Pub Date : 2020-12-26DOI: 10.22630/pniks.2020.29.4.39
I. Kernytskyy, Orest Horbay, Ruslan Humenuyk, Y. Sholudko, Y. Storchun, Y. Yakovenko
Accomulated exhaustion is a fairly common problem for long-distance truck and bus drivers on international routes. In case of uncompensated exhaustion, the driver is unable to overcome the resulting attention violations with will effort, which increases the probability of errors and accidents. The last claim is confirmed by the increase in the number of incidents after 7 h and especially 10 h of work. To overcome this problem, it is necessary to stop and fall asleep for a short time. Recovery comes in about 10–15 min of relaxation. The source of stimulation of the brain is weak impulse current, which causes sleep of varying depth and duration. Clinical studies have shown that the strongest impact is on pulses with a duration of approximately 0.3– –0.5 ms and a frequency of repetition ranging from 0.5–2 to 80–100 Hz. Current levels are typically between 50 and 5 mA. Transcranial electrotherapy is considered to stimulate endorphin production and affect the hypothalamus, causing changes in neurohormonal regulatory mechanisms and reticular formation of the brain stem. The reticular formation is involved in many behavioral reactions and has a significant impact on body functioning and thought processes. The aim of this work was to determine correlation between human brain biorhythms and electrosleep device signal by calculating mutual correlation. For this purpose, the model in MATLAB Simulink environment was developed. The encephalogram was processed using the EEGLAB tool to remove artifacts. A model in the MATLAB Simulink environment was developed to evaluate the effect of the signal characteristics of electrosleep therapy devices on brain biorhythms, with the help of which correlation coefficients were calculated.
{"title":"Prospects of electrosleep therapy devices for long-distance drivers","authors":"I. Kernytskyy, Orest Horbay, Ruslan Humenuyk, Y. Sholudko, Y. Storchun, Y. Yakovenko","doi":"10.22630/pniks.2020.29.4.39","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22630/pniks.2020.29.4.39","url":null,"abstract":"Accomulated exhaustion is a fairly common problem for long-distance truck and bus drivers on international routes. In case of uncompensated exhaustion, the driver is unable to overcome the resulting attention violations with will effort, which increases the probability of errors and accidents. The last claim is confirmed by the increase in the number of incidents after 7 h and especially 10 h of work. To overcome this problem, it is necessary to stop and fall asleep for a short time. Recovery comes in about 10–15 min of relaxation. The source of stimulation of the brain is weak impulse current, which causes sleep of varying depth and duration. Clinical studies have shown that the strongest impact is on pulses with a duration of approximately 0.3– –0.5 ms and a frequency of repetition ranging from 0.5–2 to 80–100 Hz. Current levels are typically between 50 and 5 mA. Transcranial electrotherapy is considered to stimulate endorphin production and affect the hypothalamus, causing changes in neurohormonal regulatory mechanisms and reticular formation of the brain stem. The reticular formation is involved in many behavioral reactions and has a significant impact on body functioning and thought processes. The aim of this work was to determine correlation between human brain biorhythms and electrosleep device signal by calculating mutual correlation. For this purpose, the model in MATLAB Simulink environment was developed. The encephalogram was processed using the EEGLAB tool to remove artifacts. A model in the MATLAB Simulink environment was developed to evaluate the effect of the signal characteristics of electrosleep therapy devices on brain biorhythms, with the help of which correlation coefficients were calculated.","PeriodicalId":38397,"journal":{"name":"Scientific Review Engineering and Environmental Sciences","volume":"52 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-12-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68303342","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-12-26DOI: 10.22630/pniks.2020.29.4.48
B. Nowogońska
In the case of historic half-timbered buildings, the consequences of erroneous decisions regarding renovation or neglected conservation lead to irreversible damage processes. The effective undertaking of protection activities thus requires carrying out appropriate diagnostic studies. The results of these studies will make it possible to put forth renovation solutions which do not interfere with the historic architectural-structural layout of the building. The article presents the results of the assessment of the technical conditions of a 17th century church in Sękowice, built using traditional frame construction. As a consequence of earlier, inappropriate decisions pertaining to renovation works, a significant portion of the elements of the wooden construction underwent biological corrosion, as a result of which it lost its original mechanical properties. Some of the walls settled on corroded ground beams, with the uneven settling leading to distortions of the entire structure.
{"title":"Consequences of improper renovation decisions in a 17th century half-timbered building","authors":"B. Nowogońska","doi":"10.22630/pniks.2020.29.4.48","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22630/pniks.2020.29.4.48","url":null,"abstract":"In the case of historic half-timbered buildings, the consequences of erroneous decisions regarding renovation or neglected conservation lead to irreversible damage processes. The effective undertaking of protection activities thus requires carrying out appropriate diagnostic studies. The results of these studies will make it possible to put forth renovation solutions which do not interfere with the historic architectural-structural layout of the building. The article presents the results of the assessment of the technical conditions of a 17th century church in Sękowice, built using traditional frame construction. As a consequence of earlier, inappropriate decisions pertaining to renovation works, a significant portion of the elements of the wooden construction underwent biological corrosion, as a result of which it lost its original mechanical properties. Some of the walls settled on corroded ground beams, with the uneven settling leading to distortions of the entire structure.","PeriodicalId":38397,"journal":{"name":"Scientific Review Engineering and Environmental Sciences","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-12-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48213116","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-12-16DOI: 10.22630/pniks.2020.29.4.43
Magdalena Kowacka, A. Duchaczek, Dominika Dudziak-Gajowiak, D. Skorupka, Agnieszka Waniewska
The article is a continuation of the series of works on the method for risk analysis in surveying works in road construction projects. The paper presents the application of fuzzy logic to determine the nature and value of the risk of surveying works based on a database of rules and affiliation functions provided by experts. The fact that the issue of occurrence of risk factors in road construction works is not deterministic justifies the above. In such works, there are many uncertainties in establishing the value of their duration in the long term. The theoretical framework of the method is presented together with an example of its application. Moreover, research results are compared with previous publications using other research tools.
{"title":"Określenie charakteru i wartości ryzyka prac geodezyjnych z zastosowaniem logiki rozmytej","authors":"Magdalena Kowacka, A. Duchaczek, Dominika Dudziak-Gajowiak, D. Skorupka, Agnieszka Waniewska","doi":"10.22630/pniks.2020.29.4.43","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22630/pniks.2020.29.4.43","url":null,"abstract":"The article is a continuation of the series of works on the method for risk analysis in surveying works in road construction projects. The paper presents the application of fuzzy logic to determine the nature and value of the risk of surveying works based on a database of rules and affiliation functions provided by experts. The fact that the issue of occurrence of risk factors in road construction works is not deterministic justifies the above. In such works, there are many uncertainties in establishing the value of their duration in the long term. The theoretical framework of the method is presented together with an example of its application. Moreover, research results are compared with previous publications using other research tools.","PeriodicalId":38397,"journal":{"name":"Scientific Review Engineering and Environmental Sciences","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-12-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68303973","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-12-16DOI: 10.22630/pniks.2020.29.4.34
J. Palacios, Tito Castillo, Marcel Paredes, Oscar Paredes
The 3D printing is a construction technology that uses mortar to make elements and structures. In this research, four types of mortar were elaborated using Portland cement types I and HE, adding hydraulic lime. Mortars with cement types I and HE without hydraulic lime presented higher resistance to compression than mortars made with lime. The four mortars had an adequate resistance to compression and features that are suitable for use in 3D printers.
{"title":"Mortar for 3D printers using river sand, Portland cement and hydraulic lime","authors":"J. Palacios, Tito Castillo, Marcel Paredes, Oscar Paredes","doi":"10.22630/pniks.2020.29.4.34","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22630/pniks.2020.29.4.34","url":null,"abstract":"The 3D printing is a construction technology that uses mortar to make elements and structures. In this research, four types of mortar were elaborated using Portland cement types I and HE, adding hydraulic lime. Mortars with cement types I and HE without hydraulic lime presented higher resistance to compression than mortars made with lime. The four mortars had an adequate resistance to compression and features that are suitable for use in 3D printers.","PeriodicalId":38397,"journal":{"name":"Scientific Review Engineering and Environmental Sciences","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-12-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68303226","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-12-16DOI: 10.22630/pniks.2020.29.4.45
Iqbal Al-Ataby, A. Al-Tmimi
Pollution is one reasons for increase temperature which leads to increase the heat waves which have large socioeconomic and healthy impacts on Middle East. By using monthly daily mean of maximum temperature (C°) at height (2m) covered middle east as a grid of (1581) points for selected months (March, April, May) represent spring and (Jun, July, August) represent Summer for the period 1979 to2018, from the ECMWF, model ERA-interim. Many PDFs have been proposed in recent past, but in present study Logistic, Rayleigh and Gamma distribution are used to describe the characteristics of maximum temperature. This paper attempts to determine the best fitted probability distribution of maximum temperature. To check the accuracy of the predicted data using theoretical probability distributions the goodness of fit criteria Z-test used in this paper. According to the goodness-of-fit criteria and from the graphical comparisons it can be said that Logistic distribution provides the best fit for the observed monthly daily mean of maximum temperature data.
{"title":"Estimate the probability density function of maximum temperature for the Middle East","authors":"Iqbal Al-Ataby, A. Al-Tmimi","doi":"10.22630/pniks.2020.29.4.45","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22630/pniks.2020.29.4.45","url":null,"abstract":"Pollution is one reasons for increase temperature which leads to increase the heat waves which have large socioeconomic and healthy impacts on Middle East. By using monthly daily mean of maximum temperature (C°) at height (2m) covered middle east as a grid of (1581) points for selected months (March, April, May) represent spring and (Jun, July, August) represent Summer for the period 1979 to2018, from the ECMWF, model ERA-interim. Many PDFs have been proposed in recent past, but in present study Logistic, Rayleigh and Gamma distribution are used to describe the characteristics of maximum temperature. This paper attempts to determine the best fitted probability distribution of maximum temperature. To check the accuracy of the predicted data using theoretical probability distributions the goodness of fit criteria Z-test used in this paper. According to the goodness-of-fit criteria and from the graphical comparisons it can be said that Logistic distribution provides the best fit for the observed monthly daily mean of maximum temperature data.","PeriodicalId":38397,"journal":{"name":"Scientific Review Engineering and Environmental Sciences","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-12-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47700766","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-12-16DOI: 10.22630/pniks.2020.29.4.42
J. Konior, M. Szóstak
Time and cost are key elements that determine the success or failure of construction projects. The aim of the article is to analyze and assessment of the course of various construction projects in the field deviations and implementation of the budget and schedule of construction projects. Calculations made in accordance with the Earned Value Method methodology allowed the assessment of the actual cost of the work performed and scheduled for the analyzed construction projects. The data for analysis was obtained from the authors' own experience and professional work. The authors carried out Bank Investment Supervision in the years 2006 - 2019 on behalf of the banks that grant investment loans for non-public contracts.
{"title":"Odchylenia i wykonania budżetu oraz harmonogramu przedsięwzięć budowlanych monitorowanych przez nadzór bankowy na przykładzie budynków zbiorowego zamieszkania","authors":"J. Konior, M. Szóstak","doi":"10.22630/pniks.2020.29.4.42","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22630/pniks.2020.29.4.42","url":null,"abstract":"Time and cost are key elements that determine the success or failure of construction projects. The aim of the article is to analyze and assessment of the course of various construction projects in the field deviations and implementation of the budget and schedule of construction projects. Calculations made in accordance with the Earned Value Method methodology allowed the assessment of the actual cost of the work performed and scheduled for the analyzed construction projects. The data for analysis was obtained from the authors' own experience and professional work. The authors carried out Bank Investment Supervision in the years 2006 - 2019 on behalf of the banks that grant investment loans for non-public contracts.","PeriodicalId":38397,"journal":{"name":"Scientific Review Engineering and Environmental Sciences","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-12-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68303964","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-12-01DOI: 10.22630/pniks.2020.29.4.37
S. Al-Naqib, Kotayba T. Al-Youzbakey, Ali Sulaiman
The last four decades weather forecasting data marks the precipitation declination and increase dry years, in addition to the desertification migration on the west and northwestern Mosul city. This led to studying the Al-Shor Wadi area to try to make use of the karstic spring water flow through it and to harvest the rainfall flow water. These need to select the best site to construct a dam taking into consideration the geological and geotechnical characteristics of both dam site and lake behind. The dam site appears to be appropriate relying on the large thickness and frequencies of the marl bed, the restriction of gypsum bed thicknesses and frequencies as well as, of the approximate nill karstification.
{"title":"Preliminary investigations of rocks and soil at the lower reach of Al-Shor Wadi for water harvesting","authors":"S. Al-Naqib, Kotayba T. Al-Youzbakey, Ali Sulaiman","doi":"10.22630/pniks.2020.29.4.37","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22630/pniks.2020.29.4.37","url":null,"abstract":"The last four decades weather forecasting data marks the precipitation declination and increase dry years, in addition to the desertification migration on the west and northwestern Mosul city. This led to studying the Al-Shor Wadi area to try to make use of the karstic spring water flow through it and to harvest the rainfall flow water. These need to select the best site to construct a dam taking into consideration the geological and geotechnical characteristics of both dam site and lake behind. The dam site appears to be appropriate relying on the large thickness and frequencies of the marl bed, the restriction of gypsum bed thicknesses and frequencies as well as, of the approximate nill karstification.","PeriodicalId":38397,"journal":{"name":"Scientific Review Engineering and Environmental Sciences","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68303303","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-10-08DOI: 10.22630/pniks.2020.29.3.23
E. Žic, Patrik Banko, L. Lešnik
As a very important element of most water supply systems, valves are exposed to the effects of strong hydrodynamic forces. When exposed to large physical quantities, the valve and piping can be damaged, which could endanger the performance of a water supply system. This is the main reason why it is necessary to foresee and determine the maximum values of velocity, pressure and other physical quantities that can occur in the system under certain conditions. Predicting extreme conditions allows us to correctly size the valve for the expected conditions to which the valve might be exposed, which is also the main objective of this paper. One of the methods for predicting and determining extreme values on a valve is to perform a simulation with computational fluid dynamics (CFD). This is exactly the method used in the preparation of this paper with the aim of gaining insight into the physical magnitudes for models of gate valves positioned inside a pipe under characteristic degrees of valve closure. The Ansys CFX 19.1 and Ansys Fluent 19.1 software was used to simulate the hydrodynamic analysis and obtain the required results. The hydrodynamic analysis was performed for four opening degrees of gate valve
{"title":"Hydraulic analysis of gate valve using computational fluid dynamics (CFD)","authors":"E. Žic, Patrik Banko, L. Lešnik","doi":"10.22630/pniks.2020.29.3.23","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22630/pniks.2020.29.3.23","url":null,"abstract":"As a very important element of most water supply systems, valves are exposed to the effects of strong hydrodynamic forces. When exposed to large physical quantities, the valve and piping can be damaged, which could endanger the performance of a water supply system. This is the main reason why it is necessary to foresee and determine the maximum values of velocity, pressure and other physical quantities that can occur in the system under certain conditions. Predicting extreme conditions allows us to correctly size the valve for the expected conditions to which the valve might be exposed, which is also the main objective of this paper. One of the methods for predicting and determining extreme values on a valve is to perform a simulation with computational fluid dynamics (CFD). This is exactly the method used in the preparation of this paper with the aim of gaining insight into the physical magnitudes for models of gate valves positioned inside a pipe under characteristic degrees of valve closure. The Ansys CFX 19.1 and Ansys Fluent 19.1 software was used to simulate the hydrodynamic analysis and obtain the required results. The hydrodynamic analysis was performed for four opening degrees of gate valve","PeriodicalId":38397,"journal":{"name":"Scientific Review Engineering and Environmental Sciences","volume":"5 1","pages":"275-288"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-10-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85586811","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-07-06DOI: 10.22630/pniks.2020.29.2.11
Libor Ansorge, Elžbieta Čejka, Jiří Dlabal, Lada Stejskalová
Surface water pollution is referred to be a problem in the entire Odra river basin. In sub-basins, an insufficient degree of wastewater treatment has been identified as a major problem – in relation to the best available technologies and environmental objectives of Directive 2000/60/EC. The grey water footprint indicator was used to express the influence of point sources of pollution (industrial and municipal wastewater treatment plants) on discharged pollution reduction in the Czech part of the international Odra river basin. The number of 391 records of wastewater treatment plants for the period 2004–2018 was analysed. The results show that the wastewater treatment plants reduce by up to 92% the potential water needs for dilution of pollution discharged into waters in the Czech part of the Odra river basin.
{"title":"Wpływ oczyszczalni ścieków na redukcję zanieczyszczeń odprowadzanych w czeskiej części dorzecza Odry","authors":"Libor Ansorge, Elžbieta Čejka, Jiří Dlabal, Lada Stejskalová","doi":"10.22630/pniks.2020.29.2.11","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22630/pniks.2020.29.2.11","url":null,"abstract":"Surface water pollution is referred to be a problem in the entire Odra river basin. In sub-basins, an insufficient degree of wastewater treatment has been identified as a major problem – in relation to the best available technologies and environmental objectives of Directive 2000/60/EC. The grey water footprint indicator was used to express the influence of point sources of pollution (industrial and municipal wastewater treatment plants) on discharged pollution reduction in the Czech part of the international Odra river basin. The number of 391 records of wastewater treatment plants for the period 2004–2018 was analysed. The results show that the wastewater treatment plants reduce by up to 92% the potential water needs for dilution of pollution discharged into waters in the Czech part of the Odra river basin.","PeriodicalId":38397,"journal":{"name":"Scientific Review Engineering and Environmental Sciences","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-07-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49602854","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-06-26DOI: 10.22630/pniks.2020.29.2.17
O. Al-Taai, Zainab Abbood
The rain is the most common type of precipitation in our atmosphere and when liquid droplet falls to the earth surface. The source of precipitation is water vapor, which is always present in the atmosphere in varying amounts; there are three major types of rain can be distinguished depending on the different factors that cause the airlifting and formation of clouds and rain falling as well as meteorology factors (Niwas, Singh, Singh, Khichar & Singh, 2006): Convectional rainfall: this type of rainfall occurs due to the ground surface heating. When the land warms up, it heats the air above it. This causes the air to expand and – rise. As the air rises it cools and condenses. If this process continues then rain will fall. Convectional rainfall occurs for a very short duration but occurs in the form of heavy showers. This type of rain is often accompanied by lightning and thunder. It is called ascending/rising rain because it is the result of a rising process of the atmosphere, which is exposed to thermal heating and clouds resulting from this type cumulus and cumulonimbus (Saxena & Gupta, 2017). Cyclonic/Frontal rainfall: this type of rainfall occurs when a warm and moist air mass (warm front) meets a cold and dry air mass (cold front). When both masses come together, warmer air is forced to rise over cold air. The moist warm air condenses as it cool, which causes cloud and rain. When there are condensation nuclei and when the atmosphere arrives at saturation – Scientifi c Review – Engineering and Environmental Sciences (2020), 29 (2), 196–211 Sci. Rev. Eng. Env. Sci. (2020), 29 (2) Przegląd Naukowy – Inżynieria i Kształtowanie Środowiska (2020), 29 (2), 196–211 Prz. Nauk. Inż. Kszt. Środ. (2020), 29 (2) http://iks.pn.sggw.pl DOI 10.22630/PNIKS.2020.29.2.17
雨是大气中最常见的降水类型，当液滴落到地球表面时。降水的来源是水蒸气，它总是以不同的数量存在于大气中;根据引起空气抬升、云层形成和降雨的不同因素以及气象因素，可以区分出三种主要的降雨类型(Niwas, Singh, Singh, Khichar & Singh, 2006):对流降雨:这种类型的降雨是由于地面加热而发生的。当陆地变暖时，它会加热上面的空气。这导致空气膨胀和上升。当空气上升时，它冷却并凝结。如果这个过程继续下去，就会下雨。对流降雨持续时间很短，但以阵雨的形式出现。这种雨常伴有闪电和雷声。它被称为上升/上升雨，因为它是大气上升过程的结果，大气暴露于这种类型的积云和积雨云产生的热加热和云(Saxena & Gupta, 2017)。气旋/锋面降雨:这种类型的降雨发生在暖湿气团(暖锋)遇到冷干气团(冷锋)时。当两个空气团聚集在一起时，暖空气被迫上升到冷空气上方。潮湿的暖空气冷却时凝结，形成云和雨。当有凝结核和大气达到饱和时-科学评论-工程与环境科学(2020)，29 (2)，196-211启Eng。Env。科学。(2020)， 29 (2) Przegląd Naukowy - Inżynieria i Kształtowanie Środowiska (2020)， 29 (2)， 196-211研究。在ż。Kszt。Ś杆。(2020)， 29 (2) http://iks.pn.sggw.pl DOI 10.22630/PNIKS.2020.29.2.17
{"title":"Analysis of the convective available potential energy by precipitation over Iraq using ECMWF data for the period of 1989–2018","authors":"O. Al-Taai, Zainab Abbood","doi":"10.22630/pniks.2020.29.2.17","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22630/pniks.2020.29.2.17","url":null,"abstract":"The rain is the most common type of precipitation in our atmosphere and when liquid droplet falls to the earth surface. The source of precipitation is water vapor, which is always present in the atmosphere in varying amounts; there are three major types of rain can be distinguished depending on the different factors that cause the airlifting and formation of clouds and rain falling as well as meteorology factors (Niwas, Singh, Singh, Khichar & Singh, 2006): Convectional rainfall: this type of rainfall occurs due to the ground surface heating. When the land warms up, it heats the air above it. This causes the air to expand and – rise. As the air rises it cools and condenses. If this process continues then rain will fall. Convectional rainfall occurs for a very short duration but occurs in the form of heavy showers. This type of rain is often accompanied by lightning and thunder. It is called ascending/rising rain because it is the result of a rising process of the atmosphere, which is exposed to thermal heating and clouds resulting from this type cumulus and cumulonimbus (Saxena & Gupta, 2017). Cyclonic/Frontal rainfall: this type of rainfall occurs when a warm and moist air mass (warm front) meets a cold and dry air mass (cold front). When both masses come together, warmer air is forced to rise over cold air. The moist warm air condenses as it cool, which causes cloud and rain. When there are condensation nuclei and when the atmosphere arrives at saturation – Scientifi c Review – Engineering and Environmental Sciences (2020), 29 (2), 196–211 Sci. Rev. Eng. Env. Sci. (2020), 29 (2) Przegląd Naukowy – Inżynieria i Kształtowanie Środowiska (2020), 29 (2), 196–211 Prz. Nauk. Inż. Kszt. Środ. (2020), 29 (2) http://iks.pn.sggw.pl DOI 10.22630/PNIKS.2020.29.2.17","PeriodicalId":38397,"journal":{"name":"Scientific Review Engineering and Environmental Sciences","volume":"118 1","pages":"196-211"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-06-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76506351","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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