Schizophrenia Research-Cognition最新文献

英文中文

Starting from scratch: Ziermans et al. commentary 从零开始：Ziermans等人的评论

IF 3 Q2 PSYCHIATRY

Schizophrenia Research-Cognition

Pub Date : 2026-03-01 Epub Date: 2025-12-10 DOI: 10.1016/j.scog.2025.100414

David Dodell-Feder , Steven M. Silverstein

引用次数: 0

Divergent age-related cognitive impairments in first-episode psychosis 首发精神病中不同年龄相关认知障碍

IF 3 Q2 PSYCHIATRY

Schizophrenia Research-Cognition

Pub Date : 2026-03-01 Epub Date: 2025-09-22 DOI: 10.1016/j.scog.2025.100394

ChengFei Duan , ChunHua Cao , MingLiang Ju , YanYan Wei , XiaoChen Tang , LiHua Xu , HuiRu Cui , YingYing Tang , ZhengHui Yi , Xin Wei , JiJun Wang , TianHong Zhang

Background

Cognitive impairment is a core feature of first-episode psychosis (FEP), but its age-associated cognitive patterns remain unclear. Prior studies suggest FEP is associated with baseline cognitive deficits and accelerated decline, yet inconsistencies exist regarding whether cognitive aging in FEP mirrors or diverges from healthy aging.

Methods

We compared 378 drug-naive FEP patients and 477 healthy controls (HC) using the Measurement and Treatment Research to Improve Cognition in Schizophrenia (MATRICS) Consensus Cognitive Battery (MCCB). Clinical symptoms were evaluated via the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS). Age-correlations with cognitive domains were analyzed via Pearson's coefficients and Fisher's z-transformation.

Results

FEP patients showed significant deficits across all cognitive domains (all p < 0.001) and disrupted age-associated cognitive patterns. In HC, age was associated with gradual declines in memory (e.g., HVLT-R r = −0.304, p < 0.001), working memory (r = −0.168, p < 0.001), and learning functions, aligning with normative aging. FEP patients showed a complex pattern: while some executive functions (e.g., Trail Making A) mirrored HC's negative age correlations, social cognition (r = 0.174, p < 0.001), attention (r = 0.125, p = 0.015), and specific learning domains exhibited positive age associations. Group comparisons revealed significant differences in age-cognition relationships for verbal memory, working memory, and overall cognitive composites (all p < 0.0028 after Bonferroni correction), indicating disrupted cognitive aging in FEP.

Conclusions

FEP disrupts normative cognitive aging patterns, characterized by atypical decline and compensatory improvements. These findings highlight the need for longitudinal studies to clarify mechanisms and inform age-adapted interventions.

背景认知障碍是首发精神病（FEP）的核心特征，但其与年龄相关的认知模式尚不清楚。先前的研究表明，FEP与基线认知缺陷和加速衰退有关，但关于FEP的认知衰老是否反映或偏离健康衰老存在不一致。方法采用“改善精神分裂症认知的测量与治疗研究”（metrics）共识认知电池（MCCB）对378例初治FEP患者和477例健康对照（HC）进行比较。采用阳性和阴性症状量表（PANSS）评估临床症状。通过Pearson’s系数和Fisher’s z变换分析年龄与认知域的相关性。结果fep患者在所有认知领域均表现出显著的缺陷（均p <； 0.001），并破坏了与年龄相关的认知模式。在HC中，年龄与记忆力（例如，HVLT-R r = - 0.304, p < 0.001）、工作记忆（r = - 0.168, p < 0.001）和学习功能的逐渐下降有关，与正常衰老一致。FEP患者表现出复杂的模式：虽然某些执行功能（如Trail Making a）反映了HC的负年龄相关性，但社会认知（r = 0.174, p < 0.001）、注意力（r = 0.125, p = 0.015）和特定学习领域表现出正的年龄相关性。组间比较显示，言语记忆、工作记忆和整体认知复合材料的年龄认知关系存在显著差异（经Bonferroni校正后p均为0.0028），表明FEP的认知衰老受到干扰。结论fep破坏了正常的认知衰老模式，表现为非典型衰退和代偿性改善。这些发现强调了纵向研究的必要性，以阐明机制并为年龄适应的干预措施提供信息。

{"title":"Divergent age-related cognitive impairments in first-episode psychosis","authors":"ChengFei Duan , ChunHua Cao , MingLiang Ju , YanYan Wei , XiaoChen Tang , LiHua Xu , HuiRu Cui , YingYing Tang , ZhengHui Yi , Xin Wei , JiJun Wang , TianHong Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.scog.2025.100394","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.scog.2025.100394","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Cognitive impairment is a core feature of first-episode psychosis (FEP), but its age-associated cognitive patterns remain unclear. Prior studies suggest FEP is associated with baseline cognitive deficits and accelerated decline, yet inconsistencies exist regarding whether cognitive aging in FEP mirrors or diverges from healthy aging.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>We compared 378 drug-naive FEP patients and 477 healthy controls (HC) using the Measurement and Treatment Research to Improve Cognition in Schizophrenia (MATRICS) Consensus Cognitive Battery (MCCB). Clinical symptoms were evaluated via the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS). Age-correlations with cognitive domains were analyzed via Pearson's coefficients and Fisher's z-transformation.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>FEP patients showed significant deficits across all cognitive domains (all <em>p</em> < 0.001) and disrupted age-associated cognitive patterns. In HC, age was associated with gradual declines in memory (e.g., HVLT-R <em>r</em> = −0.304, <em>p</em> < 0.001), working memory (<em>r</em> = −0.168, <em>p</em> < 0.001), and learning functions, aligning with normative aging. FEP patients showed a complex pattern: while some executive functions (e.g., Trail Making A) mirrored HC's negative age correlations, social cognition (<em>r</em> = 0.174, <em>p</em> < 0.001), attention (<em>r</em> = 0.125, <em>p</em> = 0.015), and specific learning domains exhibited positive age associations. Group comparisons revealed significant differences in age-cognition relationships for verbal memory, working memory, and overall cognitive composites (all <em>p</em> < 0.0028 after Bonferroni correction), indicating disrupted cognitive aging in FEP.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>FEP disrupts normative cognitive aging patterns, characterized by atypical decline and compensatory improvements. These findings highlight the need for longitudinal studies to clarify mechanisms and inform age-adapted interventions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":38119,"journal":{"name":"Schizophrenia Research-Cognition","volume":"43 ","pages":"Article 100394"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145110221","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Virtual reality–based cognitive remediation in severe mental illness: Current evidence from a narrative review 基于虚拟现实的严重精神疾病认知修复：来自叙述性回顾的当前证据

IF 3 Q2 PSYCHIATRY

Schizophrenia Research-Cognition

Pub Date : 2026-03-01 Epub Date: 2026-01-13 DOI: 10.1016/j.scog.2026.100418

Andrea Fiorillo , Stefano Barlati , Matteo Di Vincenzo , Umberto Albert , Giuseppe Carrà , Bernardo Dell'Osso , Giovanni Martinotti , Mario Luciano , Antonio Vita

Cognitive impairment is a pervasive feature across severe mental illnesses (SMIs), including schizophrenia spectrum disorders (SSDs), major depressive disorder (MDD), and bipolar disorder (BD), and is associated with poor functional outcomes and reduced quality of life. Cognitive remediation (CR) is an evidence-based psychosocial intervention aimed at improving cognitive functioning and daily functioning in individuals with SMI. In recent years, virtual reality (VR) has emerged as a promising modality for delivering CR in a more immersive, engaging, and ecologically valid manner. This narrative review synthesizes the current literature on the effectiveness of fully immersive VR-based CR interventions in SMI populations. Preliminary findings suggest that VR-CR may enhance treatment engagement, facilitate transfer of cognitive gains to real-life functioning, and support remote delivery. Although early results are encouraging, most available studies are limited by small sample sizes, short follow-up periods, and lack of standardized outcome measures. Further large-scale randomized controlled trials are needed to establish the long-term effectiveness, generalizability, and cost-efficiency of VR-CR approaches.

认知障碍是严重精神疾病（SMIs）的普遍特征，包括精神分裂症谱系障碍（ssd）、重度抑郁症（MDD）和双相情感障碍（BD），并与功能不良和生活质量下降有关。认知修复（Cognitive remediation， CR）是一种基于证据的心理社会干预，旨在改善重度精神分裂症患者的认知功能和日常功能。近年来，虚拟现实（VR）已经成为一种有前途的模式，以一种更身临其境、更吸引人、更生态有效的方式提供CR。这篇叙述性综述综合了目前关于重度精神障碍人群中完全沉浸式基于vr的CR干预有效性的文献。初步研究结果表明，VR-CR可以提高治疗参与度，促进认知收益向现实生活功能的转移，并支持远程交付。虽然早期的结果令人鼓舞，但大多数现有的研究受到样本量小、随访时间短和缺乏标准化结果测量的限制。需要进一步的大规模随机对照试验来确定VR-CR方法的长期有效性、普遍性和成本效益。

{"title":"Virtual reality–based cognitive remediation in severe mental illness: Current evidence from a narrative review","authors":"Andrea Fiorillo , Stefano Barlati , Matteo Di Vincenzo , Umberto Albert , Giuseppe Carrà , Bernardo Dell'Osso , Giovanni Martinotti , Mario Luciano , Antonio Vita","doi":"10.1016/j.scog.2026.100418","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.scog.2026.100418","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Cognitive impairment is a pervasive feature across severe mental illnesses (SMIs), including schizophrenia spectrum disorders (SSDs), major depressive disorder (MDD), and bipolar disorder (BD), and is associated with poor functional outcomes and reduced quality of life. Cognitive remediation (CR) is an evidence-based psychosocial intervention aimed at improving cognitive functioning and daily functioning in individuals with SMI. In recent years, virtual reality (VR) has emerged as a promising modality for delivering CR in a more immersive, engaging, and ecologically valid manner. This narrative review synthesizes the current literature on the effectiveness of fully immersive VR-based CR interventions in SMI populations. Preliminary findings suggest that VR-CR may enhance treatment engagement, facilitate transfer of cognitive gains to real-life functioning, and support remote delivery. Although early results are encouraging, most available studies are limited by small sample sizes, short follow-up periods, and lack of standardized outcome measures. Further large-scale randomized controlled trials are needed to establish the long-term effectiveness, generalizability, and cost-efficiency of VR-CR approaches.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":38119,"journal":{"name":"Schizophrenia Research-Cognition","volume":"44 ","pages":"Article 100418"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145977812","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Longitudinal measurements of inhibitory cognitive performance in patients with schizophrenia and bipolar disorder 精神分裂症和双相情感障碍患者抑制性认知表现的纵向测量。

IF 3 Q2 PSYCHIATRY

Schizophrenia Research-Cognition

Pub Date : 2026-03-01 Epub Date: 2026-02-20 DOI: 10.1016/j.scog.2026.100426

A. Smyrnis , G. Smyrnis , M. Lazaridi , A. Mantas , T. Karantinos , C. Klein , P. Maragos , N. Smyrnis

Background

Cognitive impairment is a major determinant of functional outcome in psychotic spectrum disorders. Among cognitive domains, motor response inhibition has received limited longitudinal investigation. The present study examined the temporal course of inhibitory performance and its relationship with dimensional psychopathology in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder.

Methods

Thirty-eight outpatients (23 schizophrenia spectrum, 15 bipolar spectrum) from the e-Prevention project were followed for up to 26 months. At monthly or bi-monthly intervals, participants completed a computerized Go/No-Go task assessing accuracy, response speed and intra-individual variability of response speed. Linear mixed-effects models evaluated the effects of time, diagnosis and longitudinal change in symptom severity on performance, controlling for medication and neuropsychological variables.

Results

Accuracy declined over time in schizophrenia but slightly improved in bipolar disorder, indicating divergent longitudinal trajectories (F = 9.02, p = .007). Time had no effect on response speed and intra-individual variability of response speed in either group. Increased positive symptom severity was associated with reduced accuracy in bipolar disorder but not in schizophrenia (F = 4.85, p = .036). Finally, greater speed intra-individual variability of response speed correlated with higher disorganization scores across diagnoses (F = 5.54, p = .027).

Conclusions

This study provides preliminary evidence that inhibitory control exhibits distinct temporal patterns in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. Schizophrenia could be marked by gradual accuracy decline, while in bipolar disorder, accuracy may show relative stability modulated by positive symptoms. Future work on larger samples should incorporate neurophysiology/neuroimaging, to elucidate the underlying neural mechanisms of these differences.

背景：认知障碍是精神病谱系障碍功能结局的主要决定因素。在认知领域中，运动反应抑制得到了有限的纵向研究。本研究探讨了精神分裂症和双相情感障碍患者抑制表现的时间过程及其与维度精神病理的关系。方法：对来自e-Prevention项目的38例门诊患者（精神分裂症23例，双相障碍15例）进行为期26个月的随访。每隔一个月或两个月，参与者完成一项计算机化的围棋/不围棋任务，评估准确性、反应速度和个体内部反应速度的可变性。线性混合效应模型评估了时间、诊断和症状严重程度的纵向变化对表现的影响，控制了药物和神经心理学变量。结果：精神分裂症的准确性随着时间的推移而下降，但双相情感障碍的准确性略有提高，表明纵向轨迹不同（F = 9.02, p = 0.007）。时间对两组的反应速度和反应速度的个体变异均无影响。阳性症状严重程度的增加与双相情感障碍的准确性降低相关，但与精神分裂症无关（F = 4.85, p = 0.036）。最后，反应速度的个体内部变异性与诊断中较高的混乱评分相关（F = 5.54, p = 0.027）。结论：本研究提供了初步证据，表明抑制控制在精神分裂症和双相情感障碍中表现出不同的时间模式。精神分裂症可能以准确性逐渐下降为特征，而双相情感障碍的准确性可能在阳性症状的调节下表现出相对稳定性。未来对更大样本的研究应纳入神经生理学/神经影像学，以阐明这些差异的潜在神经机制。

{"title":"Longitudinal measurements of inhibitory cognitive performance in patients with schizophrenia and bipolar disorder","authors":"A. Smyrnis , G. Smyrnis , M. Lazaridi , A. Mantas , T. Karantinos , C. Klein , P. Maragos , N. Smyrnis","doi":"10.1016/j.scog.2026.100426","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.scog.2026.100426","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Cognitive impairment is a major determinant of functional outcome in psychotic spectrum disorders. Among cognitive domains, motor response inhibition has received limited longitudinal investigation. The present study examined the temporal course of inhibitory performance and its relationship with dimensional psychopathology in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>Thirty-eight outpatients (23 schizophrenia spectrum, 15 bipolar spectrum) from the e-Prevention project were followed for up to 26 months. At monthly or bi-monthly intervals, participants completed a computerized Go/No-Go task assessing accuracy, response speed and intra-individual variability of response speed. Linear mixed-effects models evaluated the effects of time, diagnosis and longitudinal change in symptom severity on performance, controlling for medication and neuropsychological variables.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Accuracy declined over time in schizophrenia but slightly improved in bipolar disorder, indicating divergent longitudinal trajectories (F = 9.02, <em>p</em> = .007). Time had no effect on response speed and intra-individual variability of response speed in either group. Increased positive symptom severity was associated with reduced accuracy in bipolar disorder but not in schizophrenia (F = 4.85, <em>p</em> = .036). Finally, greater speed intra-individual variability of response speed correlated with higher disorganization scores across diagnoses (F = 5.54, <em>p</em> = .027).</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>This study provides preliminary evidence that inhibitory control exhibits distinct temporal patterns in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. Schizophrenia could be marked by gradual accuracy decline, while in bipolar disorder, accuracy may show relative stability modulated by positive symptoms. Future work on larger samples should incorporate neurophysiology/neuroimaging, to elucidate the underlying neural mechanisms of these differences.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":38119,"journal":{"name":"Schizophrenia Research-Cognition","volume":"44 ","pages":"Article 100426"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147310875","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Subjective cognitive complaint in at-risk mental states 高危精神状态的主观认知抱怨

IF 3 Q2 PSYCHIATRY

Schizophrenia Research-Cognition

Pub Date : 2026-03-01 Epub Date: 2025-12-03 DOI: 10.1016/j.scog.2025.100409

Mirvat Hamdan-Dumont , Pénélope Chardac , Marine Habert , Anne-Laure Virevialle , Jérémy Couturas , Benjamin Calvet

引用次数: 0

Neurocognitive function in schizophrenia spectrum disorders: A 20-year prospective study of a community sample 精神分裂症谱系障碍的神经认知功能：社区样本的20年前瞻性研究

IF 3 Q2 PSYCHIATRY

Schizophrenia Research-Cognition

Pub Date : 2026-03-01 Epub Date: 2025-09-30 DOI: 10.1016/j.scog.2025.100393

Christine Mohn , Anna-Karin Olsson , Maivor Olsson-Tall , Fredrik Hjärthag , Iris van Dijk Härd , Lars Helldin

Longitudinal studies of neurocognition in schizophrenia spectrum disorders (SSD) usually follow relatively young first-episode patients across several years. Comparatively little is known about the neurocognitive trajectory of samples also consisting of older patients. This is a 20-year follow-up study of participants who performed the baseline assessment at different ages and utilizes data from the Swedish Clinical Long-Term Psychosis Study (CLIPS). At baseline, 61 SSD patients were included and available for clinical assessment after 20 years. Of these, 28 performed neurocognitive assessment at both baseline and 20 years later. The test results from this group were used for this study. After 20 years, the participants exhibited significantly worsening cognitive flexibility, verbal learning, verbal retention memory, and verbal intellectual function compared to baseline. All the statistically significant differences from baseline to follow-up had large effect sizes. The other cognitive domains showed no statistically significant changes from baseline for either group. We conclude that although the overall picture was one of neurocognitive stability across 20 years, our participants showed signs of accelerated ageing in the verbal domain specifically.

精神分裂症谱系障碍（SSD）神经认知的纵向研究通常对相对年轻的首发患者进行数年随访。相对而言，我们对老年患者的神经认知轨迹知之甚少。这是一项20年的随访研究，参与者在不同年龄进行基线评估，并利用瑞典临床长期精神病研究（CLIPS）的数据。在基线时，61例SSD患者在20年后可用于临床评估。其中28人在基线和20年后都进行了神经认知评估。本研究采用了该组的测试结果。20年后，与基线相比，参与者表现出显著恶化的认知灵活性、言语学习、言语保留记忆和言语智力功能。从基线到随访的所有统计学显著差异均具有较大的效应量。两组的其他认知领域与基线相比没有统计学上的显著变化。我们得出的结论是，尽管20年来的总体情况是神经认知稳定的，但我们的参与者在语言领域表现出加速衰老的迹象。

{"title":"Neurocognitive function in schizophrenia spectrum disorders: A 20-year prospective study of a community sample","authors":"Christine Mohn , Anna-Karin Olsson , Maivor Olsson-Tall , Fredrik Hjärthag , Iris van Dijk Härd , Lars Helldin","doi":"10.1016/j.scog.2025.100393","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.scog.2025.100393","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Longitudinal studies of neurocognition in schizophrenia spectrum disorders (SSD) usually follow relatively young first-episode patients across several years. Comparatively little is known about the neurocognitive trajectory of samples also consisting of older patients. This is a 20-year follow-up study of participants who performed the baseline assessment at different ages and utilizes data from the Swedish Clinical Long-Term Psychosis Study (CLIPS). At baseline, 61 SSD patients were included and available for clinical assessment after 20 years. Of these, 28 performed neurocognitive assessment at both baseline and 20 years later. The test results from this group were used for this study. After 20 years, the participants exhibited significantly worsening cognitive flexibility, verbal learning, verbal retention memory, and verbal intellectual function compared to baseline. All the statistically significant differences from baseline to follow-up had large effect sizes. The other cognitive domains showed no statistically significant changes from baseline for either group. We conclude that although the overall picture was one of neurocognitive stability across 20 years, our participants showed signs of accelerated ageing in the verbal domain specifically.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":38119,"journal":{"name":"Schizophrenia Research-Cognition","volume":"43 ","pages":"Article 100393"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145227649","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Visual suppression deficits as a biomarker of working memory impairment in schizophrenia 视觉抑制缺陷作为精神分裂症工作记忆障碍的生物标志物

IF 3 Q2 PSYCHIATRY

Schizophrenia Research-Cognition

Pub Date : 2026-03-01 Epub Date: 2025-10-11 DOI: 10.1016/j.scog.2025.100395

Cristina Filannino , Elliot Freeman , Andrew Parton , Neelam Laxhman , Corinna Haenschel

Introduction

Although working memory (WM) deficits are well established in schizophrenia (SZ), their underlying source is still unclear. It has been proposed that these WM deficits may depend on an imbalance between cortical excitation and inhibition (E/I), but its importance for SZ remains unclear. A potential biomarker for E/I is visual Surround Suppression (SS), where the apparent contrast of a central grating is typically suppressed by a surround with parallel orientation (versus orthogonal). Here we exploited the SS phenomenon to test whether E/I contributes to WM impairments in schizophrenia.

Methods

Using centre-surround gratings, we measured psychophysical thresholds for contrast matching, detection and orientation discrimination, in 21 SZ patients and 20 matched controls. Using the same stimuli, we also measured WM accuracy and event-related potentials (ERPs) in a delayed-match-to-sample task.

Results

In SZ participants, reduced SS predicted impaired WM performance as well as general cognitive measures (CANTAB). Similar relationships were also observed between other early visual measures (impaired contrast detection and orientation discrimination), WM and general cognition. In response to SS, there was reduced amplitude visual ERPs (P1, N1 and P2) in patients compared with controls. Furthermore, across both groups the P1 amplitude correlated with visual SS.

Conclusion

Together, these findings provide evidence that imbalances in cortical excitation and inhibition may contribute to visual and some cognitive deficits in schizophrenia, and that SS may provide a behavioural and electrophysiological biomarker.

虽然工作记忆（WM）缺陷在精神分裂症（SZ）中得到了很好的确立，但其潜在的来源仍不清楚。有人提出，这些WM缺陷可能取决于皮层兴奋和抑制（E/I）之间的不平衡，但其对SZ的重要性尚不清楚。E/I的潜在生物标志物是视觉环绕抑制（SS），其中中心光栅的明显对比度通常被平行方向的环绕抑制（相对于正交方向）。在这里，我们利用SS现象来检验精神分裂症中E/I是否会导致WM损伤。方法采用中心-环绕光栅测量21例SZ患者和20例对照组的对比匹配、检测和取向辨别的心理物理阈值。使用相同的刺激，我们还测量了延迟匹配-样本任务中WM的准确性和事件相关电位（erp）。结果在SZ参与者中，SS降低预示着WM表现和一般认知测量（CANTAB）的受损。在其他早期视觉测量（对比度检测和方向辨别受损）、WM和一般认知之间也观察到类似的关系。与对照组相比，SS治疗组患者的视觉erp （P1、N1和P2）振幅降低。此外，在两组中，P1振幅与视觉SS相关。结论：这些发现提供了证据，表明皮层兴奋和抑制的不平衡可能导致精神分裂症患者的视觉和某些认知缺陷，并且SS可能提供了一种行为和电生理生物标志物。

{"title":"Visual suppression deficits as a biomarker of working memory impairment in schizophrenia","authors":"Cristina Filannino , Elliot Freeman , Andrew Parton , Neelam Laxhman , Corinna Haenschel","doi":"10.1016/j.scog.2025.100395","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.scog.2025.100395","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Introduction</h3><div>Although working memory (WM) deficits are well established in schizophrenia (SZ), their underlying source is still unclear. It has been proposed that these WM deficits may depend on an imbalance between cortical excitation and inhibition (E/I), but its importance for SZ remains unclear. A potential biomarker for E/I is visual Surround Suppression (SS), where the apparent contrast of a central grating is typically suppressed by a surround with parallel orientation (versus orthogonal). Here we exploited the SS phenomenon to test whether E/I contributes to WM impairments in schizophrenia.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>Using centre-surround gratings, we measured psychophysical thresholds for contrast matching, detection and orientation discrimination, in 21 SZ patients and 20 matched controls. Using the same stimuli, we also measured WM accuracy and event-related potentials (ERPs) in a delayed-match-to-sample task.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>In SZ participants, reduced SS predicted impaired WM performance as well as general cognitive measures (CANTAB). Similar relationships were also observed between other early visual measures (impaired contrast detection and orientation discrimination), WM and general cognition. In response to SS, there was reduced amplitude visual ERPs (P1, N1 and P2) in patients compared with controls. Furthermore, across both groups the P1 amplitude correlated with visual SS.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>Together, these findings provide evidence that imbalances in cortical excitation and inhibition may contribute to visual and some cognitive deficits in schizophrenia, and that SS may provide a behavioural and electrophysiological biomarker.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":38119,"journal":{"name":"Schizophrenia Research-Cognition","volume":"43 ","pages":"Article 100395"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145269923","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Exploring the interplay between language use and cognitive function in schizophrenia spectrum disorders: Insights from patients, first degree relatives, and healthy controls 探索精神分裂症谱系障碍中语言使用与认知功能之间的相互作用：来自患者、一级亲属和健康对照者的见解

IF 3 Q2 PSYCHIATRY

Schizophrenia Research-Cognition

Pub Date : 2026-03-01 Epub Date: 2025-10-17 DOI: 10.1016/j.scog.2025.100398

Rosa Ayesa-Arriola , Carlos Martinez-Asensi , Alexandre Díaz-Pons , Víctor Ortiz-García de la Foz , Claudia Parás , Chaimaa El Mouslih , Roozbeh Sattari , Sara Incera , Lena Palaniyappan

Background

For people with schizophrenia spectrum disorders (SSD), communication characterized by disrupted language use is common. However, the role of cognitive function in everyday language disruptions in SSD remains unclear. Family studies help control for confounding factors such as symptom burden, medication use and environment, offering insight into the interplay between language and cognition in SSD.

Study design

We examined linguistic features in naturalistic speech from 176 individuals (51 with SSD, 77 first-degree relatives [50 parents, 27 siblings], and 48 healthy controls). Tasks included conversations, picture descriptions, story narration, reading and recall. We assessed cognitive domains: attention, verbal/visual memory, working memory, executive function, processing speed, motor dexterity, and theory of mind. We then studied associations between cognition and language.

Results

Different patterns emerged across groups. In controls, longer speech and fewer pronouns were linked to better cognition. In SSD, greater adposition use and fewer pronouns related to better memory, executive function, and IQ. Among parents, more coordinating conjunctions during narration correlated with better visual memory and motor dexterity. Siblings showed the strongest, broadest associations: better cognition predicted richer language and fewer pronouns, especially tied to global and motor function. Story narration revealed the richest cognitive–linguistic links.

Conclusions

In people with SSD and their relatives, specific cognitive deficits are reflected in everyday speech, regardless of content. These findings highlight the role of discourse context in shaping language–cognition relationships and support future research using language markers in psychosis.

对于精神分裂症谱系障碍（SSD）患者来说，以语言使用中断为特征的沟通是常见的。然而，认知功能在SSD日常语言中断中的作用尚不清楚。家庭研究有助于控制症状负担、药物使用和环境等混杂因素，深入了解SSD患者语言与认知之间的相互作用。我们研究了176名个体（51名SSD患者，77名一级亲属[50名父母，27名兄弟姐妹]和48名健康对照者）的自然语言特征。任务包括对话、图片描述、故事叙述、阅读和回忆。我们评估了认知领域：注意力、语言/视觉记忆、工作记忆、执行功能、处理速度、运动灵活性和心理理论。然后我们研究了认知和语言之间的联系。结果不同组出现了不同的模式。在对照组中，更长的言语和更少的代词与更好的认知有关。在固态硬盘中，更多的对位使用和更少的代词与更好的记忆力、执行功能和智商有关。父母在叙述过程中使用的协调连词越多，他们的视觉记忆和运动灵巧性就越好。兄弟姐妹表现出最强烈、最广泛的联系：更好的认知预示着更丰富的语言和更少的代词，尤其是与全球和运动功能相关的。故事叙述揭示了最丰富的认知-语言联系。结论在SSD患者及其亲属中，具体的认知缺陷体现在日常言语中，无论内容如何。这些发现强调了话语语境在塑造语言认知关系中的作用，并支持了未来在精神病中使用语言标记的研究。

{"title":"Exploring the interplay between language use and cognitive function in schizophrenia spectrum disorders: Insights from patients, first degree relatives, and healthy controls","authors":"Rosa Ayesa-Arriola , Carlos Martinez-Asensi , Alexandre Díaz-Pons , Víctor Ortiz-García de la Foz , Claudia Parás , Chaimaa El Mouslih , Roozbeh Sattari , Sara Incera , Lena Palaniyappan","doi":"10.1016/j.scog.2025.100398","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.scog.2025.100398","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>For people with schizophrenia spectrum disorders (SSD), communication characterized by disrupted language use is common. However, the role of cognitive function in everyday language disruptions in SSD remains unclear. Family studies help control for confounding factors such as symptom burden, medication use and environment, offering insight into the interplay between language and cognition in SSD.</div></div><div><h3>Study design</h3><div>We examined linguistic features in naturalistic speech from 176 individuals (51 with SSD, 77 first-degree relatives [50 parents, 27 siblings], and 48 healthy controls). Tasks included conversations, picture descriptions, story narration, reading and recall. We assessed cognitive domains: attention, verbal/visual memory, working memory, executive function, processing speed, motor dexterity, and theory of mind. We then studied associations between cognition and language.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Different patterns emerged across groups. In controls, longer speech and fewer pronouns were linked to better cognition. In SSD, greater adposition use and fewer pronouns related to better memory, executive function, and IQ. Among parents, more coordinating conjunctions during narration correlated with better visual memory and motor dexterity. Siblings showed the strongest, broadest associations: better cognition predicted richer language and fewer pronouns, especially tied to global and motor function. Story narration revealed the richest cognitive–linguistic links.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>In people with SSD and their relatives, specific cognitive deficits are reflected in everyday speech, regardless of content. These findings highlight the role of discourse context in shaping language–cognition relationships and support future research using language markers in psychosis.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":38119,"journal":{"name":"Schizophrenia Research-Cognition","volume":"43 ","pages":"Article 100398"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145333923","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Theory of mind difficulties in people with social anhedonia: Evidence from behavioural and task-based functional magnetic resonance imaging findings 社会快感缺乏症患者的心理理论困难：来自行为和基于任务的功能磁共振成像结果的证据

IF 3 Q2 PSYCHIATRY

Schizophrenia Research-Cognition

Pub Date : 2026-03-01 Epub Date: 2025-10-31 DOI: 10.1016/j.scog.2025.100402

Yuan Cao , Ding-ding Hu , Winnie W.Y. So , Yi Wang , Xiao-dong Guo , Raymond C.K. Chan , David H.K. Shum

Background

Social Anhedonia (SA) is recognised as a negative symptom of the schizophrenia spectrum. Despite the emerging evidence of general impairment in Theory of Mind (ToM), the behavioural manifestation and underlying neural mechanisms of ToM deficits in SA remain unclear. The current study therefore adopted a multidimensional assessment approach to examine the effect of SA on ToM ability behaviourally and using fMRI.

Methods

A total of 47 participants with high SA (Mage = 21.43 years, SD = 4.23) and 46 with low SA (Mage = 22.70, SD = 2.91) were recruited to complete an adapted version of the Virtual Assessment of Mentalising Ability to evaluate ToM. Group differences were analysed using 2 (Type: Cognitive vs Affective ToM) × 2 (Order: First- vs Second-Order ToM) × 2 (Group: high vs low SA) repeated measures ANOVA. fMRI data were examined with general linear models and group comparisons, including ROI analyses to assess correlations between brain activation and behavioural measures.

Results

The participants with low SA showed better performance for first-order ToM than for second-order ToM. However, those with high SA did not show such a differential effect. Based on the fMRI results, the low SA group showed more activation than the high SA group in the medial frontal cortex and posterior cingulate cortex in second-order ToM than in first-order ToM.

Conclusion

The results demonstrate the impairment of ToM performance among those with high SA and highlight that it is crucial to examine the pattern of results rather than solely focusing on general ToM.

背景社交快感缺乏（SA）被认为是精神分裂症谱系的一种阴性症状。尽管越来越多的证据表明心理理论（ToM）有一般性的损害，但心理理论缺陷在SA中的行为表现和潜在的神经机制尚不清楚。因此，本研究采用了一种多维评估方法，从行为和功能磁共振成像的角度来研究SA对ToM能力的影响。方法选取47例高SA组（年龄21.43岁，SD = 4.23）和46例低SA组（年龄22.70岁，SD = 2.91），分别进行心理化能力虚拟评估。组间差异采用2（类型：认知SA vs情感SA） × 2（顺序：一阶SA vs二阶SA） × 2（组：高SA vs低SA）重复测量方差分析。fMRI数据通过一般线性模型和组比较进行检查，包括ROI分析，以评估大脑激活和行为测量之间的相关性。结果低SA的被试对一阶ToM的表现优于二阶ToM。然而，那些高SA的人没有表现出这种差异效应。fMRI结果显示，低SA组比高SA组在二级ToM中表现出更多的内侧额叶皮层和后扣带皮层的激活。结论研究结果表明，高SA组学生的英语学习能力存在一定程度的下降，不能只关注一般的英语学习能力，而应研究结果的规律。

{"title":"Theory of mind difficulties in people with social anhedonia: Evidence from behavioural and task-based functional magnetic resonance imaging findings","authors":"Yuan Cao , Ding-ding Hu , Winnie W.Y. So , Yi Wang , Xiao-dong Guo , Raymond C.K. Chan , David H.K. Shum","doi":"10.1016/j.scog.2025.100402","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.scog.2025.100402","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Social Anhedonia (SA) is recognised as a negative symptom of the schizophrenia spectrum. Despite the emerging evidence of general impairment in Theory of Mind (ToM), the behavioural manifestation and underlying neural mechanisms of ToM deficits in SA remain unclear. The current study therefore adopted a multidimensional assessment approach to examine the effect of SA on ToM ability behaviourally and using fMRI.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>A total of 47 participants with high SA (<em>Mage</em> = 21.43 years, <em>SD</em> = 4.23) and 46 with low SA (<em>Mage</em> = 22.70, <em>SD</em> = 2.91) were recruited to complete an adapted version of the Virtual Assessment of Mentalising Ability to evaluate ToM. Group differences were analysed using 2 (Type: Cognitive vs Affective ToM) × 2 (Order: First- vs Second-Order ToM) × 2 (Group: high vs low SA) repeated measures ANOVA. fMRI data were examined with general linear models and group comparisons, including ROI analyses to assess correlations between brain activation and behavioural measures.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>The participants with low SA showed better performance for first-order ToM than for second-order ToM. However, those with high SA did not show such a differential effect. Based on the fMRI results, the low SA group showed more activation than the high SA group in the medial frontal cortex and posterior cingulate cortex in second-order ToM than in first-order ToM.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>The results demonstrate the impairment of ToM performance among those with high SA and highlight that it is crucial to examine the pattern of results rather than solely focusing on general ToM.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":38119,"journal":{"name":"Schizophrenia Research-Cognition","volume":"43 ","pages":"Article 100402"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145424744","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Jumping to conclusions bias in early psychosis: Relationships with symptom dimensions, neurocognition and social cognition 早期精神病的结论偏误：与症状维度、神经认知和社会认知的关系

IF 3 Q2 PSYCHIATRY

Schizophrenia Research-Cognition

Pub Date : 2026-03-01 Epub Date: 2026-01-06 DOI: 10.1016/j.scog.2025.100416

Josep Pena-Garijo, María José Masanet, Ana Palop-Grau, María Lacruz

Cognitive biases, such as “jumping to conclusions” (JTC), play an important role in the development and maintenance of delusions in psychotic disorders. However, their associations with symptom dimensions in early psychosis (EP) remain unclear. We aimed to investigate whether patients with EP who tend to jump to conclusions differ from those who do not in terms of symptom dimensions. We also examined relationships among symptoms, JTC, neurocognition, facial emotion recognition (FER) and theory of mind (ToM).

Seventy-five patients attending an EP intervention programme were assessed using the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale and cognitive tasks. A multivariate analysis of covariance (MANCOVA) and a permutation-based nonparametric MANOVA (PERMANOVA), adjusted for demographic factors, were conducted to examine differences between patients with and without JTC bias across symptom dimensions and depressive symptoms. Bivariate correlations were performed to explore associations between variables.

A significant multivariate effect was found (Pillai’s trace = 0.291; F_{5, 65} = 5.330; p < .001) with large effect sizes. JTC patients scored higher than non-JTC patients on all symptom dimensions. At the symptom level, JTC bias was significantly correlated with delusions and hallucinations, as well as with ToM and FER.

Concluding, patients with EP who jump to conclusions exhibit a distinct symptom dimension pattern characterised by more severe symptoms. Furthermore, ToM and FER are related to JTC and symptom dimensions. These findings are clinically relevant, as psychological interventions targeting cognitive biases and social cognition appear to be effective in improving psychotic symptoms. Further studies are needed to replicate these findings.

认知偏差，如“过早下结论”（JTC），在精神病患者妄想的发展和维持中起着重要作用。然而，它们与早期精神病（EP）症状维度的关系尚不清楚。我们的目的是调查倾向于直接下结论的EP患者与不倾向于直接下结论的EP患者在症状维度上是否存在差异。我们还研究了症状、JTC、神经认知、面部情绪识别（FER）和心理理论（ToM）之间的关系。75名参加EP干预计划的患者使用阳性和阴性综合征量表和认知任务进行评估。采用多变量协方差分析（MANCOVA）和基于排列的非参数方差分析（PERMANOVA），对人口统计学因素进行调整，以检查有和没有JTC偏倚的患者在症状维度和抑郁症状方面的差异。采用双变量相关性来探讨变量之间的关联。发现显著的多变量效应（Pillai 's trace = 0.291; F5, 65 = 5.330; p < .001），效应量大。JTC患者在所有症状维度上得分均高于非JTC患者。在症状水平上，JTC偏倚与妄想、幻觉、ToM和FER显著相关。总之，急于下结论的EP患者表现出明显的症状维度模式，其特征是症状更严重。此外，ToM和FER与JTC和症状维度相关。这些发现具有临床相关性，因为针对认知偏差和社会认知的心理干预似乎对改善精神病症状有效。需要进一步的研究来重复这些发现。

{"title":"Jumping to conclusions bias in early psychosis: Relationships with symptom dimensions, neurocognition and social cognition","authors":"Josep Pena-Garijo, María José Masanet, Ana Palop-Grau, María Lacruz","doi":"10.1016/j.scog.2025.100416","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.scog.2025.100416","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Cognitive biases, such as “jumping to conclusions” (JTC), play an important role in the development and maintenance of delusions in psychotic disorders. However, their associations with symptom dimensions in early psychosis (EP) remain unclear. We aimed to investigate whether patients with EP who tend to jump to conclusions differ from those who do not in terms of symptom dimensions. We also examined relationships among symptoms, JTC, neurocognition, facial emotion recognition (FER) and theory of mind (ToM).</div><div>Seventy-five patients attending an EP intervention programme were assessed using the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale and cognitive tasks. A multivariate analysis of covariance (MANCOVA) and a permutation-based nonparametric MANOVA (PERMANOVA), adjusted for demographic factors, were conducted to examine differences between patients with and without JTC bias across symptom dimensions and depressive symptoms. Bivariate correlations were performed to explore associations between variables.</div><div>A significant multivariate effect was found (Pillai’s trace = 0.291; F<sub>5, 65</sub> = 5.330; p < .001) with large effect sizes. JTC patients scored higher than non-JTC patients on all symptom dimensions. At the symptom level, JTC bias was significantly correlated with delusions and hallucinations, as well as with ToM and FER.</div><div>Concluding, patients with EP who jump to conclusions exhibit a distinct symptom dimension pattern characterised by more severe symptoms. Furthermore, ToM and FER are related to JTC and symptom dimensions. These findings are clinically relevant, as psychological interventions targeting cognitive biases and social cognition appear to be effective in improving psychotic symptoms. Further studies are needed to replicate these findings.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":38119,"journal":{"name":"Schizophrenia Research-Cognition","volume":"44 ","pages":"Article 100416"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145926433","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

首页上一页

下一页尾页

类型

全部化学•材料生命科学医学物理工程技术环境•农林材料科学地球科学法学管理学化学环境科学与生态学计算机科学教育学经济学农林科学人文科学生物学数学物理与天体物理心理学综合性期刊其他工业工程理学历史学农学文学信息工程

数据库

全部 ACS Publications Elsevier ieeexplore Springer The Royal Society of Chemistry Wiley

期刊

Schizophrenia Research-Cognition

全部 Acta Geophys. Chem. Ecol. Ecol. Indic. GEOLOGY GEOL BELG Acta Geochimica Environmental Claims Journal Eurasian Physical Technical Journal Ocean Dyn. Int. J. Biometeorol. Ecol. Monogr. Am. J. Sci. Org. Geochem. Yan Ke Xue Bao (Hong Kong) Aquat. Geochem. CRIT REV ENV SCI TEC ASTRON ASTROPHYS Environ. Eng. Manage. J. COMP BIOCHEM PHYS C Polar Sci. 环境与发展 Geochem. Int. Geol. Ore Deposits Environ. Eng. Res. Int. J. Geomech. EUR PSYCHIAT AAPG Bull. EQEC'96. 1996 European Quantum Electronic Conference Atmos. Res. European Journal of Biological Research J. Adv. Model. Earth Syst. Int. J. Climatol. Environmental dermatology : the official journal of the Japanese Society for Contact Dermatitis 2011 International Conference on Computer Distributed Control and Intelligent Environmental Monitoring 航空科学与技术(英文) ECOTOXICOLOGY Am. Mineral. PALAEOGEOGR PALAEOCL Contrib. Mineral. Petrol. Ore Geol. Rev. ACTA NEUROL BELG Equine veterinary journal. Supplement ENVIRON HEALTH-GLOB J. Hydrol. Condens. Matter Phys. Environ. Toxicol. Pharmacol. Quat. Int. Conserv. Biol. FOLIA PHONIATR LOGO Pure Appl. Geophys. Hydrol. Processes Acta Oceanolog. Sin. J NONLINEAR OPT PHYS Classical Quantum Gravity J. Environ. Eng. Geophys. Geochem. Perspect. European journal of biochemistry Exp. Biol. Med. ERN: Stock Market Risk (Topic) 1997 IEEE Ultrasonics Symposium Proceedings. An International Symposium (Cat. No.97CH36118) Gondwana Res. Earth Syst. Dyn. Communications Earth & Environment Carbon Balance Manage. Ecol. Res. SCI CHINA EARTH SCI European Journal of Clinical and Experimental Medicine Int. J. Geog. Inf. Sci. 2012 IEEE/ACM Sixth International Symposium on Networks-on-Chip Gulhane Medical Journal 2011 International Conference on Electrical and Control Engineering RADIOCARBON Big Earth Data Geosci. Front. European Journal of Chemistry Atmos. Chem. Phys. Geosci. Model Dev. Eur. J. Control ACAD EMERG MED ACTA DIABETOL 2011 International Conference on Electric Technology and Civil Engineering (ICETCE) Appl. Clay Sci. EUROSURVEILLANCE Ann. Glaciol. Archaeol. Anthropol. Sci. Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. Appl. Geochem. Aust. J. Earth Sci. Basin Res. ACTA GEOL POL Stud. Geophys. Geod. ATMOSPHERE-BASEL Atmos. Meas. Tech. Asia-Pac. J. Atmos. Sci. Environ. Pollut. Bioavailability Annu. Rev. Earth Planet. Sci. Geostand. Geoanal. Res. Environ. Chem. BIOGEOSCIENCES Environmental Progress

﹀