Materials & Design最新文献_第10页

The effect of graphene properties on the extrusion of a shape memory epoxy vitrimer 石墨烯特性对形状记忆环氧树脂玻璃聚合物挤出的影响

IF 7.6 2区材料科学 Q1 MATERIALS SCIENCE, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

Materials & Design

Pub Date : 2024-10-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.matdes.2024.113344

Yinglun Hong , Itxaso Azcune , Alaitz Rekondo , Eduardo Saiz

Thermoset polymers exhibit very appealing mechanical and functional properties. Direct ink writing (DIW) could open new possibilities in the design and fabrication of intricate thermoset parts, but it often requires the use of additives such as fumed silica or nanoclays to modify the rheology of uncured epoxies. However, relatively large concentrations are usually needed what can be detrimental to properties. Graphene-derived additives are an appealing alternative, but we need to understand the key physicochemical characteristics that define an optimum graphene rheology modifier. Here we compare the effect of three different carbon fillers on the viscoelastic response of a reprocessable epoxy vitrimer with shape memory capabilities, graphene oxide (GO), reduced graphene oxide (rGO), and graphene powder (GP), and assess the effect of their chemistry and morphology. The analysis shows that large (∼20 μm in size) rGO flakes enable the formation of strong, printable gels, through Van der Waals interactions and physical entanglement. The vitrimer could be successfully printed by incorporating 5 wt% of rGO. The printed parts exhibit tensile strengths (30–60 MPa), moduli (2–3 GPa), strength recovery after reprocessing (∼80 %), shape-memory properties comparable to the pure epoxy, and improved water resistance due to the introduction of hydrophobic rGO.

热固性聚合物具有非常吸引人的机械和功能特性。直接油墨书写（DIW）为设计和制造复杂的热固性部件提供了新的可能性，但通常需要使用气相二氧化硅或纳米粘土等添加剂来改变未固化环氧树脂的流变性。但是，通常需要相对较高的浓度，这可能会对性能造成损害。石墨烯衍生添加剂是一种很有吸引力的替代品，但我们需要了解定义最佳石墨烯流变改性剂的关键理化特性。在这里，我们比较了三种不同的碳填料（氧化石墨烯 (GO)、还原氧化石墨烯 (rGO) 和石墨烯粉末 (GP)）对具有形状记忆功能的可再加工环氧树脂玻璃聚合物的粘弹性响应的影响，并评估了它们的化学和形态的影响。分析表明，通过范德华相互作用和物理纠缠，大尺寸（20 微米）的 rGO 片能够形成强力、可打印的凝胶。加入 5 wt% 的 rGO 可成功打印出玻璃聚合物。印刷部件显示出拉伸强度（30-60 兆帕）、模量（2-3 千兆帕）、再加工后的强度恢复（∼80%）、与纯环氧树脂相当的形状记忆特性，以及由于引入了疏水性 rGO 而改善的耐水性。

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引用次数: 0

In-situ monitoring of multi-physical dynamics in ceramic additive manufacturing 陶瓷添加剂制造中多物理动态的原位监测

IF 7.6 2区材料科学 Q1 MATERIALS SCIENCE, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

Materials & Design

Pub Date : 2024-10-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.matdes.2024.113335

Jihyun Lee , Seongwan Jang , Sujin Park , Min Soo Park , Chang-Jun Bae

Ceramic additive manufacturing is an innovative technology for developing complex ceramic structures, while a direct understanding of the physical phenomena occurring in sequential layers remains challenging, affected by the material design such as the presence of inorganic particles and their contents. This study provides a direct analysis of how the ceramic particles influence fabrication behavior utilizing an in-situ monitoring system. The force profile provides immediate feedback on fractures and geometric design, with the fluctuation in force directly corresponding to specific structural characteristics and stability during the fabrication. Furthermore, the multi-physical dynamics was investigated with a unit signal based on the effect of ceramic on the rheological-curing-mechanical behavior. For example, the mechanical behavior was characterized in real-time, as shown through an intensified peak of 6.6 kPa during the manufacturing of a ceramic composite, a 5.6 times increase compared to pure resin. The monitored data quantified the geometric dynamics and the multi-physical mechanism in real-time, achieved from the data on the overall fabrication status and the unit signal analysis of continuous manufacturing. This method can improve the reliability of ceramic additive manufacturing by providing insight into how ceramics impact fabrication behavior on sequential layers in real-time.

陶瓷添加剂制造是一种用于开发复杂陶瓷结构的创新技术，但要直接了解在连续层中发生的物理现象仍具有挑战性，这受到材料设计（如无机颗粒的存在及其含量）的影响。本研究利用原位监测系统对陶瓷颗粒如何影响制造行为进行了直接分析。力曲线提供了有关断裂和几何设计的即时反馈，力的波动直接与制造过程中的特定结构特征和稳定性相对应。此外，还根据陶瓷对流变-固化-机械行为的影响，使用单位信号对多物理动态进行了研究。例如，在制造陶瓷复合材料的过程中，机械行为的实时特征表现为 6.6 千帕的峰值增强，与纯树脂相比增加了 5.6 倍。监测数据实时量化了几何动态和多物理机制，这是从整体制造状态数据和连续制造的单位信号分析中实现的。这种方法可以深入了解陶瓷如何实时影响连续层的制造行为，从而提高陶瓷快速成型制造的可靠性。

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引用次数: 0

Martensite size and morphology influence on strain distribution and micro-damage evolution in dual-phase steels; comparing segregation-neutralised and banded grades 马氏体尺寸和形态对双相钢中应变分布和微损伤演变的影响；偏析中和带状钢种的比较

IF 7.6 2区材料科学 Q1 MATERIALS SCIENCE, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

Materials & Design

Pub Date : 2024-10-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.matdes.2024.113340

Pedram Dastur, Carl Slater, Thomas Moore, Claire Davis

A change in strain partitioning and microscale failure mechanisms in dual-phase (DP) steel was found when both the morphology and distribution of martensite were altered compared to a banded DP steel grade benchmarked against a specific commercial DP grade. To achieve a DP microstructure with equiaxed and well-dispersed martensite, the concept of segregation neutralisation was utilised, where the ratio of Mn to Si elements was decreased (from 7.4 to 0.3) to neutralise the effect of Mn segregation on generating the banded martensite. A combination of micromechanical modelling simulations and in-situ notch tensile testing (within an SEM) was employed to compare the micro strain field and void formation rate between the segregation-neutralised and the benchmark grades. The benchmark grade showed extensive void coalescence along the direction of shear bands in the tensile sample after the average tensile strain of 30%. In contrast, no void coalescence was observed in the segregation-neutralised DP steel even at the average tensile strain of 80% just before failure. As a result, post-uniform elongation in the segregation-neutralised grade increased to 63.3%, compared to 30.1% in the benchmark grade.

当马氏体的形态和分布发生变化时，双相（DP）钢中的应变分配和微观失效机制就会发生变化，而带状双相（DP）钢则以特定的商业双相（DP）钢为基准。为了获得具有等轴和良好分散的马氏体的 DP 显微结构，采用了偏析中和的概念，即降低锰元素与硅元素的比率（从 7.4 降至 0.3），以中和锰偏析对产生带状马氏体的影响。结合微机械建模模拟和原位缺口拉伸测试（在扫描电镜内），比较了偏析中和后的牌号与基准牌号之间的微应变场和空洞形成率。在平均拉伸应变达到 30% 后，基准牌号的拉伸样品沿剪切带方向出现了广泛的空洞凝聚。与此相反，偏析中和的 DP 钢即使在失效前的平均拉伸应变为 80% 时，也未观察到空洞凝聚。因此，偏析中和钢种的均匀后伸长率增至 63.3%，而基准钢种仅为 30.1%。

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引用次数: 0

Impact behaviour and protection performance of a CFRP NPR skeleton filled with aluminum foam 填充泡沫铝的 CFRP NPR 骨架的冲击行为和防护性能

IF 7.6 2区材料科学 Q1 MATERIALS SCIENCE, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

Materials & Design

Pub Date : 2024-10-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.matdes.2024.113295

Changfang Zhao , Jianlin Zhong , Hongxu Wang , Chen Liu , Ming Li , Hao Liu

In order to enhance the protection capability during impact loading, a composite material body (CMB) has been constructed using aluminum foam and a negative Poisson’s ratio (NPR) structure. The re-entrant NPR structure, fabricated from carbon fiber reinforced plastic (CFRP), serves as the skeleton, while the aluminum foam acts as an enhancer. The impact behaviours of a representative volume element were tested in three characteristic directions (referring to the in-plane re-entrant and vertical directions 1 and 2, and the out-of-plane normal direction 3) using both experimental and numerical methods. The impact responses of the CMB sandwich structures under explosion impact were then numerically predicted. The experimental results demonstrate that the RVE exhibits superior damping performance in the 1 and 2 directions in comparison to the 3 direction. The results demonstrate that the displacement field of the CMB is sectioned into distinct zones by its skeleton during explosion impact, which is attributed to the differing properties of the aluminum foam and CFRP. Furthermore, a graded failure mode within the specified protection limit is observed, indicating that the incorporation of aluminum foam filler has the potential to improve the protective capability. These findings provide insights into the structural design of impact protection engineering.

为了提高冲击载荷时的保护能力，我们使用铝泡沫和负泊松比（NPR）结构建造了一个复合材料车身（CMB）。由碳纤维增强塑料（CFRP）制成的重入式负泊松比结构作为骨架，而铝泡沫则作为增强剂。利用实验和数值方法，在三个特征方向（指平面内的重入方向和垂直方向 1 和 2，以及平面外的法线方向 3）测试了代表性体积元件的冲击行为。然后对 CMB 夹层结构在爆炸冲击下的冲击响应进行了数值预测。实验结果表明，与 3 方向相比，RVE 在 1 和 2 方向表现出更优越的阻尼性能。结果表明，在爆炸冲击过程中，CMB 的位移场被其骨架分割成不同的区域，这归因于泡沫铝和 CFRP 的不同特性。此外，在规定的保护极限内观察到了分级失效模式，这表明加入泡沫铝填料有可能提高保护能力。这些发现为冲击防护工程的结构设计提供了启示。

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引用次数: 0

Machine learning guided prediction of dynamic energy release in high-entropy alloys 机器学习指导下的高熵合金动态能量释放预测

IF 7.6 2区材料科学 Q1 MATERIALS SCIENCE, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

Materials & Design

Pub Date : 2024-10-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.matdes.2024.113339

Fengyuan Zhao , Zhouran Zhang , Yicong Ye, Yahao Li, Shun Li, Yu Tang, Li’an Zhu, Shuxin Bai

High-entropy alloy (HEA) type energetic structural materials (ESMs) offer exceptional strength, adequate ductility and reactivity upon dynamic loading, thus demonstrating great potentials in pyrotechnic applications. However, the main factors governing their energetic performance remain elusive, primarily attributable to the intricate mechanical-thermal-chemical coupling effects and the inherent challenges of HEA design. To address this, we propose a small-data machine learning framework designed to predict the energetic performance of HEA-type ESMs, employing support vector regression, leave-one-out cross-validation, and principal component analysis (PCA) to effectively manage a small, unevenly distributed, and highly dimensional dataset. Notably, the framework achieved a coefficient of determination (R²) of 0.854 while upholding robust performance, interpretability and computational efficiency. Fracture elongation (ε_t) and compressive yield strength (σ_cys) were identified as critical features, with σ_cys positively influencing performance while both ε_t and unit theoretical heat of combustion (UTHC) demonstrated negative effect. Guided by the framework, a series of novel Ti-V-Ta-Zr alloys with the comparable UTHC, velocity (v) and weight (m) but tailored ε_t and σ_cys were designed and tested. Ti₃₀V₃₀Ta₃₀Zr₁₀ alloy exhibited a commendable balance of mechanical properties and the smallest mean particle size, aligning with the model predictions and suggesting more thorough energy release during ballistic experiments.

高熵合金（HEA）型高能效结构材料（ESMs）具有超强的强度、足够的延展性和动态加载时的反应性，因此在烟火应用中展现出巨大的潜力。然而，制约其能量性能的主要因素仍然难以捉摸，这主要归因于错综复杂的机械-热-化学耦合效应以及 HEA 设计所固有的挑战。为了解决这个问题，我们提出了一个小数据机器学习框架，旨在预测 HEA 型 ESM 的能量性能，该框架采用了支持向量回归、留空交叉验证和主成分分析 (PCA) 等方法，有效地管理了一个小型、分布不均和高维的数据集。值得注意的是，该框架的判定系数（R2）达到了 0.854，同时保持了强大的性能、可解释性和计算效率。断裂伸长率（εt）和抗压屈服强度（σcys）被确定为关键特征，其中σcys对性能有积极影响，而εt和单位理论燃烧热（UTHC）则表现出负面影响。在该框架的指导下，设计并测试了一系列新型 Ti-V-Ta-Zr 合金，它们具有可比的 UTHC、速度 (v) 和重量 (m)，但εt 和 σcys 却经过了定制。Ti30V30Ta30Zr10 合金表现出了值得称赞的机械性能平衡和最小的平均粒度，与模型预测一致，表明在弹道实验中能量释放更彻底。

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引用次数: 0

Corrosion behavior of Si-18at%Y alloy in air/water-oxygen environment Si-18at%Y 合金在空气/水-氧环境中的腐蚀行为

IF 7.6 2区材料科学 Q1 MATERIALS SCIENCE, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

Materials & Design

Pub Date : 2024-10-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.matdes.2024.113352

Jingxin Li, Yongsheng Liu, Fang He, Fan Zhang, Binghui Zhang, Jing Wang, Yejie Cao, Nan Chai

This work aimed to investigate the corrosion behavior of Si-18at%Y alloys in air oxidation and water-oxygen corrosion environments. The objective was to understand how different times, temperatures, and the presence or absence of water vapor affected the distribution and transformation of the alloy’s phases. The results revealed that extended duration facilitates growth of yttrium silicate, while higher temperature promotes stable phase transformation. The distribution and type of yttrium silicate are influenced by the presence of SiO₂. At lower temperatures, water vapor facilitated the formation of SiO₂, whereas at higher temperatures, it depleted SiO₂ and inhibited the generation of yttrium silicate.

这项工作旨在研究 Si-18at%Y 合金在空气氧化和水氧腐蚀环境中的腐蚀行为。目的是了解不同的时间、温度和水蒸气的存在与否如何影响合金相的分布和转变。结果表明，延长时间有利于硅酸钇的生长，而较高的温度则能促进稳定的相变。硅酸钇的分布和类型受二氧化硅存在的影响。在较低温度下，水蒸气促进了二氧化硅的形成，而在较高温度下，水蒸气耗尽了二氧化硅，抑制了硅酸钇的生成。

引用次数: 0

Insights into freeze-cast hierarchical water–glass foams via in situ time-lapse phase-contrast enhanced microcomputed tomography: Correlating composition, microstructure, and compression failure 通过原位延时相位对比增强微计算机断层扫描深入了解冷冻铸造分层水玻璃泡沫：将成分、微观结构和压缩失效联系起来

IF 7.6 2区材料科学 Q1 MATERIALS SCIENCE, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

Materials & Design

Pub Date : 2024-10-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.matdes.2024.113354

Liu Yang , Jonas Bansemer , Paul Zaslansky , Oliver Görke , Claudia Fleck

We demonstrate how continuous freeze-casting without post-treatment sintering may be successfully employed using a pure water–glass (WG) solution to fabricate hierarchically porous foams lacking a morphology gradient along the freeze direction. By adjusting the water content (dilution) and/or the alkali ratio of the solution, we achieved lamellar structures with sub-features or cellular structures, with porosities spanning ∼65% to 83%. The WG foams exhibit astounding mechanical properties; notably, foams with a relatively low density of ∼0.33 g/cm³ demonstrated the highest compressive strength (5 MPa), due to their microstructure and pore morphology. In situ uniaxial compression tests combined with phase-contrast enhanced micro-computed tomography in a synchrotron revealed bending, buckling, fracture and splitting of the lamellar structures as main failure mechanisms. Our newly developed approach of continuous freeze-casting of pure WG solutions with an improved understanding of the relationship between composition, structure, and failure mechanisms provide a basis for a customized design and manufacture of a wide range of freeze-cast WG-based materials for applications ranging from biomedicine to energy generation and storage.

我们展示了如何使用纯水玻璃（WG）溶液成功地进行无后处理烧结的连续冷冻铸造，以制造沿冷冻方向缺乏形态梯度的分层多孔泡沫。通过调整溶液的含水量（稀释）和/或碱比例，我们获得了具有亚特征或蜂窝结构的片状结构，孔隙率从 65% 到 83%。WG 泡沫表现出惊人的机械性能；尤其是密度相对较低的∼0.33 g/cm3 泡沫，由于其微观结构和孔隙形态，显示出最高的抗压强度（5 兆帕）。原位单轴压缩试验结合同步加速器相位对比增强微型计算机断层扫描显示，层状结构的弯曲、屈曲、断裂和分裂是主要的破坏机制。我们新开发的纯 WG 溶液连续冷冻铸造方法，以及对成分、结构和失效机制之间关系的深入理解，为定制设计和制造各种基于 WG 的冷冻铸造材料奠定了基础，这些材料的应用范围从生物医学到能源生产和存储。

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引用次数: 0

Cover_246 封面_246

IF 7.6 2区材料科学 Q1 MATERIALS SCIENCE, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

Materials & Design

Pub Date : 2024-10-01 DOI: 10.1016/S0264-1275(24)00756-1

引用次数: 0

Stacking ensemble learning assisted design of Al-Nb-Ti-V-Zr lightweight high-entropy alloys with high hardness 堆叠集合学习辅助设计高硬度 Al-Nb-Ti-V-Zr 轻质高熵合金

IF 7.6 2区材料科学 Q1 MATERIALS SCIENCE, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

Materials & Design

Pub Date : 2024-10-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.matdes.2024.113363

Qiaobing Chen , Zijian He , Yi Zhao , Xuan Liu , Dianhui Wang , Yan Zhong , Chaohao Hu , Chenggang Hao , Kecheng Lu , Zhongmin Wang

To improve the accuracy and efficiency of machine learning models in predicting and designing the mechanical properties and designing of lightweight high-entropy alloys, we have trained multi-classification machine learning models using stacking ensemble method. This ensembled model achieves high prediction accuracy of 0.9457 and good anti-overfitting performance. Two candidate high-entropy alloys with high hardness from the predicted results (Al_0.38Ti_0.36V_0.05Zr_0.16Nb_0.05 and Al_0.51Ti_0.28V_0.04Zr_0.16Nb_0.01) were selected to prepare bulk samples using arc melting method. The experimentally measured micro Vickers hardness of two samples were 723.7 HV and 691.0 HV respectively, and only slightly lower than the hardness values predicted by the model, with an error of less than 8 %. The phase structure of the samples, which is a mixture of HCP and FCC, also agrees well with the predicted results. This indicates that our machine learning approaches is highly effective in predicting the hardness of high-entropy alloys, with accuracy that has been experimentally verified, thereby significantly enhancing the efficiency of designing new lightweight high-hardness high-entropy alloys.

为了提高机器学习模型在轻质高熵合金力学性能预测和设计中的准确性和效率，我们采用堆叠集合方法训练了多分类机器学习模型。该集合模型的预测精度高达 0.9457，并具有良好的抗过拟合性能。我们从预测结果中选择了两种具有高硬度的候选高熵合金（Al0.38Ti0.36V0.05Zr0.16Nb0.05 和 Al0.51Ti0.28V0.04Zr0.16Nb0.01），采用电弧熔炼法制备了块体样品。实验测得两个样品的显微维氏硬度分别为 723.7 HV 和 691.0 HV，仅略低于模型预测的硬度值，误差小于 8%。样品的相结构（HCP 和 FCC 的混合物）也与预测结果十分吻合。这表明我们的机器学习方法在预测高熵合金硬度方面非常有效，其准确性已得到实验验证，从而大大提高了新型轻质高硬度高熵合金的设计效率。

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引用次数: 0

Multifunctional conductive stem cell delivery hydrogel combined with low-frequency pulsed electromagnetic fields for spinal cord injury repair 多功能传导性干细胞输送水凝胶与低频脉冲电磁场相结合用于脊髓损伤修复

IF 7.6 2区材料科学 Q1 MATERIALS SCIENCE, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

Materials & Design

Pub Date : 2024-10-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.matdes.2024.113356

Chunyan Wang , Peng Zhang , Yuan Pan , Chuan Huang , Ruike Zhang , Guangchen Yang , Jihui Zheng , Chunxiao Wan , Zhijian Wei

Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a severe traumatic disease for which no satisfying treatment is available. The severe inflammatory reactions and poor endogenous regenerative capacity cause difficulty in functional recovery. Neural stem cells (NSCs) transplantation is currently a promising treatment for repairing SCI. However, there is a lack of effective ways to improve the survival rates of NSCs and promote the neuron differentiation rates of NSCs. Conductive hydrogel can mimic environment which is suitable for neurodevelopment. Low-frequency pulsed electromagnetic fields (LPEMFs) have the advantages of safety, non invasiveness, and tissue repair, making it a potential method of repairing SCI. In this study, an injectable, self-healing magnetic, and conductive hydrogel was synthesized to carry out NSCs with LPEMFs for repairing SCI. In vitro experiments, under the treatment of LPEMFs and conductive hydrogel, the microglia tend to polarize into M2 phenotype, rather than M1 phenotype. Meanwhile, NSCs tend to differentiate into neuronal direction. In SCI model, conductive hydrogel loaded with NSCs combined with LPEMFs can promote functional recovery, through reducing inflammation and promoting neuron differentiation of NSCs. This study provides a novel NSCs transplantation strategy combined with physical interventions for SCI treatment, which brings a new desire to repair SCI.

脊髓损伤（SCI）是一种严重的创伤性疾病，目前尚无令人满意的治疗方法。严重的炎症反应和较差的内源性再生能力导致功能难以恢复。神经干细胞（NSCs）移植是目前修复 SCI 的一种很有前景的治疗方法。然而，目前还缺乏提高神经干细胞存活率和促进神经元分化率的有效方法。导电水凝胶可以模拟适合神经发育的环境。低频脉冲电磁场（LPEMFs）具有安全、无创、组织修复等优点，是一种潜在的 SCI 修复方法。本研究合成了一种可注射、自愈合的磁性导电水凝胶，利用低频脉冲电磁场修复 SCI。在体外实验中，在LPEMFs和导电水凝胶的处理下，小胶质细胞倾向于极化为M2表型，而不是M1表型。同时，NSCs趋向于向神经元方向分化。在 SCI 模型中，装载有 NSCs 的导电水凝胶结合 LPEMFs 可通过减少炎症和促进 NSCs 的神经元分化来促进功能恢复。这项研究提供了一种结合物理干预治疗 SCI 的新型 NSCs 移植策略，为修复 SCI 带来了新的希望。

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引用次数: 0