Pub Date : 2024-11-01DOI: 10.1016/j.matdes.2024.113402
Alex Abraham Paul , Quang Hao Nguyen , Wen Shen
As the mechanical performance of 3D printed polymers advances, there arises an urgent demand for enhanced methodologies to ensure their structural integrity. In this work, magnetostrictive polymer composites (MPCs) are investigated utilizing an ultraviolet (UV) curable epoxy resin through direct ink writing (DIW) for internal stress detection. A strong correlation between stress and magnetic flux change was observed within the printed MPCs. Impact from the inclusion of fumed silica (FS) as a rheological filler in the matrix were identified and investigated. The tensile strengths of the MPCs were in the range of 31 MPa–34 MPa. The changes in magnetic flux density (ΔB) of the MPCs under quasistatic loading were within the interval of 0.5 to 5.4 Gauss. A similar sensing behavior was obtained for the MPCs during cyclic loading. A similar sensing behavior was obtained for the MPCs during cyclic loading. Furthermore, it was found that incorporating the MPCs into specific layers further increased the tensile strength to over 40 MPa while still showing a significant ΔB response. Additionally, localized deposition of magnetostrictive particles at known stress concentrations emerged as a promising strategy for future stress-sensing endeavors.
{"title":"3D printed magnetostrictive polymer composites (MPCs) for wireless stress sensing","authors":"Alex Abraham Paul , Quang Hao Nguyen , Wen Shen","doi":"10.1016/j.matdes.2024.113402","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.matdes.2024.113402","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>As the mechanical performance of 3D printed polymers advances, there arises an urgent demand for enhanced methodologies to ensure their structural integrity. In this work, magnetostrictive polymer composites (MPCs) are investigated utilizing an ultraviolet (UV) curable epoxy resin through direct ink writing (DIW) for internal stress detection. A strong correlation between stress and magnetic flux change was observed within the printed MPCs. Impact from the inclusion of fumed silica (FS) as a rheological filler in the matrix were identified and investigated. The tensile strengths of the MPCs were in the range of 31 MPa–34 MPa. The changes in magnetic flux density (Δ<em>B</em>) of the MPCs under quasistatic loading were within the interval of 0.5 to 5.4 Gauss. A similar sensing behavior was obtained for the MPCs during cyclic loading. A similar sensing behavior was obtained for the MPCs during cyclic loading. Furthermore, it was found that incorporating the MPCs into specific layers further increased the tensile strength to over 40 MPa while still showing a significant Δ<em>B</em> response. Additionally, localized deposition of magnetostrictive particles at known stress concentrations emerged as a promising strategy for future stress-sensing endeavors.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":383,"journal":{"name":"Materials & Design","volume":"247 ","pages":"Article 113402"},"PeriodicalIF":7.6,"publicationDate":"2024-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142651922","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-11-01DOI: 10.1016/j.matdes.2024.113434
Yousub Lee , Peeyush Nandwana , Brian Gibson , Paritosh Mhatre , Julio Ortega Rojas , Bhagyashree Prabhune , Aaron Thornton , Joshua Vaughan , Srdjan Simunovic
Laser-wire metal additive manufacturing (AM) is one of the ideal direct energy deposition (DED) processes for creating large-scale parts with a medium level of complexity. However, the DED process involves complex thermal signatures and wide length scales making the fabrication of realistic AM components and part qualification often reliant on experimental trial-and-error optimization. While experimental measurements over the full volume of a part are valuable and necessary, measuring the entire area of a part is significantly laborious and practically infeasible, particularly for large parts in terms of cost and rapid qualification. Therefore, in this work, we developed an effective thermal and microstructure modeling framework based on the Johnson–Mehl-Avrami-Kolmogorov (JMAK) and Koistinen & Marburger (KM) models through a top-down approach that considers plate distortion-affected thermal profiles. A voxel-by-voxel simulation method is used to predict individual phase fractions of Ti-6Al-4 V. The predicted results were validated through detailed metallurgical measurements. A combined voxel-by-voxel approach with a sparse data reconstruction technique produced a near-perfect reconstruction of the original data. This approach anticipates a significant reduction in data points and computation time and resources. Lastly, we conclude with potential extensions of this work to other modeling efforts.
激光线金属增材制造（AM）是一种理想的直接能量沉积（DED）工艺，可用于制造中等复杂程度的大型部件。然而，DED 工艺涉及复杂的热特征和较宽的长度尺度，使得现实的 AM 部件制造和部件鉴定往往依赖于实验性的试错优化。虽然对零件的整个体积进行实验测量是非常有价值和必要的，但测量零件的整个区域却非常费力，而且实际上也不可行，特别是对于大型零件而言，在成本和快速鉴定方面更是如此。因此，在这项工作中，我们基于 Johnson-Mehl-Avrami-Kolmogorov（JMAK）模型和 Koistinen & Marburger（KM）模型，通过自上而下的方法开发了一种有效的热和微观结构建模框架，该方法考虑了受板材变形影响的热剖面。通过详细的冶金测量验证了预测结果。将逐体素模拟方法与稀疏数据重建技术相结合，可对原始数据进行近乎完美的重建。这种方法预计将大大减少数据点、计算时间和资源。最后，我们总结了这项工作在其他建模工作中的潜在扩展。
{"title":"Integrated top-down process and voxel-based microstructure modeling for Ti-6Al-4V in laser wire direct energy deposition process","authors":"Yousub Lee , Peeyush Nandwana , Brian Gibson , Paritosh Mhatre , Julio Ortega Rojas , Bhagyashree Prabhune , Aaron Thornton , Joshua Vaughan , Srdjan Simunovic","doi":"10.1016/j.matdes.2024.113434","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.matdes.2024.113434","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Laser-wire metal additive manufacturing (AM) is one of the ideal direct energy deposition (DED) processes for creating large-scale parts with a medium level of complexity. However, the DED process involves complex thermal signatures and wide length scales making the fabrication of realistic AM components and part qualification often reliant on experimental trial-and-error optimization. While experimental measurements over the full volume of a part are valuable and necessary, measuring the entire area of a part is significantly laborious and practically infeasible, particularly for large parts in terms of cost and rapid qualification. Therefore, in this work, we developed an effective thermal and microstructure modeling framework based on the Johnson–Mehl-Avrami-Kolmogorov (JMAK) and Koistinen & Marburger (KM) models through a top-down approach that considers plate distortion-affected thermal profiles. A voxel-by-voxel simulation method is used to predict individual phase fractions of Ti-6Al-4 V. The predicted results were validated through detailed metallurgical measurements. A combined voxel-by-voxel approach with a sparse data reconstruction technique produced a near-perfect reconstruction of the original data. This approach anticipates a significant reduction in data points and computation time and resources. Lastly, we conclude with potential extensions of this work to other modeling efforts.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":383,"journal":{"name":"Materials & Design","volume":"247 ","pages":"Article 113434"},"PeriodicalIF":7.6,"publicationDate":"2024-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142651923","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-11-01DOI: 10.1016/j.matdes.2024.113430
Avneesh Kumar, Marek Vostrak, Sarka Houdkova
Cold spray deposition of metals and alloys has gained considerable attention due to its advanced applications across various industries. This technique offers numerous advantages, including the absence of phase changes and oxidation. However, the process presents challenges due to its inherent complexities. Plastic deformation is crucial for the successful deposition of powder particles during cold spray. Therefore, achieving an optimal level of plastic deformation is essential. Fracture toughness is one of the important properties that can help understand the degree of plastic deformation in cold-sprayed coatings. Yet, measuring fracture toughness in these coatings is challenging because most evaluation methods are destructive and require large sample sizes. This study investigates the feasibility of predicting the fracture toughness of cold-sprayed coatings. Specifically, the micro-scratching method is employed to predict the fracture toughness of cold-sprayed IN625 coatings. IN625 is selected because of its high-end applications in sectors such as nuclear, marine, and aerospace component manufacturing. In addition to evaluating fracture toughness, the deposited coatings undergo rigorous testing and characterization to establish the microstructure-process-property relationship. The scaling of frictional force and fracture toughness confirms the validity of using scratch data for fracture toughness calculations. Hence, fracture toughness of the resulting coatings was successfully evaluated.
{"title":"Evaluating fracture toughness of cold sprayed IN625 coatings: Micro-scratching method","authors":"Avneesh Kumar, Marek Vostrak, Sarka Houdkova","doi":"10.1016/j.matdes.2024.113430","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.matdes.2024.113430","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Cold spray deposition of metals and alloys has gained considerable attention due to its advanced applications across various industries. This technique offers numerous advantages, including the absence of phase changes and oxidation. However, the process presents challenges due to its inherent complexities. Plastic deformation is crucial for the successful deposition of powder particles during cold spray. Therefore, achieving an optimal level of plastic deformation is essential. Fracture toughness is one of the important properties that can help understand the degree of plastic deformation in cold-sprayed coatings. Yet, measuring fracture toughness in these coatings is challenging because most evaluation methods are destructive and require large sample sizes. This study investigates the feasibility of predicting the fracture toughness of cold-sprayed coatings. Specifically, the micro-scratching method is employed to predict the fracture toughness of cold-sprayed IN625 coatings. IN625 is selected because of its high-end applications in sectors such as nuclear, marine, and aerospace component manufacturing. In addition to evaluating fracture toughness, the deposited coatings undergo rigorous testing and characterization to establish the microstructure-process-property relationship. The scaling of frictional force and fracture toughness confirms the validity of using scratch data for fracture toughness calculations. Hence, fracture toughness of the resulting coatings was successfully evaluated.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":383,"journal":{"name":"Materials & Design","volume":"247 ","pages":"Article 113430"},"PeriodicalIF":7.6,"publicationDate":"2024-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142586267","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-11-01DOI: 10.1016/j.matdes.2024.113422
Chao Ding , Qi Shi , Huali Hao , Rui Ma , Shukui Li , Changqing Ye , Changyang Yu , Xin Liu , Peng Yu , Shulong Ye
Incorporating carbon nanotubes (CNTs) into Al-Si alloy to prepare in-situ SiC/Al-Si composites enhances thermal conductivity (TC) and reduces the coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE). However, challenges include CNTs aggregation and uneven SiC distribution. This study uses fluidized bed chemical vapor deposition (FBCVD) to achieve uniform CNTs coverage on Al-50Si powder. Subsequent powder hot extrusion and heat treatment above the eutectic temperature enable a gradual reaction between CNTs and Al/Si atoms, resulting in uniformly dispersed SiC within the SiC/Al-50Si composite. The formation mechanism of in-situ SiC particles and their impact on the microstructure, thermal and mechanical properties of the composite are further investigated. The formation process involves a two-step chemical reaction: lamellar Al4C3 phases transform into lamellar eutectic SiC + Al phases, which then transition into polyhedral SiC particles through epitaxial growth. This in-situ formation of SiC particles also impedes Si growth during heat treatment, refining Si particles and enhancing the composite’s properties. The resulting in-situ SiC/Al-50Si composite exhibits excellent thermal and mechanical properties, including a high TC of ∼162 Wm-1K−1, a low CTE of ∼ 8.7 × 10-6/K, and a good bending strength of approximately 253 MPa at room temperature.
在铝硅合金中加入碳纳米管 (CNT) 以制备原位 SiC/Al-Si 复合材料，可提高热导率 (TC) 并降低热膨胀系数 (CTE)。然而，CNTs 聚集和 SiC 分布不均是其面临的挑战。本研究采用流化床化学气相沉积（FBCVD）技术在 Al-50Si 粉末上实现均匀的 CNTs 覆盖。随后的粉末热挤压和高于共晶温度的热处理可使 CNT 与 Al/Si 原子逐渐发生反应，从而在 SiC/Al-50Si 复合材料中形成均匀分散的 SiC。本文进一步研究了原位 SiC 粒子的形成机制及其对复合材料微观结构、热性能和机械性能的影响。形成过程包括两步化学反应：片状 Al4C3 相转变为片状 SiC + Al 共晶相，然后通过外延生长转变为多面体 SiC 颗粒。这种原位形成的 SiC 颗粒还能在热处理过程中阻碍硅的生长，从而细化硅颗粒并增强复合材料的性能。由此产生的原位 SiC/Al-50Si 复合材料具有优异的热性能和机械性能，包括 ∼162 Wm-1K-1 的高 TC、∼ 8.7 × 10-6/K 的低 CTE 和室温下约 253 MPa 的良好弯曲强度。
{"title":"In-situ synthesis and microstructural evolution of a SiC reinforced Al-50Si composite exhibiting exceptional thermal properties","authors":"Chao Ding , Qi Shi , Huali Hao , Rui Ma , Shukui Li , Changqing Ye , Changyang Yu , Xin Liu , Peng Yu , Shulong Ye","doi":"10.1016/j.matdes.2024.113422","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.matdes.2024.113422","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Incorporating carbon nanotubes (CNTs) into Al-Si alloy to prepare in-situ SiC/Al-Si composites enhances thermal conductivity (TC) and reduces the coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE). However, challenges include CNTs aggregation and uneven SiC distribution. This study uses fluidized bed chemical vapor deposition (FBCVD) to achieve uniform CNTs coverage on Al-50Si powder. Subsequent powder hot extrusion and heat treatment above the eutectic temperature enable a gradual reaction between CNTs and Al/Si atoms, resulting in uniformly dispersed SiC within the SiC/Al-50Si composite. The formation mechanism of in-situ SiC particles and their impact on the microstructure, thermal and mechanical properties of the composite are further investigated. The formation process involves a two-step chemical reaction: lamellar Al<sub>4</sub>C<sub>3</sub> phases transform into lamellar eutectic SiC + Al phases, which then transition into polyhedral SiC particles through epitaxial growth. This in-situ formation of SiC particles also impedes Si growth during heat treatment, refining Si particles and enhancing the composite’s properties. The resulting in-situ SiC/Al-50Si composite exhibits excellent thermal and mechanical properties, including a high TC of ∼162 Wm<sup>-1</sup>K<sup>−1</sup>, a low CTE of ∼ 8.7 × 10<sup>-6</sup>/K, and a good bending strength of approximately 253 MPa at room temperature.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":383,"journal":{"name":"Materials & Design","volume":"247 ","pages":"Article 113422"},"PeriodicalIF":7.6,"publicationDate":"2024-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142572936","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-11-01DOI: 10.1016/j.matdes.2024.113444
Le Guo , Yu Zhang , Fengjuan Wang , Zhongyi Xin , Guangzhao Wang , Jinyang Jiang
Ceramic coating is of significant importance for improving metallic materials in terms of mechanical properties or durability, which is commonly encountered in the field of machinery, civil engineering, and aerospace, etc. However, ceramic materials optimization is a great challenge due to the complex multi-scale design from atomic to macro level. This paper investigates the multiscale characteristics of multi-element composite ceramic coating, including electronic properties, 3D pore structure, and engineering performances and gives their bottom-up connections, via first-principles calculations and multiscale experiments. The doping of Ti, Zr, and Ce in the alumina-based ceramic crystal improves the overlap of electronic clouds between oxygen and metal atoms, which modifies the atomic charges and enhances the ionic bonding. In terms of microstructure, it reveals the mechanisms of phase transformation toughening effect of ZrO2 and the grain refinement and grain boundary purification effects of CeO2, which facilitates the amelioration of pore structure and macro mechanical properties. It provides multiscale information on the phase stability of multi-element alumina-based ceramics, shedding light on the fundamental atomic level mechanisms that play a crucial role in customizable functional designs.
陶瓷涂层对于改善金属材料的机械性能或耐久性具有重要意义，常见于机械、土木工程和航空航天等领域。然而，由于从原子到宏观层面的复杂多尺度设计，陶瓷材料的优化是一项巨大的挑战。本文通过第一性原理计算和多尺度实验，研究了多元素复合陶瓷涂层的多尺度特性，包括电子特性、三维孔隙结构和工程性能，并给出了它们自下而上的联系。氧化铝基陶瓷晶体中 Ti、Zr 和 Ce 的掺杂改善了氧原子和金属原子之间的电子云重叠，从而改变了原子电荷并增强了离子键。在微观结构方面，它揭示了 ZrO2 的相变增韧效应和 CeO2 的晶粒细化和晶界纯化效应的机制，从而促进了孔隙结构和宏观力学性能的改善。它提供了多元素氧化铝基陶瓷相稳定性的多尺度信息，揭示了在可定制功能设计中起关键作用的基本原子级机制。
{"title":"Multi-scale structure and reinforcement mechanisms of multi-element composite ceramic coatings","authors":"Le Guo , Yu Zhang , Fengjuan Wang , Zhongyi Xin , Guangzhao Wang , Jinyang Jiang","doi":"10.1016/j.matdes.2024.113444","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.matdes.2024.113444","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Ceramic coating is of significant importance for improving metallic materials in terms of mechanical properties or durability, which is commonly encountered in the field of machinery, civil engineering, and aerospace, etc. However, ceramic materials optimization is a great challenge due to the complex multi-scale design from atomic to macro level. This paper investigates the multiscale characteristics of multi-element composite ceramic coating, including electronic properties, 3D pore structure, and engineering performances and gives their bottom-up connections, via first-principles calculations and multiscale experiments. The doping of Ti, Zr, and Ce in the alumina-based ceramic crystal improves the overlap of electronic clouds between oxygen and metal atoms, which modifies the atomic charges and enhances the ionic bonding. In terms of microstructure, it reveals the mechanisms of phase transformation toughening effect of ZrO<sub>2</sub> and the grain refinement and grain boundary purification effects of CeO<sub>2</sub>, which facilitates the amelioration of pore structure and macro mechanical properties. It provides multiscale information on the phase stability of multi-element alumina-based ceramics, shedding light on the fundamental atomic level mechanisms that play a crucial role in customizable functional designs.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":383,"journal":{"name":"Materials & Design","volume":"247 ","pages":"Article 113444"},"PeriodicalIF":7.6,"publicationDate":"2024-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142651859","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-11-01DOI: 10.1016/j.matdes.2024.113424
Wenhao Wang , RongFu Xu , Lixin Xiang , Yuxiu Han , Enfa Li , Shuhao Zhang , Hongliang Zheng
Refining effect of B4C nanoparticles in ZL108 alloy on Fe-rich phase was studied in this work. It was observed that B4C nanoparticles apparently refines the size of the Fe-rich phases and partially transforms Fe-rich phases morphology from hollow polyhedron to petal-like shape. The DSC results show that B4C nanoparticles does not affect the initial nucleation temperature of the Fe-rich phase. However, the addition of B4C nanoparticles to ZL108 alloy inhibits the growth of Fe-rich phase. The TEM results confirm that the addition of B4C nanoparticles alters the lattice parameter of Fe-rich phase due to incorporation of C atoms, thereby suppressing the growth of the Fe-rich phase and ultimately leading to its refinement. From the perspective of fracture behavior, the addition of B4C nanoparticles remarkably reduces the stress concentration of Fe-rich phase, and the elongation of the alloy increases by 25.3%. These findings provide a new perspective for further research and development to refine Fe-rich phase.
{"title":"Effect of B4C nanoparticles addition on the refinement of Fe-rich phase in ZL108 alloy","authors":"Wenhao Wang , RongFu Xu , Lixin Xiang , Yuxiu Han , Enfa Li , Shuhao Zhang , Hongliang Zheng","doi":"10.1016/j.matdes.2024.113424","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.matdes.2024.113424","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Refining effect of B<sub>4</sub>C nanoparticles in ZL108 alloy on Fe-rich phase was studied in this work. It was observed that B<sub>4</sub>C nanoparticles apparently refines the size of the Fe-rich phases and partially transforms Fe-rich phases morphology from hollow polyhedron to petal-like shape. The DSC results show that B<sub>4</sub>C nanoparticles does not affect the initial nucleation temperature of the Fe-rich phase. However, the addition of B<sub>4</sub>C nanoparticles to ZL108 alloy inhibits the growth of Fe-rich phase. The TEM results confirm that the addition of B<sub>4</sub>C nanoparticles alters the lattice parameter of Fe-rich phase due to incorporation of C atoms, thereby suppressing the growth of the Fe-rich phase and ultimately leading to its refinement. From the perspective of fracture behavior, the addition of B<sub>4</sub>C nanoparticles remarkably reduces the stress concentration of Fe-rich phase, and the elongation of the alloy increases by 25.3%. These findings provide a new perspective for further research and development to refine Fe-rich phase.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":383,"journal":{"name":"Materials & Design","volume":"247 ","pages":"Article 113424"},"PeriodicalIF":7.6,"publicationDate":"2024-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142651921","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-11-01DOI: 10.1016/j.matdes.2024.113407
Yuanping Xu , Renkun Zhang , Jiatai Sun , Ding Zhang , Qiuying Zhao , Jinjun Duan , Lu Yang
Along with the explosive utilization of intelligent and bionic robotics, the rise of somatosensory system with excellent flexibility and multiple biological sensing characteristic emerges as a substantial crux of this domain. Herein, we propose a flexible high-performance multi-mode sensor for real-time proximity–pressure–temperature perception based on a monolithic sensing unit with fingerprint-like hierarchical architecture. The monolithic sensing unit, primarily constituted by a double-permeable ionic liquids/Multi-walled nanotubes conductive network, demonstrates dual-functionality in detecting pressure and temperature. Making use of the further synergy of rational topographical architecture engineering and feasible decoupling algorithm construction, extraordinary progress in sensing performances for both pressure and temperature are attained with negligible mutual interferences. Additionally, the sensor is capable of switching to touchless mode to detect objects at distance up to 200 mm, validating its remarkable proximity sensing ability. The multifunctional nature of sensor is further substantiated through its integration with a robotic hand, highlighting its practical applicability in advanced robotic systems.
{"title":"A flexible proximity-pressure–temperature tri-mode robotic sensor with stimulus discriminability, high sensitivity and wide perception range","authors":"Yuanping Xu , Renkun Zhang , Jiatai Sun , Ding Zhang , Qiuying Zhao , Jinjun Duan , Lu Yang","doi":"10.1016/j.matdes.2024.113407","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.matdes.2024.113407","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Along with the explosive utilization of intelligent and bionic robotics, the rise of somatosensory system with excellent flexibility and multiple biological sensing characteristic emerges as a substantial crux of this domain. Herein, we propose a flexible high-performance multi-mode sensor for real-time proximity–pressure–temperature perception based on a monolithic sensing unit with fingerprint-like hierarchical architecture. The monolithic sensing unit, primarily constituted by a double-permeable ionic liquids/Multi-walled nanotubes conductive network, demonstrates dual-functionality in detecting pressure and temperature. Making use of the further synergy of rational topographical architecture engineering and feasible decoupling algorithm construction, extraordinary progress in sensing performances for both pressure and temperature are attained with negligible mutual interferences. Additionally, the sensor is capable of switching to touchless mode to detect objects at distance up to 200 mm, validating its remarkable proximity sensing ability. The multifunctional nature of sensor is further substantiated through its integration with a robotic hand, highlighting its practical applicability in advanced robotic systems.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":383,"journal":{"name":"Materials & Design","volume":"247 ","pages":"Article 113407"},"PeriodicalIF":7.6,"publicationDate":"2024-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142560858","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-11-01DOI: 10.1016/j.matdes.2024.113425
Lei Xu , Junwu Wang , Yuanhang Gao , Yi Ru , Wenyue Zhao , Jinghui Jia , Bin Gan , Shan Li , Yanling Pei , Shusuo Li , Yue Ma , Shengkai Gong
This study challenges the generally accepted principle that some degree of as-cast microstructure heritability (CMH), marked by <001> -oriented dendrite-associated inhomogeneity, is tolerable in conventional [001]-oriented Ni-based single crystal (SX) superalloys. Our findings reveal that this principle does not hold for newly developed [111]-oriented SX superalloys, where <001> -directed dendrites experience significant resolved shear stress under [111] applied loads. This work examines the stress rupture behaviors of a [111]-oriented low-Re Ni-based SX superalloy under various CMH conditions at 1100 °C/160 MPa and 760 °C/800 MPa. In the absence of CMH, the alloy achieves rupture properties comparable to fourth-generation SX superalloys. However, the presence of CMH drastically shortens rupture life and alters multi-scale deformation behaviors. High-temperature damage involves submicroscopic dislocation shearing, microscopic crack initiation, mesoscopic inter-dendritic crack connections, and macroscopic fractures. Intermediate-temperature damage is marked by submicroscopic stacking fault shearing, microscopic shear zone deformation, mesoscopic crack propagation, and macroscopic lattice rotation. Moreover, this research investigates the degradation mechanism of stress rupture property when the CMH is combined with slow cooling and reveals unique deformation behaviors, such as high-temperature subgrain formation and intermediate-temperature isolated micro-twins. This work provides new insights into the influence mechanism of the CMH.
{"title":"Multi-scale influences of as-cast microstructure heritability on intermediate/high temperature stress rupture behaviors of [111]-oriented Ni-based single crystal superalloy","authors":"Lei Xu , Junwu Wang , Yuanhang Gao , Yi Ru , Wenyue Zhao , Jinghui Jia , Bin Gan , Shan Li , Yanling Pei , Shusuo Li , Yue Ma , Shengkai Gong","doi":"10.1016/j.matdes.2024.113425","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.matdes.2024.113425","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study challenges the generally accepted principle that some degree of as-cast microstructure heritability (CMH), marked by <001> -oriented dendrite-associated inhomogeneity, is tolerable in conventional [001]-oriented Ni-based single crystal (SX) superalloys. Our findings reveal that this principle does not hold for newly developed [111]-oriented SX superalloys, where <001> -directed dendrites experience significant resolved shear stress under [111] applied loads. This work examines the stress rupture behaviors of a [111]-oriented low-Re Ni-based SX superalloy under various CMH conditions at 1100 °C/160 MPa and 760 °C/800 MPa. In the absence of CMH, the alloy achieves rupture properties comparable to fourth-generation SX superalloys. However, the presence of CMH drastically shortens rupture life and alters multi-scale deformation behaviors. High-temperature damage involves submicroscopic dislocation shearing, microscopic crack initiation, mesoscopic inter-dendritic crack connections, and macroscopic fractures. Intermediate-temperature damage is marked by submicroscopic stacking fault shearing, microscopic shear zone deformation, mesoscopic crack propagation, and macroscopic lattice rotation. Moreover, this research investigates the degradation mechanism of stress rupture property when the CMH is combined with slow cooling and reveals unique deformation behaviors, such as high-temperature subgrain formation and intermediate-temperature isolated micro-twins. This work provides new insights into the influence mechanism of the CMH.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":383,"journal":{"name":"Materials & Design","volume":"247 ","pages":"Article 113425"},"PeriodicalIF":7.6,"publicationDate":"2024-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142651826","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-11-01DOI: 10.1016/j.matdes.2024.113452
Dong Li , Yanfeng Han , Qing Dong , Jian Yang , Wei Zhao , Shusheng Lu , Jiao Zhang , Baode Sun
Materials with a final heterogeneous structure (HS) possess an excellent combination of strength and ductility. However, fine and homogeneous grains are desired in as-cast ingots to avoid defects. The evolution from an as-cast homogeneous microstructure to a pronounced HS owing to the trace addition of TiB2 particles was studied in Al-Zn-Mg-Cu alloys with traditional thermomechanical treatment. It is revealed that the triple junctions and over 2 μm precipitates co-located with TiB2 enhance the particle-stimulated nucleation of recrystallization. The dislocation density difference between the recrystallized and recovered grains is further enhanced by cold rolling. A pronounced HS with alternating soft and hard domains accompanied by multimodal precipitates is modulated, realizing a synergy of yield strength as 632.4 MPa and elongation as 8.8%. It is confirmed that the HS, rather than precipitates, is the primary source of geometrically necessary dislocations (GNDs), leading to the synergy of strength and ductility. Atomistic simulations on the deformation behavior of HS were used to elucidate the strain partition and role of GNDs on mechanical properties. Our results provide a convenient route to fabricate heterogeneous Al-Zn-Mg-Cu alloy by trace addition of ceramic particles in ingots casting instead of elaborated controlling of deformation processing.
{"title":"Microstructure evolution from homogeneous as-cast state to annealed heterogeneous structure and mechanical properties of Al-Zn-Mg-Cu alloys with trace TiB2 particles","authors":"Dong Li , Yanfeng Han , Qing Dong , Jian Yang , Wei Zhao , Shusheng Lu , Jiao Zhang , Baode Sun","doi":"10.1016/j.matdes.2024.113452","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.matdes.2024.113452","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Materials with a final heterogeneous structure (HS) possess an excellent combination of strength and ductility. However, fine and homogeneous grains are desired in as-cast ingots to avoid defects. The evolution from an as-cast homogeneous microstructure to a pronounced HS owing to the trace addition of TiB<sub>2</sub> particles was studied in Al-Zn-Mg-Cu alloys with traditional thermomechanical treatment. It is revealed that the triple junctions and over 2 μm precipitates co-located with TiB<sub>2</sub> enhance the particle-stimulated nucleation of recrystallization. The dislocation density difference between the recrystallized and recovered grains is further enhanced by cold rolling. A pronounced HS with alternating soft and hard domains accompanied by multimodal precipitates is modulated, realizing a synergy of yield strength as 632.4 MPa and elongation as 8.8%. It is confirmed that the HS, rather than precipitates, is the primary source of geometrically necessary dislocations (GNDs), leading to the synergy of strength and ductility. Atomistic simulations on the deformation behavior of HS were used to elucidate the strain partition and role of GNDs on mechanical properties. Our results provide a convenient route to fabricate heterogeneous Al-Zn-Mg-Cu alloy by trace addition of ceramic particles in ingots casting instead of elaborated controlling of deformation processing.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":383,"journal":{"name":"Materials & Design","volume":"247 ","pages":"Article 113452"},"PeriodicalIF":7.6,"publicationDate":"2024-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142651827","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-11-01DOI: 10.1016/j.matdes.2024.113437
Haoran Zhang , Xingrong Chu , Chengxin Liu , Xuemei Sun , Shuxia Lin
Ultrasonic vibration and pulsed current can achieve energy concentration and effectively improve the forming ability of Magnesium alloy sheets. The uniaxial tensile tests of AZ31B sheets assisted by electric pulse, ultrasonic and electric pulse-ultrasonic composite energy fields were carried out, respectively. The influence of the effective current density and duration of the electric pulse on the softening, hardening and residual effects in the deformation process caused by the coupling action were explored. The electric pulse suppresses the promoting effect of ultrasonic vibration on twinning and together with ultrasonic vibration promotes dislocation slip to coordinate deformation. The composite energy field can thus further reduce the deformation resistance. The softening, secondary hardening and residual softening phenomena caused by the electric pulse-ultrasonic composite energy field become more and more significant with the prolongation of duration. When the ultrasonic field with a frequency of 21 kHz and an amplitude of 10 μm is combined with a frequency of 600 Hz and the effective current density increases from 0 to 30 A/mm2, the influence on the softening and secondary hardening process exhibits an initial increase followed by a decrease as the current density increases, while the influence on the residual softening shows the opposite trend.
{"title":"Deformation mechanisms of AZ31 Mg alloy sheet assisted by electrical pulse- ultrasonic composite energy field","authors":"Haoran Zhang , Xingrong Chu , Chengxin Liu , Xuemei Sun , Shuxia Lin","doi":"10.1016/j.matdes.2024.113437","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.matdes.2024.113437","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Ultrasonic vibration and pulsed current can achieve energy concentration and effectively improve the forming ability of Magnesium alloy sheets. The uniaxial tensile tests of AZ31B sheets assisted by electric pulse, ultrasonic and electric pulse-ultrasonic composite energy fields were carried out, respectively. The influence of the effective current density and duration of the electric pulse on the softening, hardening and residual effects in the deformation process caused by the coupling action were explored. The electric pulse suppresses the promoting effect of ultrasonic vibration on twinning and together with ultrasonic vibration promotes dislocation slip to coordinate deformation. The composite energy field can thus further reduce the deformation resistance. The softening, secondary hardening and residual softening phenomena caused by the electric pulse-ultrasonic composite energy field become more and more significant with the prolongation of duration. When the ultrasonic field with a frequency of 21 kHz and an amplitude of 10 μm is combined with a frequency of 600 Hz and the effective current density increases from 0 to 30 A/mm<sup>2</sup>, the influence on the softening and secondary hardening process exhibits an initial increase followed by a decrease as the current density increases, while the influence on the residual softening shows the opposite trend.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":383,"journal":{"name":"Materials & Design","volume":"247 ","pages":"Article 113437"},"PeriodicalIF":7.6,"publicationDate":"2024-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142651861","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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