231","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract We use approaches from the theory of complex networks to analyze the Prologue to Moses, a poem by the Ukrainian writer and scholar Ivan Franko. The Ukrainian text (in the original orthography from 1905 and the modern one) and several translations into Polish, English, French, German, Italian, Portuguese, Slovak, and Spanish are studied. Networks are built in a manner that links are drawn between words (considered network vertices) within a stanza. Seven network parameters are calculated: all-degree centralization, assortativity, average path length, betweenness, clustering coefficient, density, and transitivity. Their dynamics is analyzed as the vertices with the highest numbers of links are removed from the networks one by one. The data obtained for the human-made translations are compared to those based on machine translations generated by the Google Translate service. Peculiarities of certain translations are underlined. Tentative correlation between the values of parameters and levels of language analyticity/syntheticity are established. Prospects toward automatic lemmatization and related problems to be solved are briefly outlined.
{"title":"Stanza-based networks for poetic texts: a pilot study","authors":"S. Buk, Andrij Rovenchak","doi":"10.1515/glot-2023-2006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/glot-2023-2006","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract We use approaches from the theory of complex networks to analyze the Prologue to Moses, a poem by the Ukrainian writer and scholar Ivan Franko. The Ukrainian text (in the original orthography from 1905 and the modern one) and several translations into Polish, English, French, German, Italian, Portuguese, Slovak, and Spanish are studied. Networks are built in a manner that links are drawn between words (considered network vertices) within a stanza. Seven network parameters are calculated: all-degree centralization, assortativity, average path length, betweenness, clustering coefficient, density, and transitivity. Their dynamics is analyzed as the vertices with the highest numbers of links are removed from the networks one by one. The data obtained for the human-made translations are compared to those based on machine translations generated by the Google Translate service. Peculiarities of certain translations are underlined. Tentative correlation between the values of parameters and levels of language analyticity/syntheticity are established. Prospects toward automatic lemmatization and related problems to be solved are briefly outlined.","PeriodicalId":37792,"journal":{"name":"Glottotheory","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43317165","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract On the basis of a general model of professional communication which differs from concepts of professional language, a new model is developed which consistently integrates their multilingualism. This takes into account various individual languages such as German, English or Chinese as well as professionally relevant varieties such as every day and educational language including various languages for specific purposes in individual professions or professional contexts as well as the corresponding competences of the people working in these professions or contexts. Such a model not only provides an exhaustive and detailed coverage of plurilingual professional communication for itself, it also allows for numerous applications in the fields of language planning, language policy and language didactics.
{"title":"Multi- and plurilingual professional communication – a model","authors":"Thorsten Roelcke","doi":"10.1515/glot-2023-2001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/glot-2023-2001","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract On the basis of a general model of professional communication which differs from concepts of professional language, a new model is developed which consistently integrates their multilingualism. This takes into account various individual languages such as German, English or Chinese as well as professionally relevant varieties such as every day and educational language including various languages for specific purposes in individual professions or professional contexts as well as the corresponding competences of the people working in these professions or contexts. Such a model not only provides an exhaustive and detailed coverage of plurilingual professional communication for itself, it also allows for numerous applications in the fields of language planning, language policy and language didactics.","PeriodicalId":37792,"journal":{"name":"Glottotheory","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44989548","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract Grammatical cases of nouns are expressed by inflectional endings in Slovak. Therefore, nouns have several word forms, with the nominative considered the basic form. In addition to the endings, in some word forms there are morphophonological changes also in stems. The differences between the basic form and inflected forms are evaluated using the Levenshtein distance. We show that word forms more similar to the basic form occur more often. The category of animacy plays a very important role in the frequency behaviour of masculine nouns. The overall idea of the present paper is to give some insights into phenomena of noun inflection and to test various factors influencing and regulating the overall complexity of expressing certain required morphological information. It seems that word frequency, but also word length plays an important role. Moreover, it is shown that also gender and animacy has to be considered to understand noun declension in Slovak properly.
{"title":"Nouns more similar to the nominative form are more frequent: a case study in Slovak","authors":"E. Kelih, Ján Mačutek, M. Koščová, V. Benko","doi":"10.1515/glot-2023-2002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/glot-2023-2002","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Grammatical cases of nouns are expressed by inflectional endings in Slovak. Therefore, nouns have several word forms, with the nominative considered the basic form. In addition to the endings, in some word forms there are morphophonological changes also in stems. The differences between the basic form and inflected forms are evaluated using the Levenshtein distance. We show that word forms more similar to the basic form occur more often. The category of animacy plays a very important role in the frequency behaviour of masculine nouns. The overall idea of the present paper is to give some insights into phenomena of noun inflection and to test various factors influencing and regulating the overall complexity of expressing certain required morphological information. It seems that word frequency, but also word length plays an important role. Moreover, it is shown that also gender and animacy has to be considered to understand noun declension in Slovak properly.","PeriodicalId":37792,"journal":{"name":"Glottotheory","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-05-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47598708","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract Inspired by Zipf’s Law of Abbreviation, previous research was mostly directed at the interaction of word length and token frequency. Much less is known about the relationship of word length and type frequency, let alone about the differential impact of type and token frequency on word length. These issues are examined on the basis of a non-representative sample of 10 languages. The token frequency analysis reveals that 8 of the 10 languages show a monotonic decrease in frequency with increasing length while 2 languages reveal a unimodal distribution. By contrast, all 10 languages exhibit a rise followed by a monotonic drop of the frequency curve in the type frequency analysis. There appears to be a notable effect of type frequency on the nature of the token frequency distribution: the greater the average length of the words in the lexicon, the higher the probability of a unimodal distribution. Two principles are required to account for these results—a general dispreference for using long words and a language-particular dispreference for short words in the lexicon.
{"title":"The effects of type and token frequency on word length: a cross-linguistic study","authors":"T. Berg, Peter Zörnig, Charlotte Lehr","doi":"10.1515/glot-2022-2007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/glot-2022-2007","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Inspired by Zipf’s Law of Abbreviation, previous research was mostly directed at the interaction of word length and token frequency. Much less is known about the relationship of word length and type frequency, let alone about the differential impact of type and token frequency on word length. These issues are examined on the basis of a non-representative sample of 10 languages. The token frequency analysis reveals that 8 of the 10 languages show a monotonic decrease in frequency with increasing length while 2 languages reveal a unimodal distribution. By contrast, all 10 languages exhibit a rise followed by a monotonic drop of the frequency curve in the type frequency analysis. There appears to be a notable effect of type frequency on the nature of the token frequency distribution: the greater the average length of the words in the lexicon, the higher the probability of a unimodal distribution. Two principles are required to account for these results—a general dispreference for using long words and a language-particular dispreference for short words in the lexicon.","PeriodicalId":37792,"journal":{"name":"Glottotheory","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43704346","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract The Berber languages of Morocco – regionally distributed differently: Tarifit, Tamazight and Tashelhit – were subjected to a standardization process only at the beginning of the 21st century. The so-called Amazigh emerged as a standard language. The Institut Royal de la Culture Amazighe, founded in 2001 specifically for the preservation and promotion of Berber, was given the task of initiating and controlling the standardization process. In 2008, a reference grammar of standard Amazigh was published, which will be examined more closely in the following article with regard to the orthographic specifications for the spelling of nominal units. In doing so, the critical examination of orthography will be conducted in a relatively unconventional manner. The written form of Tarifit used within a Facebook group will be analyzed in order to compare the word spellings with the spelling rules of the standard Amazigh grammar. Tarifit is used extensively in social networks in certain contexts and the preferred writing system is Latin. The French-language grammar description of the standard Amazigh uses for the object language level the so-called Tifinagh. However, this writing system is hardly used in Moroccan society not only due to a lack of acceptance. Likewise, the use of standard Amazigh in society is almost non-existent. Lay transcriptions in social networks can be very informative with regard to word spellings. The grammar description for the standard Amazigh can be criticized from different perspectives and is in urgent need of a linguistically based revision.
{"title":"Herausforderungen und Perspektiven der Wortschreibung: Tarifit auf Facebook und das Standard-Amazigh im Vergleich","authors":"Naima Tahiri","doi":"10.1515/glot-2022-2010","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/glot-2022-2010","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The Berber languages of Morocco – regionally distributed differently: Tarifit, Tamazight and Tashelhit – were subjected to a standardization process only at the beginning of the 21st century. The so-called Amazigh emerged as a standard language. The Institut Royal de la Culture Amazighe, founded in 2001 specifically for the preservation and promotion of Berber, was given the task of initiating and controlling the standardization process. In 2008, a reference grammar of standard Amazigh was published, which will be examined more closely in the following article with regard to the orthographic specifications for the spelling of nominal units. In doing so, the critical examination of orthography will be conducted in a relatively unconventional manner. The written form of Tarifit used within a Facebook group will be analyzed in order to compare the word spellings with the spelling rules of the standard Amazigh grammar. Tarifit is used extensively in social networks in certain contexts and the preferred writing system is Latin. The French-language grammar description of the standard Amazigh uses for the object language level the so-called Tifinagh. However, this writing system is hardly used in Moroccan society not only due to a lack of acceptance. Likewise, the use of standard Amazigh in society is almost non-existent. Lay transcriptions in social networks can be very informative with regard to word spellings. The grammar description for the standard Amazigh can be criticized from different perspectives and is in urgent need of a linguistically based revision.","PeriodicalId":37792,"journal":{"name":"Glottotheory","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43045028","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract Decoding the implicitness of evaluative judgment in compliments (based on the cross-cultural analysis of conversations in male gender-homogeneneous groups). In this paper, the implicit (anti)compliments within male gender-homogeneneous groups are examined in a contrastive way. After reviewing some findings to the implicit compliments, the paper deals with a case study referring to decoding of implicit positive evaluative judgment, which constitutes a primary illocution of the compliment. The following study examines whether there are certain differences and similarities in the frequency, subject matter and phonological design of implicit (anti)compliments in [the] groups of males with different cultural backgrounds. The study also shows which contextualization cues can contribute to the decoding of the negative evaluative statement in implicit anticompliments.
{"title":"Dekodierung der Implizitheit des wertenden Urteils in Komplimenten (am Beispiel der cross-kulturellen Analyse von Gesprächen in männlichen geschlechtshomogenen Gruppen)","authors":"Oksana Khrystenko","doi":"10.1515/glot-2022-2009","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/glot-2022-2009","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Decoding the implicitness of evaluative judgment in compliments (based on the cross-cultural analysis of conversations in male gender-homogeneneous groups). In this paper, the implicit (anti)compliments within male gender-homogeneneous groups are examined in a contrastive way. After reviewing some findings to the implicit compliments, the paper deals with a case study referring to decoding of implicit positive evaluative judgment, which constitutes a primary illocution of the compliment. The following study examines whether there are certain differences and similarities in the frequency, subject matter and phonological design of implicit (anti)compliments in [the] groups of males with different cultural backgrounds. The study also shows which contextualization cues can contribute to the decoding of the negative evaluative statement in implicit anticompliments.","PeriodicalId":37792,"journal":{"name":"Glottotheory","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49309271","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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