Pub Date : 2021-04-03DOI: 10.1080/02513625.2021.1981016
G. de Roo
Abstract This paper adds axiology to ontology and epistemology. These three together address the ultimate questions of what (is being observed), how (to know and respond) and who (adds meaning). This is not about producing knowledge about one true reality. Instead, these three aspects will differentiate their questions about the what, how and who, depending on the circumstances. As these circumstances differ in varying degrees of uncertainty, it is the uncertainty of a situation that determines which ontological, epistemological and axiological questions are asked. This paper proposes three categories into which these questions can fall, for simple, complex and highly complex issues. For each of these categories of ‘uncertainty’, the ontological, epistemological and axiological questions must be in balance. With the addition of axiology and the differentiation of reality into various uncertainties, a much more powerful method of knowing and understanding the world in which we live arises.
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Pub Date : 2021-04-03DOI: 10.1080/02513625.2021.1981021
K. Kunzmann
Leigh, N. G.; French, S. P.; Guhathakurta, S.; Stiftel, B. (eds.) (2020): The Routledge Handbook of International Planning Education. New York: Routledge, 370 pages, ISBN 9781138958777. of us, and our main task is to build different institutions” (p. 383). This is then the weakest point of the book. It provides a captivating and motivating long-term trajectory but renders the individual reality for practical and immediate impact weak. It could be that it is not about putting into practice or implementing, as many planners would call it. Perhaps, Bregman intends for humanity to uncover and show its best side – and allow radical change to happen together. “Humankind: A Hopeful History” shows an unexpected picture of our evolution: the survival of the friendliest and most cooperative human beings. Human history is filled with stories of friendship, mutual support, and compassion. The problem is not the lack thereof, but our distorted picture of human nature in society that is reenforced through institutions, education and even more unhelpful (social) media. As we are the only species that can blush and thereby make ourselves readable to others like open books (Bregman 2020: 71), it is the comparative advantage of humans to be social beings, having kindness and cooperation in their nature as homo cooperans (Moor 2013). Bregman uses a lively writing style to challenge the widespread assumption that humans are selfish, self-interested and, by nature, bad. His message is clear from the beginning, further supplemented during the book that is a good and captivating read also for non-academics. It takes the reader through personal contemplations and lively encounters to deliver or encourage our hopeful story. Though written without COVID-19 in mind or at the horizon of the pandemic, its content is even more important in 2021. As long-term consequences become clearer, can we, and should we rebuild with trust? At minimum, Bregman’s book should be read by planners and decision-makers to counterbalance our cynicism or choices to give up or believe that what is out there, is ‘ just the reality’. Maybe humanity is better than you think. If you are not sure, read Bregman and then it is worth discussing again.
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Pub Date : 2021-04-03DOI: 10.1080/02513625.2021.1981006
L. Boelens
Traditional planning theories stipulated time and again that government planning was the main element of progress, preventing society from becoming helpless, chaotic and ineffective (Dror 1968; Etzioni 1968; Friedman 1969; Faludi 1973). These views were, however, based on strong aspirations of modernity and the welfare state; worldviews that became increasingly challenged in the last half of the 20th century. This, not only in respect to the announcements of the end of the (political) project of the Enlightenment as such (Adorno, Horkheimer 1947; Lyotard 1979; Habermas 1984; Fukuyama 1989; Sloterdijk 2004), but also due to the pronounced failure of the welfare state (Vandenbroucke 1999; Svalifors, Taylor-Gooby 1999; Goodin 2003). These critics didn’t miss their effect on spatial planning, too. From the 1960s onwards, a continuous search began for a more engaged, dynamic and multi-perspective on planning: from procedural towards advocacy and participatory planning, from equity and regime approaches towards communicative and collaborative planning, from Marxian-inspired historic-materialistic views towards radical action and the focus on agonistic planning (Sandercock 1998). Each of these ideas still lingers on and, alternatively, in academia and/ or practitioners’ approaches. But each of these has also received fierce critics. Advocacy, participatory and equity planning remain framed within the existing power structures (Peattie 1968; Goodman 1972). They did not genuinely improve the quality of planning decisions that matter (Innes, Booher 2000) and met only a specific type of citizen with time and expertise (Flyvbjerg 1996; Van der Arend 2008). Procedural and collaborative planning were too focused on agreed processes and less on content (Wigmans 1982; v. d. Cammen, Bakker 2006). Moreover, they were considered to be too time-consuming, resulting in a so-called ‘Diktatur des Sitzfleisches’ (Weinrich 1987; Frissen 2007). Historic materialistic and radical action views on planning didn’t provide a realistic alternative, and were expected to be too agonistic to challenge the transformative and regressive powers of the state (Sandercock 1998). But, in our opinion, what is more important is that each of these well-meant and more socially engaged alternatives remained framed within a kind of vertical ontology: top-down, bottom-up or something in between (Boonstra, Boelens 2011). Such a vertical ontology disabled planning academics and practitioners from creating meaningful connections with the plural and volatile world in flux. Moreover, this vertical ontology allows a mutual blaming of ‘up there’ or ‘down there’ for any failed interactions ( Marston et al. 2005). Moreover, while staying in a vertical ontology, new emergent actors will not seriously come into play, and no justice is done to the social and cultural complexity that constitutes contemporary urbanity (Groth, Corijn 2005; Leitner, Miller 2007). Moreover, planners might lose connectivity to t
传统的计划理论一再规定，政府计划是进步的主要因素，防止社会变得无助，混乱和无效(Dror 1968;他1968;弗里德曼1969年;法露迪1973)。然而，这些观点是基于对现代化和福利国家的强烈渴望;世界观在20世纪后半叶受到了越来越多的挑战。这不仅仅是关于启蒙运动(政治)计划结束的宣告(Adorno, Horkheimer 1947;Lyotard 1979;哈贝马斯1984;福山1989;Sloterdijk 2004)，但也由于福利国家的明显失败(Vandenbroucke 1999;斯瓦利福斯，泰勒-古比1999;Goodin 2003)。这些批评者也没有错过它们对空间规划的影响。从20世纪60年代开始，人们开始不断寻找一种更积极、更有活力和更多角度的规划:从程序性规划转向倡导和参与性规划，从公平和制度方法转向交流和协作规划，从马克思主义启发的历史唯物主义观点转向激进行动和关注竞争规划(Sandercock 1998)。这些想法中的每一个仍然存在，或者在学术界和/或实践者的方法中。但这些都受到了激烈的批评。倡导、参与和公平规划仍在现有权力结构范围内(Peattie 1968;古德曼1972)。他们并没有真正提高重要的规划决策的质量(Innes, Booher 2000)，只满足了有时间和专业知识的特定类型的公民(Flyvbjerg 1996;Van der Arend 2008)。程序性和协作性计划过于关注商定的过程，而较少关注内容(Wigmans 1982;v.d Cammen, Bakker, 2006)。此外，它们被认为太耗时，导致了所谓的“Diktatur des Sitzfleisches”(Weinrich 1987;Frissen 2007)。历史唯物主义和激进的计划行动观点并没有提供一个现实的选择，并且被认为过于激烈，无法挑战国家的变革和倒退权力(Sandercock 1998)。但是，在我们看来，更重要的是，这些善意的、更具社会参与性的替代方案中的每一个都保持在一种垂直的本体论框架内:自上而下、自下而上或介于两者之间(Boonstra, Boelens 2011)。这种垂直的本体论使规划学者和实践者无法与多变的多元世界建立有意义的联系。此外，这种垂直本体允许对任何失败的交互相互指责“在那里”或“在那里”(Marston et al. 2005)。此外，当停留在垂直本体论中时，新的涌现的行动者将不会认真发挥作用，并且没有公正地对待构成当代城市的社会和文化复杂性(growth, Corijn 2005;莱特纳，米勒，2007)。此外，规划者可能会失去与思想形成、创新行动产生、新联盟建立和维持的地方的联系(Marston et al. 2005)。在这种背景下，战略和关系方法也在规划领域得到了发展。乍一看，这些倡议似乎绕过了正在进行的垂直路径依赖，并强调在治理和包容性方面更加平等，水平的基础。参考上面提到的更多参与的经验，一些人将空间规划作为一个更社会空间的过程，通过这个过程，不同机构关系和职位的一系列人聚集在一起，为空间变化设计计划和策略(见Healey 1997,2007)。从这些投入中，共同生产、共同设计、共同创造、共同委托、共同评估和共同交付的概念进入了规划领域(Governance International 2014)。作为制度化和理所当然的垂直实践和惯例的替代方案——无论是自上而下的还是自下而上的参与——他们强调重新设计政策制定，而不是为公民，而是由公民作为当地知识专家、负责任的利益相关者、相互重视的结果的生产者和/或承包商，甚至是空间政策计划的执行者。它应该模糊公共和私人、生产者和消费者之间的界限，并强调重复的非正式互动，以便不仅包括最清晰的观点，而且包括空间规划中的平面本体
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Pub Date : 2021-04-03DOI: 10.1080/02513625.2021.1981024
W. Strubelt
{"title":"Politikrelevantes Wissen in der Raumplanung","authors":"W. Strubelt","doi":"10.1080/02513625.2021.1981024","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/02513625.2021.1981024","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":379677,"journal":{"name":"disP - The Planning Review","volume":"105 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-04-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128136833","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-04-03DOI: 10.1080/02513625.2021.1981013
P. Viganó, Tommaso Pietropolli
Abstract This paper is divided into three parts. The first introduces a trilogy of concepts and figures of the discourse. The concept of isotropy, as opposed to hierarchy, evokes the same conditions in all directions. The concept of porosity tackles the fluidity and malleability of space, the passage of bodies through other bodies. The concept of horizontality, in turn, explores the possibility of different types of spatial order. The trilogy presents a critical approach and a discourse on the possibility of a project which, in relation to the current urbanisation process and current debate, can be considered a counter project. The second part concentrates on horizontality, investigating its constructive role in the organisation of spatial thought. As opposed to the vertical/hierarchical organisation of space, horizontal and acentred structures enable the dissolution of the centre/periphery dichotomy, while addressing questions of inter-species spatial equity and individual/ collective emancipation. The third part of the paper introduces a series of actual cases of territorial design where the idea of horizontality, against the background of the entire conceptual trilogy, was operational. Here space is considered not as a neutral connector, but as a support and an agent of horizontality. The order of the three parts must not be misunderstood. It does not refer to a research sequence where first comes theoretical thinking, then this is embedded into a tradition to legitimate it and finally applied to case studies. Our discourse is produced through the interpretation, projections and design of concrete situations. It is from the constant exchange among the three different levels that the figures have arisen. This inversion is always to be considered when reading the following text, the order of which is only instrumental in a better explanation of the discourse itself.
{"title":"Designing Horizontality","authors":"P. Viganó, Tommaso Pietropolli","doi":"10.1080/02513625.2021.1981013","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/02513625.2021.1981013","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract This paper is divided into three parts. The first introduces a trilogy of concepts and figures of the discourse. The concept of isotropy, as opposed to hierarchy, evokes the same conditions in all directions. The concept of porosity tackles the fluidity and malleability of space, the passage of bodies through other bodies. The concept of horizontality, in turn, explores the possibility of different types of spatial order. The trilogy presents a critical approach and a discourse on the possibility of a project which, in relation to the current urbanisation process and current debate, can be considered a counter project. The second part concentrates on horizontality, investigating its constructive role in the organisation of spatial thought. As opposed to the vertical/hierarchical organisation of space, horizontal and acentred structures enable the dissolution of the centre/periphery dichotomy, while addressing questions of inter-species spatial equity and individual/ collective emancipation. The third part of the paper introduces a series of actual cases of territorial design where the idea of horizontality, against the background of the entire conceptual trilogy, was operational. Here space is considered not as a neutral connector, but as a support and an agent of horizontality. The order of the three parts must not be misunderstood. It does not refer to a research sequence where first comes theoretical thinking, then this is embedded into a tradition to legitimate it and finally applied to case studies. Our discourse is produced through the interpretation, projections and design of concrete situations. It is from the constant exchange among the three different levels that the figures have arisen. This inversion is always to be considered when reading the following text, the order of which is only instrumental in a better explanation of the discourse itself.","PeriodicalId":379677,"journal":{"name":"disP - The Planning Review","volume":"12 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-04-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131791467","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-01-02DOI: 10.1080/02513625.2021.1945818
M. Kühn
Abstract In-migration is a key factor in the growth of cities and an indicator of their attractiveness in the competition between locations. This article investigates the central question of which approaches for the proactive recruitment of in-migrants arise in urban planning and which opportunities and obstacles exist for local governance. On the basis of planning-related theories, a heuristic model for the analysis of local strategies is developed that differentiates in-migration on the housing, labour and education markets. In the empirical part, selected results from qualitative case studies in medium-sized cities are presented. The results show that, in the context of shrinking cities, there is a need for in-migration due to vacant apartments and a shortage of skilled workers, while in the growth context, the problems of a tight housing market as a result of migration move to the fore of city policies. Strategies to attract in-migration are therefore context-dependent and represent a complex cross-sectional task that requires the planning administration to interact with politicians, business and citizens. While growth coalitions are being formed in some cities, in other cases there are barriers that block the development of local in-migration strategies. English title: In-migration to Cities: Opportunities and limits of Urban Planning
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Pub Date : 2021-01-02DOI: 10.1080/02513625.2021.1945821
S. Baumgart, H. Köckler
Abstract Health in All Policies (HiAP) is an approach of the World Health Organisation (WHO) that has been pursued since the 1980s. The overall goal of this approach is to achieve health promotion, prevention and health care for all people by using the potential of all policy fields. This article aims to specify the global guiding principles HiAP and SDGs through an integrated perspective and a North-South dialogue. Referring to SDG 3 “good health and well-being” and SDG 11 “sustainable cities and communities” the focus is first on health-related aspects of spatial planning and the concept of walkability as an integrating approach. The contribution starts with an integrated mobility-related consideration of SDG 3 and 11 by elaborating on the concept of walkability in relation to spatial planning in the context of health-promoting urban development. Walkability addresses movement-oriented locomotion and thus contributes to physical activity, which promotes health and leads to sustainable transport systems (SDG 11.2). It is also a topic that is part of the WHO’s Global Action Plan on Physical Activity. Furthermore it will be discussed to what extent this concept, which refers to cities in the Global North, can also be transferred to cities in the Global South, and conclusions will be drawn.
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Pub Date : 2021-01-02DOI: 10.1080/02513625.2021.1945820
Mengru Zhou, K. Axhausen, Hanbin Wei, Lanchun Bian
Abstract Streets in old city cores not only have important transport and social interaction functions but also reveal the laws of urban and cultural development in a region. Space syntax can improve historians’ understanding of how changes in the shape of habitable space affected people’s lives and urban culture in particular times and places by offering a quantitative description of street patterns; here of two old city cores. The study selects the Altstadt of Zurich (the old city of Zurich) and the Shichahai historical district in Beijing, which have a long history and distinctive street patterns. First, this study digitised the historical maps into axis maps. Then, the study described the characteristics of the syntactic evolution of street networks in two cores over four different development stages. Subsequently, a comparative study of the evolution of different syntactic indicators in the two cases was conducted. Finally, it is concluded that although Shichahai and Altstadt are examples of top-down planned and self-organising areas, their street networks have a similar development trend. However, in their evolution, they show greater differentiation.
{"title":"Syntactical Morphological Histories Analysis on Top-Down Planned and Self-organised Street Networks of Old City Cores","authors":"Mengru Zhou, K. Axhausen, Hanbin Wei, Lanchun Bian","doi":"10.1080/02513625.2021.1945820","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/02513625.2021.1945820","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Streets in old city cores not only have important transport and social interaction functions but also reveal the laws of urban and cultural development in a region. Space syntax can improve historians’ understanding of how changes in the shape of habitable space affected people’s lives and urban culture in particular times and places by offering a quantitative description of street patterns; here of two old city cores. The study selects the Altstadt of Zurich (the old city of Zurich) and the Shichahai historical district in Beijing, which have a long history and distinctive street patterns. First, this study digitised the historical maps into axis maps. Then, the study described the characteristics of the syntactic evolution of street networks in two cores over four different development stages. Subsequently, a comparative study of the evolution of different syntactic indicators in the two cases was conducted. Finally, it is concluded that although Shichahai and Altstadt are examples of top-down planned and self-organising areas, their street networks have a similar development trend. However, in their evolution, they show greater differentiation.","PeriodicalId":379677,"journal":{"name":"disP - The Planning Review","volume":"36 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127088379","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-01-02DOI: 10.1080/02513625.2021.1945822
W. Siebel
{"title":"Wider die Wohnung als Ware. Rezension zu Ernst Hubeli: Die neue Krise der Städte","authors":"W. Siebel","doi":"10.1080/02513625.2021.1945822","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/02513625.2021.1945822","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":379677,"journal":{"name":"disP - The Planning Review","volume":"37 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115885945","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-01-02DOI: 10.1080/02513625.2021.1945817
H. Mieg, H. Oevermann
Abstract Data from the Architects’ Council of Europe (ACE) show a very inhomogeneous distribution of architects among European countries, for example, high numbers of architects in Italy and Germany versus low numbers in the UK and France. These discrepancies cannot be explained by differences in the domestic construction markets. This paper reviews models of professionalisation to explain the heterogeneity among European architects and shows potential implications for the planning profession in Europe. We analyse the 2018 ACE data for the five European countries with the strongest labour markets for architects. Our findings led to three main conclusions: Firstly, such models of professionalisation add to an understanding of statistical data on architects in Europe. Secondly, a better understanding of the statistical data requires more than a single theory. Thirdly, as to the planning profession, the standard process model of professionalisation may work well for the UK, but not for the other European countries.
{"title":"Architects in Europe: Models of Professionalisation and Potential Implications for the Planning Profession","authors":"H. Mieg, H. Oevermann","doi":"10.1080/02513625.2021.1945817","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/02513625.2021.1945817","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Data from the Architects’ Council of Europe (ACE) show a very inhomogeneous distribution of architects among European countries, for example, high numbers of architects in Italy and Germany versus low numbers in the UK and France. These discrepancies cannot be explained by differences in the domestic construction markets. This paper reviews models of professionalisation to explain the heterogeneity among European architects and shows potential implications for the planning profession in Europe. We analyse the 2018 ACE data for the five European countries with the strongest labour markets for architects. Our findings led to three main conclusions: Firstly, such models of professionalisation add to an understanding of statistical data on architects in Europe. Secondly, a better understanding of the statistical data requires more than a single theory. Thirdly, as to the planning profession, the standard process model of professionalisation may work well for the UK, but not for the other European countries.","PeriodicalId":379677,"journal":{"name":"disP - The Planning Review","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128413538","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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