Pub Date : 2021-07-05DOI: 10.22630/PNIKS.2021.30.2.24
Muna Ahmed, Ali Al-Salihi, Hazim Hussain
Renewable energy resources have become a promissory alternative to overcome the problems related to atmospheric pollution and limited sources of fossil fuel energy. The technologies in the field of renewable energy are used also to improve the ventilation and cooling in buildings by using the solar chimney and heat exchanger. This study addresses the design, construction and testing of a cooling system by using the above two techniques. The aim was to study the effects of weather conditions on the efficiency of this system which was installed in Baghdad for April and May 2020. The common weather in these months is hot in Baghdad. The test room of the design which has a size of 1 m3 was situated to face the geographical south. The test room is thermally insulated and connected to a solar chimney which generates a convection current to draw the air out of the room through a heat exchanger. The heat exchanger was submerged in a water tank of 2 m length, 1 m width and 1 m height. It was also covered with a layer of soil mixture with a thickness of 10 cm. The experiment simulates the natural conditions of a shallow water surface, connected to the room from the other side. The study results revealed that the air temperature inside the test room was lower than that of the ambient air outside. Pearson correlation coefficient showed that there was a strong direct relationship between solar radiation, temperature and wind speed from one side and the cooling efficiency from the other side. Also, there was a negative correlation between relative humidity and cooling efficiency.
{"title":"Testing the performance of a solar energy cooling system in Baghdad city","authors":"Muna Ahmed, Ali Al-Salihi, Hazim Hussain","doi":"10.22630/PNIKS.2021.30.2.24","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22630/PNIKS.2021.30.2.24","url":null,"abstract":"Renewable energy resources have become a promissory alternative to overcome the problems related to atmospheric pollution and limited sources of fossil fuel energy. The technologies in the field of renewable energy are used also to improve the ventilation and cooling in buildings by using the solar chimney and heat exchanger. This study addresses the design, construction and testing of a cooling system by using the above two techniques. The aim was to study the effects of weather conditions on the efficiency of this system which was installed in Baghdad for April and May 2020. The common weather in these months is hot in Baghdad. The test room of the design which has a size of 1 m3 was situated to face the geographical south. The test room is thermally insulated and connected to a solar chimney which generates a convection current to draw the air out of the room through a heat exchanger. The heat exchanger was submerged in a water tank of 2 m length, 1 m width and 1 m height. It was also covered with a layer of soil mixture with a thickness of 10 cm. The experiment simulates the natural conditions of a shallow water surface, connected to the room from the other side. The study results revealed that the air temperature inside the test room was lower than that of the ambient air outside. Pearson correlation coefficient showed that there was a strong direct relationship between solar radiation, temperature and wind speed from one side and the cooling efficiency from the other side. Also, there was a negative correlation between relative humidity and cooling efficiency.","PeriodicalId":38397,"journal":{"name":"Scientific Review Engineering and Environmental Sciences","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68304083","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-07-05DOI: 10.22630/PNIKS.2021.30.2.26
Hiba Saleem, Asad H. Aldefae, Wissam H. Humaish
This study focuses on utilizing cone penetrometer models to determine strength (resistance) of sandy soil and also assessment how the relative density and the angle of friction effects on the measured cone penetration resistance in sandy soil. Simple empirical equations are used also to determine the cone penetration resistance components such as the sleeve resistance and the tip resistance. Simple comparison is performed between the measured and calculated soil strength and well agreement is noticed between them.
{"title":"Verification of strength resistance of sandy soil using small scale penetrometer tests","authors":"Hiba Saleem, Asad H. Aldefae, Wissam H. Humaish","doi":"10.22630/PNIKS.2021.30.2.26","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22630/PNIKS.2021.30.2.26","url":null,"abstract":"This study focuses on utilizing cone penetrometer models to determine strength (resistance) of sandy soil and also assessment how the relative density and the angle of friction effects on the measured cone penetration resistance in sandy soil. Simple empirical equations are used also to determine the cone penetration resistance components such as the sleeve resistance and the tip resistance. Simple comparison is performed between the measured and calculated soil strength and well agreement is noticed between them.","PeriodicalId":38397,"journal":{"name":"Scientific Review Engineering and Environmental Sciences","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68304146","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-07-05DOI: 10.22630/PNIKS.2021.30.2.31
S. Farhan, Venus Akef, Daniela Anton, K. Hashim, S. Zubaidi
The historic centre of the Iraqi city of Al-Najaf embraces a seasonal pilgrimage to its holy sites that forces unusual urban conditions. This paper examines the impact of development projects and studies on the heritage integrity of the public (religious). This paper, therefore, recommends raising public awareness to adopt design approaches to face the overflow of visitors and the loss of heritage identity
{"title":"Factors influencing the transformation of Iraqi holy cities: the case of Al-Najaf","authors":"S. Farhan, Venus Akef, Daniela Anton, K. Hashim, S. Zubaidi","doi":"10.22630/PNIKS.2021.30.2.31","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22630/PNIKS.2021.30.2.31","url":null,"abstract":"The historic centre of the Iraqi city of Al-Najaf embraces a seasonal pilgrimage to its holy sites that forces unusual urban conditions. This paper examines the impact of development projects and studies on the heritage integrity of the public (religious). This paper, therefore, recommends raising public awareness to adopt design approaches to face the overflow of visitors and the loss of heritage identity","PeriodicalId":38397,"journal":{"name":"Scientific Review Engineering and Environmental Sciences","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48367814","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-07-05DOI: 10.22630/PNIKS.2021.30.2.28
V. Snitynskyy, B. Diveyev, Yewhen Fornalchyk, Orest Horbay, Ruslan Humenuyk, I. Kernytskyy, Y. Sholudko
In this paper, an efficient numerical approach is proposed to maximize the minimal damping of modes in a prescribed frequency range for general viscous tuned-mass systems. Methods of decomposition and numerical synthesis are considered on the basis of the adaptive schemes. The influence of dynamic vibration absorbers and basic design elastic and damping properties is under discussion. A technique is developed to give the optimal DVA’s for the elimination of excessive vibration in sinusoidal and impact forced system. One task of this work is to analyze parameters identification of the dynamic vibration absorber and the basic structure. The questions of robustness at optimization of DVA are considered. Different types of control management for semi-active DVA’s are applied. Examples of DVA’s practical implementation are presented.
{"title":"Optimization of the semi-active vibration absorbers","authors":"V. Snitynskyy, B. Diveyev, Yewhen Fornalchyk, Orest Horbay, Ruslan Humenuyk, I. Kernytskyy, Y. Sholudko","doi":"10.22630/PNIKS.2021.30.2.28","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22630/PNIKS.2021.30.2.28","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper, an efficient numerical approach is proposed to maximize the minimal damping of modes in a prescribed frequency range for general viscous tuned-mass systems. Methods of decomposition and numerical synthesis are considered on the basis of the adaptive schemes. The influence of dynamic vibration absorbers and basic design elastic and damping properties is under discussion. A technique is developed to give the optimal DVA’s for the elimination of excessive vibration in sinusoidal and impact forced system. One task of this work is to analyze parameters identification of the dynamic vibration absorber and the basic structure. The questions of robustness at optimization of DVA are considered. Different types of control management for semi-active DVA’s are applied. Examples of DVA’s practical implementation are presented.","PeriodicalId":38397,"journal":{"name":"Scientific Review Engineering and Environmental Sciences","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48064841","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-07-05DOI: 10.22630/PNIKS.2021.30.2.20
Winai Suriya, P. Chunpang, T. Laosuwan
Thailand, especially in the northern region, often encounters the problem of having PM10 exceeding the normal standard level, which could do harm to people’s health. Mostly, such problem is caused by the burning of forest area and open area; this is clearly seen during January–April of every year. Also, the problem as mentioned is caused by the meteorological conditions and the terrains in the northern region that make it easy for PM10 to be accumulated. The aim of this study was to analyze the patterns of relationship between PM10 measured from the ground monitoring station and AOT data received from MODIS sensor onboard of Terra satellite in Phrae Province located in the northern region of Thailand. The method performed was by analyzing the correlation between PM10 data obtained from the ground monitoring station and the AOT data received from the MODIS sensor onboard of Terra satellite during January–April 2018. It was found from the study that the change of the intensity of PM10 and AOT in the climate was highly related; it appeared that the correlation coefficient (r) in January–April was 0.92, 0.91, 0.91 and 0.92, respectively. This research pointed out that during February– –April, the areas of Phrae Province had the level of PM10 that affected health. Besides, from the method in this research, it revealed AOT data received from MODIS sensor onboard of Terra satellite could be applied in order to follow up, monitor, and notify the spatial changes of PM10 efficiently.
{"title":"Patterns of relationship between PM10 from air monitoring quality station and AOT data from MODIS sensor onboard of Terra satellite","authors":"Winai Suriya, P. Chunpang, T. Laosuwan","doi":"10.22630/PNIKS.2021.30.2.20","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22630/PNIKS.2021.30.2.20","url":null,"abstract":"Thailand, especially in the northern region, often encounters the problem of having PM10 exceeding the normal standard level, which could do harm to people’s health. Mostly, such problem is caused by the burning of forest area and open area; this is clearly seen during January–April of every year. Also, the problem as mentioned is caused by the meteorological conditions and the terrains in the northern region that make it easy for PM10 to be accumulated. The aim of this study was to analyze the patterns of relationship between PM10 measured from the ground monitoring station and AOT data received from MODIS sensor onboard of Terra satellite in Phrae Province located in the northern region of Thailand. The method performed was by analyzing the correlation between PM10 data obtained from the ground monitoring station and the AOT data received from the MODIS sensor onboard of Terra satellite during January–April 2018. It was found from the study that the change of the intensity of PM10 and AOT in the climate was highly related; it appeared that the correlation coefficient (r) in January–April was 0.92, 0.91, 0.91 and 0.92, respectively. This research pointed out that during February– –April, the areas of Phrae Province had the level of PM10 that affected health. Besides, from the method in this research, it revealed AOT data received from MODIS sensor onboard of Terra satellite could be applied in order to follow up, monitor, and notify the spatial changes of PM10 efficiently.","PeriodicalId":38397,"journal":{"name":"Scientific Review Engineering and Environmental Sciences","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49436824","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-07-05DOI: 10.22630/PNIKS.2021.30.2.27
M. Kadhum, Mustafa S. Abdulraheem, Yousif Funfakh, M. Gkantou, Z. Mahdi, Zaid Mohammed
The increased use of reactive powder concrete (RPC) in concrete structures has attracted attention towards the structural behavior of RPC in fires. This work examines experimentally the performance of RPC and NSC columns subjected to 25% of the ultimate load and exposed to direct fire flame for a period of 30 and 60 min at various temperature levels. The paper aims to evaluate the maximum temperature level and fire duration that can be withstood by this type of concrete columns. The results show that the failure mode of RPC columns without reinforcement is a sudden shear failure, whereas the failure mode of reinforced RPC columns is a crushing failure with rupture of certain ties. The RPC columns at high temperatures spall intensively; additionally, the ultimate strength clearly decreases compared to the NSC columns at the same conditions.
{"title":"Experimental investigation on the post-fire performance of reactive powder concrete columns","authors":"M. Kadhum, Mustafa S. Abdulraheem, Yousif Funfakh, M. Gkantou, Z. Mahdi, Zaid Mohammed","doi":"10.22630/PNIKS.2021.30.2.27","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22630/PNIKS.2021.30.2.27","url":null,"abstract":"The increased use of reactive powder concrete (RPC) in concrete structures has attracted attention towards the structural behavior of RPC in fires. This work examines experimentally the performance of RPC and NSC columns subjected to 25% of the ultimate load and exposed to direct fire flame for a period of 30 and 60 min at various temperature levels. The paper aims to evaluate the maximum temperature level and fire duration that can be withstood by this type of concrete columns. The results show that the failure mode of RPC columns without reinforcement is a sudden shear failure, whereas the failure mode of reinforced RPC columns is a crushing failure with rupture of certain ties. The RPC columns at high temperatures spall intensively; additionally, the ultimate strength clearly decreases compared to the NSC columns at the same conditions.","PeriodicalId":38397,"journal":{"name":"Scientific Review Engineering and Environmental Sciences","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48713054","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-07-05DOI: 10.22630/PNIKS.2021.30.2.29
A. Mokiy, O. Ilyash, Mariia Pikh, Rostyslav Pynda, Yuriy Pynda
The proposed modelling of the relationship between the spatial and component structure of the construction industry development and the environment helped to obtain combinations of high and medium levels of the impact of integral indicators of labour, productive and foreign economic components of the construction sector on the environmental index of the region. The high level of adaptability of the models used for the period 2013– –2018 confirms the relationship between the development of the construction sector in most regions of Ukraine and the lowest level of the ecological index. This proves the scientific hypothesis about the negative impact of construction on the country’s ecosystem. The study indicates that the dynamic characteristics of the relationship between the building system and the environment should take into account the existence of direct and indirect or even “hidden” relationships between the components. The scientific value of the study consists in using models of fuzzy sets to assess the relationship between the construction system and the ecosystem based on defuzzification, which preserves the flexibility of the process of assessing the development of subsystems in construction and making decisions as to reducing the negative environmental impact in regions.
{"title":"Characteristics of interconnections of construction sector and environment: regional study of Ukraine","authors":"A. Mokiy, O. Ilyash, Mariia Pikh, Rostyslav Pynda, Yuriy Pynda","doi":"10.22630/PNIKS.2021.30.2.29","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22630/PNIKS.2021.30.2.29","url":null,"abstract":"The proposed modelling of the relationship between the spatial and component structure of the construction industry development and the environment helped to obtain combinations of high and medium levels of the impact of integral indicators of labour, productive and foreign economic components of the construction sector on the environmental index of the region. The high level of adaptability of the models used for the period 2013– –2018 confirms the relationship between the development of the construction sector in most regions of Ukraine and the lowest level of the ecological index. This proves the scientific hypothesis about the negative impact of construction on the country’s ecosystem. The study indicates that the dynamic characteristics of the relationship between the building system and the environment should take into account the existence of direct and indirect or even “hidden” relationships between the components. The scientific value of the study consists in using models of fuzzy sets to assess the relationship between the construction system and the ecosystem based on defuzzification, which preserves the flexibility of the process of assessing the development of subsystems in construction and making decisions as to reducing the negative environmental impact in regions.","PeriodicalId":38397,"journal":{"name":"Scientific Review Engineering and Environmental Sciences","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68304159","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-06-25DOI: 10.22630/PNIKS.2021.30.2.30
Firas Al-Mashhadani, Ibrahim Al-Jadir, Qusay S. Alsaffar
In this paper, this method is intended to improve the optimization of the classification problem in machine learning. The EKH as a global search optimization method, it allocates the best representation of the solution (krill individual) whereas it uses the simulated annealing (SA) to modify the generated krill individuals (each individual represents a set of bits). The test results showed that the KH outperformed other methods using the external and internal evaluation measures.
{"title":"An enhanced krill herd optimization technique used for classification problem","authors":"Firas Al-Mashhadani, Ibrahim Al-Jadir, Qusay S. Alsaffar","doi":"10.22630/PNIKS.2021.30.2.30","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22630/PNIKS.2021.30.2.30","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper, this method is intended to improve the optimization of the classification problem in machine learning. The EKH as a global search optimization method, it allocates the best representation of the solution (krill individual) whereas it uses the simulated annealing (SA) to modify the generated krill individuals (each individual represents a set of bits). The test results showed that the KH outperformed other methods using the external and internal evaluation measures.","PeriodicalId":38397,"journal":{"name":"Scientific Review Engineering and Environmental Sciences","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68303696","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-06-25DOI: 10.22630/PNIKS.2021.30.2.21
I. Idan, Jawad Al-Rifaie, H. Ewadh
The present study aims at the development of a green sorbent (MgAl-LDH-biochar) from the municipal solid wastes (cow bones) to remediate water from heavy metals. MgAl-LDH-biochar was characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD), and it was used to remove lead at different pH, doses, contact time (Ct), and solution temperatures (St). The obtained results proved MgAl-LDH-biochar removes 99% of lead when the initial pH, Ct, St, and dose were 5.0, 80 min, 45°C, and 0.2 g·L–1, respectively.
{"title":"MgAl-LDH-biochar composites as a green sorbent for lead removal from water","authors":"I. Idan, Jawad Al-Rifaie, H. Ewadh","doi":"10.22630/PNIKS.2021.30.2.21","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22630/PNIKS.2021.30.2.21","url":null,"abstract":"The present study aims at the development of a green sorbent (MgAl-LDH-biochar) from the municipal solid wastes (cow bones) to remediate water from heavy metals. MgAl-LDH-biochar was characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD), and it was used to remove lead at different pH, doses, contact time (Ct), and solution temperatures (St). The obtained results proved MgAl-LDH-biochar removes 99% of lead when the initial pH, Ct, St, and dose were 5.0, 80 min, 45°C, and 0.2 g·L–1, respectively.","PeriodicalId":38397,"journal":{"name":"Scientific Review Engineering and Environmental Sciences","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68304023","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-06-25DOI: 10.22630/PNIKS.2021.30.2.22
Elanda Fikri, Nanny Djuhriah, N. Hanurawaty
The purpose of this study is to identify differences in variations of contact time and number of electrode plates in electrocoagulation process on the decrease of total Coliforms in Bandung City hospital wastewater. An experimental research with factorial randomized design. The volume of wastewater sample to check the total Coliforms was a minimum of 100 ml, using 3 treatments and 6 repetitions. Data analysis used was two-way ANOVA test. The results showed that there was no significant difference between the number of plates (p = 0.269), contact time (p = 0.537), and the number of plates and contact time (p = 0.863) with the total Coliforms in electrocoagulation process. The use of 6 plates and 90 min contact time showed the best results in reducing total Coliforms, with effectiveness reaching 88.38%. This means that the concept is quite effective to use as a substitute for disinfectant.
{"title":"Study on the utilization of electrocoagulation concept as a disinfectant substitute in hospital wastewater","authors":"Elanda Fikri, Nanny Djuhriah, N. Hanurawaty","doi":"10.22630/PNIKS.2021.30.2.22","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22630/PNIKS.2021.30.2.22","url":null,"abstract":"The purpose of this study is to identify differences in variations of contact time and number of electrode plates in electrocoagulation process on the decrease of total Coliforms in Bandung City hospital wastewater. An experimental research with factorial randomized design. The volume of wastewater sample to check the total Coliforms was a minimum of 100 ml, using 3 treatments and 6 repetitions. Data analysis used was two-way ANOVA test. The results showed that there was no significant difference between the number of plates (p = 0.269), contact time (p = 0.537), and the number of plates and contact time (p = 0.863) with the total Coliforms in electrocoagulation process. The use of 6 plates and 90 min contact time showed the best results in reducing total Coliforms, with effectiveness reaching 88.38%. This means that the concept is quite effective to use as a substitute for disinfectant.","PeriodicalId":38397,"journal":{"name":"Scientific Review Engineering and Environmental Sciences","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48215650","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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