Digital Applications in Archaeology and Cultural Heritage最新文献

Heritage Building Information Modeling (HBIM) is a growing trend in conservation research and practice. However, unlike conventional BIM, a universal HBIM execution plan does not exist. In this paper, the authors argue that searching for a universal HBIM framework is futile. Each implementation depends largely on many site-specific variables, including the building's historical elements, conservation status, and diverse stakeholders. The authors use the Mausoleum of Yahya al-Shabih, Cairo, Egypt, as a case study to support their argument. They employ action research and knowledge-based methods to work closely with the conservation team to implement an HBIM model that responds to on-site needs and challenges. While documenting the implementation process, the authors expose the limitations and potentials of HBIM in conservation.

Historical artifacts are the common heritage of all humanity. Therefore, preserving historical artifacts is very important in keeping the cultural heritage alive and passing it on to generations. One of the most effective methods used in documentation studies is the photogrammetric method. Although these methods are widely used, they are changing and developing day by day by gaining momentum with technology development. Laser scanners, which have entered our lives with the development of technology, have provided new opportunities to three-dimensional (3D) modeling and have become a frequently used method because they can model even objects with complex geometry in a short time and in a practical way. In this study, Theodolite (18th century), Sextant (18th century) and Graphometer (18th century) instruments on display at the Istanbul Technical University (ITU) Geomatics Engineering Department Historic Measurement Instruments Museum were modeled using photogrammetric and laser scanning methods. To compare the accuracy of the models, caliper measurements were taken from specific points of the instruments used in the modeling. Measurements were made on the models using the same points, and a comparison was made on the findings.

The straight shaft plough is the main agricultural tool used to till land for farming purposes during the Han dynasty (206 BCE–220 CE) in China. The wooden frame of the plough easily rots, and as a result, few complete artefacts have been excavated in archaeological sites. As such, the appearance of straight shaft ploughs as an agricultural tool has been mainly imagined by archaeologists. In the absence of a complete and undamaged straight shaft plough specimen, this study combines design research methods with information from a close cousin of the straight shaft plough, that is, the iron plough, which has been excavated in its entirety, to examine a range of unexplored questions about the straight shaft plough that was used during the Han dynasty in China. The shape, structure and use of the straight shaft plough are examined, so that two-dimensional petroglyphs of this piece of equipment are translated into a three-dimensional artefact. In doing so, important information can be obtained on this important agricultural technology which has been vital in the preparation of soil for planting or sowing seeds for which no complete physical artefact has been excavated.

Cultural heritage (CH) relevant importance to society leads to the need for historical, architectural, historical, and structural documentation. Such documents are necessary for the effective conservation and restoration of heritage buildings. Digitalization and documentation have been challenging and multidisciplinary topics for cultural heritage (CH) involving new technologies for information capture. 3D architectural documentation of existing heritage buildings is possible due to digital survey technologies joined with BIM methodology. The José de Alencar Theatre was surveyed with an integrated approach using a laser scanner and photogrammetry. BIM methodology based on digital scanning and image-based data was applied to generate a 3D model and extensive BIM library. The results indicate that a reliable BIM model of the José de Alencar theatre can be done, generating useful documentation and information on the historical construction based on the laser scanner and photogrammetry data with architectural geometry well-detailed.

By providing a virtual workflow, the reconstruction of missing parts of a porcelain figurine is facilitated. A CT scan enabled the virtual reconstruction by repositioning an existing part. Ten materials were selected to find a suitable material for the physical reconstruction: two traditional restoration materials, six Additive Manufacturing (AM) materials and two ceramic AM materials. After artificial ageing, these materials were evaluated on their colour and shape, complemented by a visual observation survey and a literature search on Volatile Organic Compounds. For each of these parameters scores were given to rank the materials. None of the materials scored best in all aspects, so the final decision remains a trade-off. The overall most successful and safe-to-use material is porcelain plaster Zellaan, cast from an intermediary 3D print. PLA (Fused Deposition Modelling) has the overall lowest score and is to be avoided for this case study and future case studies.

This paper compiles the most relevant contributions of AI technology in the field of Human Sciences. It reveals the development of different applications and the software and techniques used. The main purpose is to show the major breakthroughs in Humanities research and, at the same time, to highlight the scarcity of study cases. The implementation of AI offers many possibilities that are gradually being incorporated. This general state-of-the-art review aims to illustrate how our area of knowledge can benefit from the different approaches that have been undertaken, as well as their potential for future developments.

Owing to the legendary fame of Troy's story, the Temple of Athena (the Athenaion) is one of the most enigmatic monuments of antiquity which holds an influential mythical legacy. Long after the great days of Homer's Troy, a new Hellenistic city called Ilion (Roman = Ilium) was founded on the site. At Ilion a new custom that solidified the Homeric credentials of the site was established, and a new temple was built to Athena. Since the temple was almost completely decimated and even its remains were demolished during excavations, it has been one of the most difficult Hellenistic temples to reconstruct. A virtual revival of the non-existing superstructure is presented in this work by synthesizing the existing knowledge (e.g. literary evidence, archaeological evidence, numismatic evidence, topographical evidence, etc.) to support a realistic reconstruction. Along with the immersive visualizations offered by digital technologies, a virtual 3D visit to the sanctuary of the Temple of Athena offers a very attractive opportunity to examine this temple or experience its cultural space. The realistic reconstruction of the Athenaion is important in reviving the Homeric associations of the site and refreshing the memory.

The ancient Egyptians' ability to extract massive blocks of granite is impressive. The speed and efficiency of various granite quarrying techniques have been a subject of interest for many experts across various fields of research, with quarrying using dolerite pounders being considered the most accepted. However, the main problem of previous studies that addressed these questions has mainly been the low degree of reliability in determining the volume of material removed. In this study, close-range photogrammetry was used for this purpose. A granite block and a dolerite pounder were used for the experiment; they were available for testing this quarrying technique in the area near the Unfinished Obelisk in Aswan, Egypt. The experiment resulted in determining a quarrying speed of 216 cm³/h with 85 hits per minute. The results achieved speak against the use of only dolerite pounders in this process and support the employment of different methods of quarrying.

Archaeologists, architects, engineers, materials specialists, teachers, curators and restorers of cultural property, contribute to the daily knowledge and conservation of heritage artefacts. For many years, the development of digital technologies has produced important results in the collection, visualisation and indexing of digital resources. Whilst these advances have made it possible to introduce new tools that are making documentation practices evolve within the cultural heritage community, the management of multi-dimensional and multi-format data introduces new problems and challenges, in particular the development of relevant analysis and interpretation methods, the sharing and correlation of heterogeneous data among several actors and contexts, and the centralised archiving of documentation results for long-term preservation purposes. Despite their different approaches and tools for observation, description and analysis, the actors of cultural heritage documentation all have a common interest and central focus: the heritage object, the physical one, whether it is a site, a building, a sculpture, a painting, a work of art, or an archaeological fragment. This is the starting point for the development of “Aïoli”, a reality-based 3D annotation platform, which allows a multidisciplinary community to build semantically-enriched 3D descriptions of heritage artefacts from simple images and spatialised annotations coupled with additional resources. Resulting from more than 10 years of methodological and technological contributions concerning different steps of the workflow starting from reality-based 3D reconstruction to the analysis of cultural heritage data, this platform introduces an innovative framework for the comprehensive, large-scale collaborative documentation of cultural heritage by integrating state-of-the-art technological components within a cloud infrastructure accessible via web interfaces from PCs, tablets and smartphones online and onsite. This paper aims to provide a synthesis of the work done to build it, to describe its main features, and to discuss the limitations and opportunities it raises for cultural heritage studies.

The use of photogrammetry in archaeology and anthropology has become increasingly popular over the past decade. If the intended purpose of a three-dimensional (3D) model generated by commercial “off-the-shelf” (COTS) photographic equipment is geometric analysis or preservation by record, appropriate 3D control is recommended to improve orientation estimates and, in turn, the accuracy of the output 3D model. Further, independent measures of the quality of the photogrammetric model (in addition to the 3D model output itself) are recommended for robust validation. This paper evaluates the use of bespoke 3D printed designs (cradles) to add both control points to close-range 3D model and check points for validation. There were no statistically significant differences between the control and check points errors and intra-observer error was low and comparable to conventional manual measurement methods, thus providing an accessible method of adding 3D control to close-range photogrammetry.