Journal of the Mechanical Behavior of Biomedical Materials最新文献

{"title":"Influence of plate working length on fatigue life in load bearing osteosynthesis constructs: Experimental insights and validated finite element predictions","authors":"Dominic Mischler ,&nbsp;Mark Glyde ,&nbsp;Michael Kowaleski ,&nbsp;Antoine Vautrin ,&nbsp;Simon Lambert ,&nbsp;Peter Varga","doi":"10.1016/j.jmbbm.2025.107322","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jmbbm.2025.107322","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Fatigue failure of osteosynthesis plates in load bearing constructs remains a significant clinical challenge, with plate working length (PWL) influencing stress distribution and implant life span. Despite conflicting evidence on PWL's impact, finite element (FE) models offer potential for predicting fatigue life, yet their application to PWL-specific fatigue in bone-plate constructs is limited.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>This study investigated the effect of PWL on fatigue life in load bearing constructs using experimental cyclic testing and FE modeling. Synthetic bone models with a 10 mm osteotomy gap were stabilized with 3.5 mm stainless steel locking compression plates, testing short (1 empty hole), medium (3 empty holes), and long (5 empty holes) PWL configurations (N = 6 per group) under sinusoidal loading (260 N peak, 3 Hz). A second sub-study assessed the medium PWL across nine load levels (220–380 N). FE models, validated against experimental force-displacement curves, predicted cycles to failure using Basquin's stress-based criteria. Statistical analyses compared experimental and FE-predicted cycles.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Shorter PWL significantly increased fatigue life (short: 1.19 × 10⁶ ± 0.28 × 10⁶ cycles; medium: 0.35 × 10⁶ ± 0.07 × 10⁶; long: 0.20 × 10⁶ ± 0.04 × 10⁶; p &lt; 0.003). FE predictions closely matched experimental cycles for medium and long PWL (p &gt; 0.05) but underpredicted for short PWL (p = 0.03), likely due to tied interface assumptions. Most short PWL constructs survived beyond 10⁶ cycles, reaching up to 1.5 million cycles in the very high-cycle fatigue regime without failing, where Basquin's accuracy may decrease. Sub-study 2 showed a strong load-life correlation (R² = 0.96), with FE predictions achieving high accuracy (CCC = 0.972, REE = 6.3 %).</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>Shorter PWL enhances fatigue life in load bearing constructs by reducing plate stress, challenging traditional beliefs favoring longer PWL. FE models effectively predict fatigue life for medium and long PWL, supporting preoperative optimization, but require refinement for short PWL, including frictional contact modeling and alternative fatigue models for very high-cycle fatigue. Validation in physiological conditions is needed to enhance clinical applicability.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":380,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Mechanical Behavior of Biomedical Materials","volume":"175 ","pages":"Article 107322"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-12-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145835706","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cervical spine posture, but not head-end motion constraints, governs the kinematic and kinetic response in sub-injurious axial impacts","authors":"Darcy W. Thompson-Bagshaw PhD ,&nbsp;Ryan D. Quarrington PhD ,&nbsp;Peter A. Cripton PhD ,&nbsp;Claire F. Jones PhD","doi":"10.1016/j.jmbbm.2025.107321","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jmbbm.2025.107321","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Head-first impacts can produce traumatic cervical spine injuries resulting in tetraplegia. These injury patterns are thought to relate to the alignment of the loading vector relative to the spinal column. Pre-impact posture and subsequent head and intervertebral kinematics, including spinal buckling and head motion relative to the spine and torso, can generate complex spinal configurations. These motions often precede injury onset and can be observed with <em>ex vivo</em> models in which applied loads remain below injury thresholds. This study examined the kinematic response of the cervical spine to dynamic axial compression at sub-injurious severities, enabling inter- and intra-specimen comparisons across varying initial spinal postures and head motion constraints. Human cervical spine specimens (N = 7) were subjected to repeated 1 m/s axial impacts, while the applied head constraint (sagittal rotation and/or anterior translation) and initial posture (anterior eccentricity and curvature) were varied. Pre-impact head–T1 eccentricity and curvature, head-end motion during impact, intervertebral kinematics, and impact loads were recorded. Head-end anterior translation and flexion rotation were minimal across all constraint conditions (&lt;11.5 mm, &lt;9.0°). Head constraint had no detected effect on peak force (541–2457 N), deformation (3.2–11 mm), or stiffness (81–1074 N/mm) (all p &gt; 0.05). In contrast, greater initial curvature and eccentricity reduced stiffness and peak force, and increased deformation (p &lt; 0.05). Greater initial curvature also produced larger changes in intervertebral flexion-extension during impact (p &lt; 0.05). These results demonstrate that pre-impact posture dictates the cervical spine's sub-injurious axial response at discrete anterior eccentricities, which may be further explored using computational models validated using this dataset.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":380,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Mechanical Behavior of Biomedical Materials","volume":"175 ","pages":"Article 107321"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-12-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145835786","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effect of posterior inclination and facet joint orientation on the annulus fibrosus stiffness and rotational stability of the thoracolumbar spine","authors":"Federica Incatasciato ,&nbsp;Peter P.G. Lafranca ,&nbsp;Luuk H.F. Souren ,&nbsp;Tijl A. van der Velden ,&nbsp;René M. Castelein ,&nbsp;Tom P.C. Schlösser ,&nbsp;Bert van Rietbergen ,&nbsp;Keita Ito ,&nbsp;Joeri Kok","doi":"10.1016/j.jmbbm.2025.107319","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jmbbm.2025.107319","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The etiology of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) remains unresolved. The human upright posture results in vertebral posterior inclination. It has been hypothesized that this can lead to increased posterior shear in the thoracolumbar spine depending on the actual inclination angle and facet joint orientation which in turn could lead to unlocking of facet joints. This would result in increased axial rotation and thereby the likelihood of overstraining the fibers of the anterior annulus fibrosus (AF). Potentially, these aspects may enhance the risk of AIS development and progression. In this population-based in silico study, we use novel computational techniques to examine how posterior vertebral inclination and facet joint orientation affect range of motion and AF fiber strain in a cohort of children with increased AIS risk. Finite element subject-specific models of the T11-T12 motion segment were created from MR images of 18 prepubescent girls. An axial compressive force representing the combined action of gravity and muscle forces together with axial rotation moment was applied at three posterior inclination angles (5°, 15°, 25°). Facet joint orientation was modelled as subject-specific, lumbar, or thoracic. Posterior inclination had little impact on the stiffness of the neutral zone. However, the fraction of fibers exceeding 15 % strain increased from 14.5 ± 9.3 % at 5° to 18.7 ± 12.4 % at 25°. Transverse facet joint orientation angle highly correlated with the range of motion, but poorly correlated with fiber overstraining. Comparing the lumbar-oriented to the thoracic-oriented facet joints, fiber overstraining increased across all inclination degrees. This study showed that posterior inclination and increasing thoracic-like facet joint orientation increases AF fiber strains, providing further biomechanical evidence that helps understanding AIS development.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":380,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Mechanical Behavior of Biomedical Materials","volume":"175 ","pages":"Article 107319"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-12-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145829440","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluation of a novel 4-day decellularisation protocol for porcine flexor tendons: A comparative study with a 26-day process","authors":"Victoria Haines ,&nbsp;Jennifer Helen Edwards ,&nbsp;Anthony Herbert","doi":"10.1016/j.jmbbm.2025.107318","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jmbbm.2025.107318","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Rupture of the anterior cruciate ligament is a common sports-related injury that lacks intrinsic healing capacity, often necessitating surgical intervention. Our group has developed a new graft biomaterial, the decellularised porcine super flexor tendon (pSFT), designed to mitigate immune rejection post-implantation by removing cellular components. The current 26-day decellularisation process attenuates the mechanical properties of the graft, potentially disrupting the structural micro-cues that influence cell repopulation and integration. This study investigates a shortened 4-day protocol to determine whether mechanical properties are preserved more closely to native, unprocessed tissue.</div><div>Histological analysis and DNA quantification confirmed effective cell removal for both the 26-day and 4-day protocols. Native, 26-day processed, and 4-day processed grafts were mechanically evaluated through stress relaxation and failure testing. Following stress relaxation testing, several Maxwell-Weichert viscoelastic parameters were found to significantly differ between 26-day and native groups (E₀, E₁, E₂ &amp; τ₂), whereas between 4-day and native groups fewer significant differences were found (E₁ &amp; E₂). Following failure testing, again several parameters were found to significantly differ between 26-day and native groups (P_FAIL, UTS, E_linear and ε_T), whereas between 4-day and native groups only one parameter was significantly different (E_linear).</div><div>These findings indicate that the 4-day decellularisation process better preserves the native tissue mechanical properties, potentially reducing structural alterations and improving suitability for anterior cruciate ligament replacement.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":380,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Mechanical Behavior of Biomedical Materials","volume":"175 ","pages":"Article 107318"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-12-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145837305","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Time-resolved prediction of dental implant biomechanics through integration of finite element analysis, osseointegration dynamics, and deep learning","authors":"Jesús Rodriguez-Molinero ,&nbsp;María Prados-Privado","doi":"10.1016/j.jmbbm.2025.107316","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jmbbm.2025.107316","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Dental implant longevity depends on the complex interaction between mechanical stability and biological osseointegration. While finite element analysis (FEA) provides valuable mechanical insight, it remains static and computationally expensive.</div></div><div><h3>Objective</h3><div>This study presents a hybrid time-resolved computational framework combining finite element data, osseointegration dynamics, and deep learning to predict the biomechanical behavior of titanium dental implants throughout the healing process.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>A parametric 3D FEA model simulated 800 implant–bone configurations varying in geometry, loading, and bone quality. A mechanobiological model of osseointegration described the monthly evolution of bone density, bone–implant contact (BIC), and interfacial stiffness over 12 months. These temporal variables were integrated into a hybrid Multilayer Perceptron – Long Short-Term Memory (MLP–LSTM) neural network — designed to capture both spatial and time-dependent features—trained to predict von Mises stress (<span><math><mrow><msub><mi>σ</mi><mrow><mi>V</mi><mi>M</mi></mrow></msub></mrow></math></span>), maximum displacement (<span><math><mrow><msub><mi>δ</mi><mi>max</mi></msub></mrow></math></span>), and fatigue safety factor (FSF, an indicator of long-term structural failure risk).</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>The model achieved R² &gt; 0.98 for all outputs and mean absolute errors &lt;0.015. Temporal simulation revealed that interfacial stiffness increased by 270 %, while FSF declined nonlinearly with load above 200 N. Predictions were generated in &lt;0.01 s per case, offering &gt;4000 × speed-up compared to conventional FEA.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>The framework captures both mechanical and biological evolution of the implant–bone interface, providing physiologically realistic, computationally efficient predictions. This approach represents a step toward personalized, AI-assisted implant design and load management. Clinically, this tool allows for rapid pre-surgical screening of implant designs against patient-specific risk factors. Limitations include the reliance on synthetic data derived from simplified bone geometries, static loading assumptions, and unvalidated mechanobiological parameters, necessitating future in vivo validation. These findings represent a computational proof-of-concept and require validation against patient-specific geometries and biological data before clinical adoption.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":380,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Mechanical Behavior of Biomedical Materials","volume":"175 ","pages":"Article 107316"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-12-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145784198","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Benchmarking PA12 and PA12CF35 for selective laser sintering of patient-specific implants: a thermo-mechanical analysis","authors":"K. Zouggar ,&nbsp;D. Guerraiche ,&nbsp;K. Guerraiche ,&nbsp;K. Bendine ,&nbsp;M.W. Harmel ,&nbsp;K. Madani ,&nbsp;R.D.S.G. Campilho","doi":"10.1016/j.jmbbm.2025.107311","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jmbbm.2025.107311","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The present research investigates the impact of carbon-filler reinforcement on the thermo-mechanical characteristics of polyamide 12 (PA12) during Selective Laser Sintering (SLS) for the production of specific cranial implants. A complete thermo-mechanical finite element analysis was developed using user subroutines (DFLUX, UMAT, and UEPActivationVol) from a commercial software Abaqus for modeling variations of temperature, warpage, crystallization kinetics, shrinkage, and residual stresses accumulation during the complete layer-wise sintering fabrication process. The model underwent quantitative validation against experimental benchmarks, demonstrating dimensional deviations of less than 5 % and warpage prediction errors below 15 %, thereby affirming its predictive reliability. The validated framework was subsequently utilized to compare neat PA12 with a 35 % carbon filler-reinforced composite (PA12CF35). The research results suggest that PA12CF35 displays a 26 % improvement in solidification speed, a 17.5 % decrease in shrinkage, and an estimated 5 % enhancement in warpage resistance compared to PA12. The use of carbon fillers improves thermal conductivity and reduces the peak temperature by 3.4 %, allowing more uniform melting and cooling across consecutive layers. Additionally, PA12CF35 exhibits a 7.7 % decrease in residual stress, resulting in improved structural stiffness and dimensional stability post-solidification.</div><div>The assessed results reveal that the designed model approach efficiently guides process optimization and composite design in polymer-based SLS. The enhanced thermo-mechanical properties of PA12CF35 underscore its suitability for advanced cranial implants developed via additive manufacturing.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":380,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Mechanical Behavior of Biomedical Materials","volume":"175 ","pages":"Article 107311"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-12-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145795540","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Reassessing the center of resistance in maxillary central incisors for clinical application","authors":"Falko Schmidt,&nbsp;Martin Eberhard Geiger,&nbsp;Bernd Georg Lapatki","doi":"10.1016/j.jmbbm.2025.107312","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jmbbm.2025.107312","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The center of resistance (CR) allows orthodontists to predict tooth movement (TM) in response to therapeutic load application. However, previously reported CR locations vary immensely, questioning the reliability of commonly used mean values. This study quantifies CR variability in maxillary central incisors relative to anatomical variables to improve the reliability and individualization of CR assessment.</div><div>CR locations were determined from volumetric scans of 30 teeth using nonlinear finite element analysis under clinically relevant loads. Results for various labiolingual crown inclinations (−45°–30°), expressed as vertical distance to the orthodontic bracket and relative to root height, were analyzed and compared with literature, considering load direction and methodology employed. Morphological and load variables were correlated with CR locations via linear regression, and predictor importance was assessed.</div><div>The mean vertical CR-to-bracket-center distance was 9.1 mm in Andrews’ anatomical orientation. Thirty-degree retroclination (vertical tooth long axis) and proclination yielded 11.6 mm and 4.3 mm, respectively. Morphology-driven 95 % variability was consistently around 4.4 mm. Relative to root height, CR locations were highly reference-dependent, averaging 44–55 % from the mesiodistal alveolar margin and -15–40 % from the labial margin, over the inclination range. Vertical tooth height was the dominant predictor, explaining 93 % of CR variability. Further accounting for labiolingual crown inclination reduced the 95 % prediction interval half-width to 1 mm.</div><div>A reliable CR description requires a well-defined reference frame and is best normalized by vertical tooth length. Including inclination and TM direction as predictors enables sufficiently accurate CR estimates for advanced computer-aided treatment planning and simulation.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":380,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Mechanical Behavior of Biomedical Materials","volume":"175 ","pages":"Article 107312"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-12-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145829429","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Shape analysis of post-extraction needle holes in porcine skin","authors":"Marek Trączyński ,&nbsp;Katarzyna Rosłan ,&nbsp;Natalia Budzińska ,&nbsp;Marcin Suszyński ,&nbsp;Rafał Talar","doi":"10.1016/j.jmbbm.2025.107313","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jmbbm.2025.107313","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Hypodermic needle injections are widely used in clinical practice, yet the detailed morphology of skin punctures remains insufficiently characterized. This study aimed to investigate how needle size, insertion depth, sample storage time, and insertion angle influence the dimensions and shape of puncture wounds. Using porcine skin as a human tissue analog, over 200 needle insertions were conducted, and punctures were quantitatively analyzed through optical profilometry. Results demonstrated that puncture dimensions were consistently smaller than the needle's nominal size, indicating the significant influence of the skin's viscoelastic properties. Deeper insertions resulted in more extensive tissue disruption, while refrigerated tissues exhibited increased deformation compared to fresh ones. Additionally, rotating the needle around its axis altered the puncture geometry, reflecting the orientation of collagen fibers beneath the skin. The article also includes images of hypodermic needle skin holes at various stages of insertion, providing visual insight into puncture formation. These findings, together with the proposed theory on puncture formation in the skin caused by hypodermic needles, offer a basis for the development of more optimized injection techniques, with potential to support creation of reference wound-shape patterns.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":380,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Mechanical Behavior of Biomedical Materials","volume":"175 ","pages":"Article 107313"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-12-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145795516","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Corrigendum to “Corrosion-fatigue of additively manufactured Ti6Al4V” [J. Mech. Behav. Biomed. Mater. 175 107289]","authors":"William W. Hogg,&nbsp;Mueed Jamal,&nbsp;Nathaniel W. Zuckschwerdt,&nbsp;Cohen M. Hess,&nbsp;Susmita Bose,&nbsp;Amit Bandyopadhyay","doi":"10.1016/j.jmbbm.2025.107304","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jmbbm.2025.107304","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":380,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Mechanical Behavior of Biomedical Materials","volume":"175 ","pages":"Article 107304"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-12-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145752475","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Submaximal low-strain cyclic loading induces localized inelastic deformation & diminished energy dissipation in the anterior cruciate ligament","authors":"Peter M. Kuetzing ,&nbsp;Ulrich M. Scheven ,&nbsp;Ellen M. Arruda","doi":"10.1016/j.jmbbm.2025.107309","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jmbbm.2025.107309","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Submaximal loading during routine activities is an understudied contributor to evolving mechanics preceding acute Anterior Cruciate Ligament (ACL) injury. This study characterizes the history-dependent mechanical response of the anteromedial (AM) bundle of the ACL subjected to repeated submaximal low-strain cyclic loading and intermittent recovery periods. This loading regime represents early-stage behavior often referred to as preconditioning, which is important for achieving steady-state mechanics but also for understanding the onset of irreversible changes. Digital image correlation (DIC) reveals the development of localized inelastic deformation in regions corresponding to clinically observed acute ACL tears. Complementary repeated cycle-recovery (RCR) experiments reveal that inelastic deformation and normalized hysteresis follow a dual-regime pattern, with pronounced early-cycle attenuation followed by a linear-log response. These findings indicate that submaximal loading induces irreversible mechanical changes on short time scales and establishes a mechanistic link between physiological relevant load histories and increased site-specific susceptibility of the ACL.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":380,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Mechanical Behavior of Biomedical Materials","volume":"175 ","pages":"Article 107309"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-12-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145784232","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}