Pub Date : 2025-10-06DOI: 10.1016/j.nantod.2025.102907
Minhee Ku , Suhui Jeong , Nara Yoon , Hwain Myeong , Jinwon Kwon , Jaemoon Yang , Sungbaek Seo
Poly(tannic acid) (pTA) nanospheres, assembled from natural tannic acid molecules, exhibit strong intracellular antioxidant activity and effectively modulate the invasive behaviour of triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) cells. Acting as redox-active nanostructures, pTA nanospheres suppress proliferation and induce mechanoregulatory changes, including altered nuclear morphology, cytoskeletal disassembly, and diminished cell polarity. Specifically, pTA treatment causes spatial mislocalization of MT1-MMP from the invasive front to the perinuclear zone, disrupting its colocalization with F-actin and reducing its matrix-degrading capacity. High-resolution STED and TEM imaging reveal vimentin network collapse and mitochondrial redistribution along microtubules. Metabolic profiling shows a marked decline in oxidative phosphorylation-linked ATP production. Despite these functional disruptions, cleaved caspase-3 remains undetectable, indicating a non-apoptotic, cytostatic state accompanied by autophagy and redox signalling compensation. These findings demonstrate that pTA nanospheres exert redox-driven mechanoregulation in TNBC cells, limiting their invasive potential without inducing cell death, and highlight their promise as a non-lethal nanotherapeutics approach for post-surgical or adjuvant control of metastatic progression.
{"title":"Redox-driven mechanoregulation of invasive TNBC cells using poly(tannic acid) nanospheres","authors":"Minhee Ku , Suhui Jeong , Nara Yoon , Hwain Myeong , Jinwon Kwon , Jaemoon Yang , Sungbaek Seo","doi":"10.1016/j.nantod.2025.102907","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.nantod.2025.102907","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Poly(tannic acid) (pTA) nanospheres, assembled from natural tannic acid molecules, exhibit strong intracellular antioxidant activity and effectively modulate the invasive behaviour of triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) cells. Acting as redox-active nanostructures, pTA nanospheres suppress proliferation and induce mechanoregulatory changes, including altered nuclear morphology, cytoskeletal disassembly, and diminished cell polarity. Specifically, pTA treatment causes spatial mislocalization of MT1-MMP from the invasive front to the perinuclear zone, disrupting its colocalization with F-actin and reducing its matrix-degrading capacity. High-resolution STED and TEM imaging reveal vimentin network collapse and mitochondrial redistribution along microtubules. Metabolic profiling shows a marked decline in oxidative phosphorylation-linked ATP production. Despite these functional disruptions, cleaved caspase-3 remains undetectable, indicating a non-apoptotic, cytostatic state accompanied by autophagy and redox signalling compensation. These findings demonstrate that pTA nanospheres exert redox-driven mechanoregulation in TNBC cells, limiting their invasive potential without inducing cell death, and highlight their promise as a non-lethal nanotherapeutics approach for post-surgical or adjuvant control of metastatic progression.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":395,"journal":{"name":"Nano Today","volume":"66 ","pages":"Article 102907"},"PeriodicalIF":10.9,"publicationDate":"2025-10-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145263043","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-10-04DOI: 10.1016/j.nantod.2025.102913
Li Xu , Jiaqian Miao , Danni Xu , Xuan Mo , Junjie Wang , Sisi Chen , Bing Liu , Guangbo Ge , Xinyuan Zhu , Hongping Deng
{"title":"Corrigendum to “Macrophage-targeted polysaccharide nano-immunomodulators with spatial- and time-programmed drug release for cancer therapy” [Nano Today 66 (2026) 102893]","authors":"Li Xu , Jiaqian Miao , Danni Xu , Xuan Mo , Junjie Wang , Sisi Chen , Bing Liu , Guangbo Ge , Xinyuan Zhu , Hongping Deng","doi":"10.1016/j.nantod.2025.102913","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.nantod.2025.102913","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":395,"journal":{"name":"Nano Today","volume":"66 ","pages":"Article 102913"},"PeriodicalIF":10.9,"publicationDate":"2025-10-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145681497","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Ferritin and AP205 are two well-established representative nanoparticle platforms widely used in vaccine development. However, their immunological properties, vaccine efficacy, and underlying mechanisms remain incompletely characterized. In this study, we systematically compared the immune profiles of Ferritin- and AP205-based nanovaccines, explored their mechanisms of action, and evaluated their efficiency in the AAV-HBV infection mouse model. Our results demonstrated that the AP205 vaccine, which incorporates intrinsic ssRNA as a built-in adjuvant, elicited a stronger antibody response with a balanced IgG1/IgG2c profile. In contrast, the Ferritin vaccine supplemented with extrinsic CpG adjuvant induced an IgG1-biased antibody response. At the T cell level, the AP205 vaccine promoted a more mature germinal center T follicular helper (GC-Tfh) cell response, whereas the Ferritin+CpG vaccine stimulated a stronger Th1 response, likely due to enhanced dendritic cell activation by CpG. We further showed that codelivery of antigen and adjuvant is necessary and sufficient to augment IgG2c response for both platforms. Functionally, although the AP205-preS1 vaccine exhibited superior preventive efficacy against acute AAV-HBV infection compared to the Ferritin-preS1 +CpG vaccine, it showed reduced therapeutic efficacy against chronic AAV-HBV infection, highlighting the importance of Th1 immunity in viral clearance. Together, these findings suggest that the AP205 platform may serve as an effective platform for prophylactic vaccines, while Ferritin+CpG may hold greater potential for therapeutic applications requiring strong Th1 responses, such as chronic hepatitis B (CHB).
{"title":"Distinct immunological features of Ferritin and AP205 nanovaccines lead to differing therapeutic outcomes against chronic hepatitis B","authors":"Xiaoxiao Zhou , Wenjun Wang , Yiyuan Zheng , Jiyu Ding , Mingzhao Zhu","doi":"10.1016/j.nantod.2025.102909","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.nantod.2025.102909","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Ferritin and AP205 are two well-established representative nanoparticle platforms widely used in vaccine development. However, their immunological properties, vaccine efficacy, and underlying mechanisms remain incompletely characterized. In this study, we systematically compared the immune profiles of Ferritin- and AP205-based nanovaccines, explored their mechanisms of action, and evaluated their efficiency in the AAV-HBV infection mouse model. Our results demonstrated that the AP205 vaccine, which incorporates intrinsic ssRNA as a built-in adjuvant, elicited a stronger antibody response with a balanced IgG1/IgG2c profile. In contrast, the Ferritin vaccine supplemented with extrinsic CpG adjuvant induced an IgG1-biased antibody response. At the T cell level, the AP205 vaccine promoted a more mature germinal center T follicular helper (GC-Tfh) cell response, whereas the Ferritin+CpG vaccine stimulated a stronger Th1 response, likely due to enhanced dendritic cell activation by CpG. We further showed that codelivery of antigen and adjuvant is necessary and sufficient to augment IgG2c response for both platforms. Functionally, although the AP205-preS1 vaccine exhibited superior preventive efficacy against acute AAV-HBV infection compared to the Ferritin-preS1 +CpG vaccine, it showed reduced therapeutic efficacy against chronic AAV-HBV infection, highlighting the importance of Th1 immunity in viral clearance. Together, these findings suggest that the AP205 platform may serve as an effective platform for prophylactic vaccines, while Ferritin+CpG may hold greater potential for therapeutic applications requiring strong Th1 responses, such as chronic hepatitis B (CHB).</div></div>","PeriodicalId":395,"journal":{"name":"Nano Today","volume":"66 ","pages":"Article 102909"},"PeriodicalIF":10.9,"publicationDate":"2025-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145217727","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-10-01DOI: 10.1016/j.nantod.2025.102908
Zheng Wei , Yu-Hao Wan , Wenxiang Wang , Jiawang You , Zhisheng Peng , Julienne Impundu , Tao He , Changzhi Gu , Hongxuan Ren , Yong Jun Li , Qing-Feng Sun , Lianfeng Sun
Magnetic anisotropy can remove Mermin-Wagner prohibitions for magnetic order in two-dimensional materials. An interesting and fundamental question is to explore magnetism in materials/structures with still lower dimensions. Here we show that there is one-dimensional ferromagnetism along the edges between a molybdenum (Mo) strip and a monolayer graphene (MLG). When a Mo strip is deposited across an MLG with magnetron sputtering, the MLG underneath Mo is removed due to a solid-solid reaction, making two newly-formed, one-dimensional edges between the Mo strip and the MLG. For one Mo strip on an MLG, Kondo effect and anisotropic magnetoresistance (AMR) can be observed, which exhibits a unique linear V/W-shape in small magnetic fields. For two parallel Mo strips on a single MLG, besides Kondo effect and AMR, spin Hall effect (SHE) and inverse spin Hall effect (ISHE) have been observed at temperature up to 300 K, which implies the antiferromagnetic coupling between the edges. These results indicate the coexistence of Kondo effect and one-dimensional ferromagnetism and great potential applications.
{"title":"One-dimensional ferromagnetism revealed by Kondo effect and linear V/W-shaped anisotropic magnetoresistance","authors":"Zheng Wei , Yu-Hao Wan , Wenxiang Wang , Jiawang You , Zhisheng Peng , Julienne Impundu , Tao He , Changzhi Gu , Hongxuan Ren , Yong Jun Li , Qing-Feng Sun , Lianfeng Sun","doi":"10.1016/j.nantod.2025.102908","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.nantod.2025.102908","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Magnetic anisotropy can remove Mermin-Wagner prohibitions for magnetic order in two-dimensional materials. An interesting and fundamental question is to explore magnetism in materials/structures with still lower dimensions. Here we show that there is one-dimensional ferromagnetism along the edges between a molybdenum (Mo) strip and a monolayer graphene (MLG). When a Mo strip is deposited across an MLG with magnetron sputtering, the MLG underneath Mo is removed due to a solid-solid reaction, making two newly-formed, one-dimensional edges between the Mo strip and the MLG. For one Mo strip on an MLG, Kondo effect and anisotropic magnetoresistance (AMR) can be observed, which exhibits a unique linear V/W-shape in small magnetic fields. For two parallel Mo strips on a single MLG, besides Kondo effect and AMR, spin Hall effect (SHE) and inverse spin Hall effect (ISHE) have been observed at temperature up to 300 K, which implies the antiferromagnetic coupling between the edges. These results indicate the coexistence of Kondo effect and one-dimensional ferromagnetism and great potential applications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":395,"journal":{"name":"Nano Today","volume":"66 ","pages":"Article 102908"},"PeriodicalIF":10.9,"publicationDate":"2025-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145217726","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Neuroma formation following the repair of nerve injuries exceeding 0.9 cm in length severely impedes functional recovery. To overcome this challenge, we engineered magnetically responsive core-shell nanoparticles (MnFe2O4@ZIF-8@Retinoic acid, MFZR; 90–360 nm) to guide regeneration within a decellularized umbilical cord artery (DUCA) conduit. We investigated the synergistic effect of MFZR under an external magnetic field (MF) on Schwann cell behavior in vitro and on sciatic nerve repair in a rat model. Under MF exposure, MFZR significantly enhanced Schwann cell migration, alignment, and elongation on DUCA conduits. In-vivo, the MFZR+MF combination potently promoted functional recovery, as measured by the sciatic functional index, muscle compound action potential, and nerve conduction velocity, without inducing DUCA-related inflammation. Histological analysis demonstrated robust regeneration, characterized by increased axon diameter, an improved G-ratio, and elevated expression of S100 and NF-200. This regeneration was facilitated by a healing-promoting M2 macrophage polarization at the injury site. Critically, the strategy exhibited no systemic toxicity. These findings establish that magnetically guided MFZR effectively prevents neuroma in the DUCA conduits, orchestrates a pro-regenerative microenvironment, and achieves significant functional recovery, offering a promising translatable strategy for nerve repair.
{"title":"Revolutionizing role of magnetic field-guided MnFe2O4@ZIF-8@retinoic acid in DUCA conduits for inflammation inhibition and peripheral nerve regeneration","authors":"Majid Sharifi , Majid Salehi , Somayeh Ebrahimi-Barough , Mohammad Kamalabadi-Farahani","doi":"10.1016/j.nantod.2025.102910","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.nantod.2025.102910","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Neuroma formation following the repair of nerve injuries exceeding 0.9 cm in length severely impedes functional recovery. To overcome this challenge, we engineered magnetically responsive core-shell nanoparticles (MnFe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>4</sub>@ZIF-8@Retinoic acid, MFZR; 90–360 nm) to guide regeneration within a decellularized umbilical cord artery (DUCA) conduit. We investigated the synergistic effect of MFZR under an external magnetic field (MF) on Schwann cell behavior in vitro and on sciatic nerve repair in a rat model. Under MF exposure, MFZR significantly enhanced Schwann cell migration, alignment, and elongation on DUCA conduits. <em>In-vivo</em>, the MFZR+MF combination potently promoted functional recovery, as measured by the sciatic functional index, muscle compound action potential, and nerve conduction velocity, without inducing DUCA-related inflammation. Histological analysis demonstrated robust regeneration, characterized by increased axon diameter, an improved G-ratio, and elevated expression of S100 and NF-200. This regeneration was facilitated by a healing-promoting M2 macrophage polarization at the injury site. Critically, the strategy exhibited no systemic toxicity. These findings establish that magnetically guided MFZR effectively prevents neuroma in the DUCA conduits, orchestrates a pro-regenerative microenvironment, and achieves significant functional recovery, offering a promising translatable strategy for nerve repair.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":395,"journal":{"name":"Nano Today","volume":"66 ","pages":"Article 102910"},"PeriodicalIF":10.9,"publicationDate":"2025-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145217725","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-09-30DOI: 10.1016/j.nantod.2025.102903
Qingshan Yang , Yujing Sang , Nan Geng , Yang Liu , Dongya Zhang , Yan Zou , Meng Zheng
Parkinson’s disease (PD) is the most common movement disorders, affecting more than 1 % of the elderly population aged over 60 years old. Targeting the accumulation of the toxic protein α-synuclein (α-Syn) (SNCA) is a common therapeutic strategy for PD. CRISPR/Cas9 gene technology could provide an avenue to achieve reduced levels of this protein. However, the lack of effective and safe brain delivery vectors greatly hampers its applications for brain disorders. In this paper, we developed glucose directed single-particle nanocapsules that efficiently delivers CRISPR/Cas9 into targeted brain lesions to specifically edit the SNCA gene. Our CRISPR/Cas9 nanocapsules have a small size of 32 nm and formed with a polymeric shell which protects Cas9/sgRNA from enzymatic degradation. Benefitting from surface glucose decoration, our nanocapsules exhibited blood brain barrier (BBB) permeability and accumulation in brain lesions after intravenous administration. Additionally, CRISPR/Cas9 nanocapsules selectively reduced expression of the SNCA leading to down regulation of α-Syn protein, M1/M2 microglial re-polarization, amelioration of neuroinflammation and recovery of tryptophan hydroxylase (TH) in A53T transgenic mice. Importantly, CRISPR/Cas9 nanocapsules significantly improved performance of mice in a variety behavioral test with negligible side effects. Therefore, the CRISPR/Cas9 nanocapsules provides a versatile but potent platform for genetic engineering in brain disorders, especially genome mutations relevant to neuronal disease.
{"title":"Non-invasive CRISPR/Cas9 nanocapsules specifically edit α-synuclein for effective Parkinson’s disease treatment","authors":"Qingshan Yang , Yujing Sang , Nan Geng , Yang Liu , Dongya Zhang , Yan Zou , Meng Zheng","doi":"10.1016/j.nantod.2025.102903","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.nantod.2025.102903","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Parkinson’s disease (PD) is the most common movement disorders, affecting more than 1 % of the elderly population aged over 60 years old. Targeting the accumulation of the toxic protein α-synuclein (α-Syn) (<em>SNCA</em>) is a common therapeutic strategy for PD. CRISPR/Cas9 gene technology could provide an avenue to achieve reduced levels of this protein. However, the lack of effective and safe brain delivery vectors greatly hampers its applications for brain disorders. In this paper, we developed glucose directed single-particle nanocapsules that efficiently delivers CRISPR/Cas9 into targeted brain lesions to specifically edit the <em>SNCA</em> gene. Our CRISPR/Cas9 nanocapsules have a small size of 32 nm and formed with a polymeric shell which protects Cas9/sgRNA from enzymatic degradation. Benefitting from surface glucose decoration, our nanocapsules exhibited blood brain barrier (BBB) permeability and accumulation in brain lesions after intravenous administration. Additionally, CRISPR/Cas9 nanocapsules selectively reduced expression of the <em>SNCA</em> leading to down regulation of α-Syn protein, M1/M2 microglial re-polarization, amelioration of neuroinflammation and recovery of tryptophan hydroxylase (TH) in A53T transgenic mice. Importantly, CRISPR/Cas9 nanocapsules significantly improved performance of mice in a variety behavioral test with negligible side effects. Therefore, the CRISPR/Cas9 nanocapsules provides a versatile but potent platform for genetic engineering in brain disorders, especially genome mutations relevant to neuronal disease.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":395,"journal":{"name":"Nano Today","volume":"66 ","pages":"Article 102903"},"PeriodicalIF":10.9,"publicationDate":"2025-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145217729","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-09-29DOI: 10.1016/j.nantod.2025.102904
Avital Ella Ben-Haim , Reut Amar Feldbaum , Uri Perry , Antolin Jesila Jesu Amalraj , Karthik Ananth Mani , Einat Zelinger , Einat Native-Roth , Mohamed Samara , Aviv Dombrovsky , Guy Mechrez
This study introduces a novel root protection method against Tobamovirus, using thermally responsive water-in-oil colloidosomes stabilized by halloysite nanotubes (HNTs). These colloidosomes are formed in situ through a cost-effective process using HNTs, canola oil, water, and two trietoxysilanes: (3-aminopropyl)trietoxysilanes (APTES) and Dodecyltriethoxysilane (DTES). The combination of hydrophilic APTES and hydrophobic DTES allows precise control over emulsion type and enables the formation of stable colloidosomes. A key feature of this system is the solar-triggered release of chlorinated trisodium phosphate (Cl-TSP), an antiviral agent that disinfects the root area and inactivates viral particles. The amount and timing of Cl-TSP release were measured, demonstrating controlled and localized delivery. The formulation provided high protection in tomato plants, while remaining biofriendly and environmentally safe. This work offers a smart-release platform for effective and sustainable crop protection.
{"title":"Stimuli-responsive halloysite colloidosomes for active delivery of antiviral agents in plant protection","authors":"Avital Ella Ben-Haim , Reut Amar Feldbaum , Uri Perry , Antolin Jesila Jesu Amalraj , Karthik Ananth Mani , Einat Zelinger , Einat Native-Roth , Mohamed Samara , Aviv Dombrovsky , Guy Mechrez","doi":"10.1016/j.nantod.2025.102904","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.nantod.2025.102904","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study introduces a novel root protection method against Tobamovirus, using thermally responsive water-in-oil colloidosomes stabilized by halloysite nanotubes (HNTs). These colloidosomes are formed <em>in situ</em> through a cost-effective process using HNTs, canola oil, water, and two trietoxysilanes: (3-aminopropyl)trietoxysilanes (APTES) and Dodecyltriethoxysilane (DTES). The combination of hydrophilic APTES and hydrophobic DTES allows precise control over emulsion type and enables the formation of stable colloidosomes. A key feature of this system is the solar-triggered release of chlorinated trisodium phosphate (Cl-TSP), an antiviral agent that disinfects the root area and inactivates viral particles. The amount and timing of Cl-TSP release were measured, demonstrating controlled and localized delivery. The formulation provided high protection in tomato plants, while remaining biofriendly and environmentally safe. This work offers a smart-release platform for effective and sustainable crop protection.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":395,"journal":{"name":"Nano Today","volume":"66 ","pages":"Article 102904"},"PeriodicalIF":10.9,"publicationDate":"2025-09-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145217728","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-09-27DOI: 10.1016/j.nantod.2025.102905
Yuewen Zhai , Ji Fang , Fang He , Ziyuan Qin , Jun Liu , Siwen Li
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) serve as essential mediators of intercellular communication and play a pivotal role in both physiological and pathological processes. Their mechanical strength and biomechanical properties not only dictate structural stability, in vivo delivery efficiency, and biological functionality but also have significant implications for disease diagnosis and targeted therapy. This review systematically summarizes the methodologies and key parameters used to assess the mechanical strength of EVs, and synthesizes current evidence identifying the internal protein network, membrane cholesterol and phospholipid composition, AQP1 and other membrane protein expression levels, and vesicle size differences as primary structural determinants of EV elasticity. Furthermore, the physiological state of the source cells, production processes, and external mechanical forces are also recognized as critical factors shaping EV mechanical properties. In addition, this review comprehensively discusses the adaptive behaviors of EVs with distinct mechanical characteristics in complex biological environments, with a particular focus on their transmembrane transport, circulation dynamics, and targeted delivery capabilities, and delineates the mechanistic principles by which EVs with varying elasticity achieve prolonged circulation and subsequent uptake by recipient cells. Based on recent advances, this review also explores the potential applications of the mechanical properties and biomechanical principles of EVs in quality control assessment, disease diagnostics, and drug delivery, while offering a forward-looking perspective on their future development in the biomedical field.
{"title":"Mechanical strength and biomechanics of extracellular vesicles","authors":"Yuewen Zhai , Ji Fang , Fang He , Ziyuan Qin , Jun Liu , Siwen Li","doi":"10.1016/j.nantod.2025.102905","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.nantod.2025.102905","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Extracellular vesicles (EVs) serve as essential mediators of intercellular communication and play a pivotal role in both physiological and pathological processes. Their mechanical strength and biomechanical properties not only dictate structural stability, in vivo delivery efficiency, and biological functionality but also have significant implications for disease diagnosis and targeted therapy. This review systematically summarizes the methodologies and key parameters used to assess the mechanical strength of EVs, and synthesizes current evidence identifying the internal protein network, membrane cholesterol and phospholipid composition, AQP1 and other membrane protein expression levels, and vesicle size differences as primary structural determinants of EV elasticity. Furthermore, the physiological state of the source cells, production processes, and external mechanical forces are also recognized as critical factors shaping EV mechanical properties. In addition, this review comprehensively discusses the adaptive behaviors of EVs with distinct mechanical characteristics in complex biological environments, with a particular focus on their transmembrane transport, circulation dynamics, and targeted delivery capabilities, and delineates the mechanistic principles by which EVs with varying elasticity achieve prolonged circulation and subsequent uptake by recipient cells. Based on recent advances, this review also explores the potential applications of the mechanical properties and biomechanical principles of EVs in quality control assessment, disease diagnostics, and drug delivery, while offering a forward-looking perspective on their future development in the biomedical field.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":395,"journal":{"name":"Nano Today","volume":"66 ","pages":"Article 102905"},"PeriodicalIF":10.9,"publicationDate":"2025-09-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145155509","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-09-27DOI: 10.1016/j.nantod.2025.102906
Shuang Zhao , Wujie Guo , Guoye Yang , Peng Hu , Yidi Liu , Liang Chen , Shiping Ning , Xiaoying Cao , Yanfei Pan , Jiahua Shi , Wei Jiang , Decheng Lu , Huiqiao Huang
Diabetic wound infections often lead to excessive inflammation, resulting in chronic or non-healing wounds. Effectively addressing the unique characteristics of the wound microenvironment for precise and safe treatment remains a significant challenge. In this work, we report the construction of novel, capsule-like natural glucose oxidase (GOx)-loaded metal-phenolic nanozymes (GOx-Zn2+/Cu2+-TA-VOx, GZ-TA-VOx), which is anchored to a pH/glucose dual-responsive degradable hydrogel composed of poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) and phenylboronic-acid-grafted sodium alginate (SA-PBA) for managing bacterial infections in diabetic wounds. The GZ-TA-VOx nanozymes exhibit efficient peroxidase (POD)-like and glutathione peroxidase (GPx)-like activities, as well as photothermal antibacterial properties. Additionally, the GOx in GZ-TA-VOx consumes glucose, producing hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and gluconic acid, which ameliorates hyperglycemia at the wound site and enhances the catalytic activity of the GZ-TA-VOx nanozymes. Encapsulation in a PVA/SA-PBA hydrogel provides tissue adhesion, self-healing, and degradable properties, enabling controlled drug release and synergistic effects for enhanced wound healing. In vivo experiments demonstrated that the GZ-TA-VOx hydrogel effectively alleviated inflammation, promoted angiogenesis and epithelial cell proliferation, and facilitated wound recovery, highlighting its potential for managing diabetic wounds. Overall, this work introduces a new synthesis approach for metal-phenolic nanozymes and presents a promising strategy for treating bacterial-infected diabetic wounds.
{"title":"Dual-responsive glucose/pH degradable nanozyme hydrogel with cascade catalytic antibacterial performance for infected diabetic wound treatment","authors":"Shuang Zhao , Wujie Guo , Guoye Yang , Peng Hu , Yidi Liu , Liang Chen , Shiping Ning , Xiaoying Cao , Yanfei Pan , Jiahua Shi , Wei Jiang , Decheng Lu , Huiqiao Huang","doi":"10.1016/j.nantod.2025.102906","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.nantod.2025.102906","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Diabetic wound infections often lead to excessive inflammation, resulting in chronic or non-healing wounds. Effectively addressing the unique characteristics of the wound microenvironment for precise and safe treatment remains a significant challenge. In this work, we report the construction of novel, capsule-like natural glucose oxidase (GO<sub>x</sub>)-loaded metal-phenolic nanozymes (GO<sub>x</sub>-Zn<sup>2+</sup>/Cu<sup>2+</sup>-TA-VO<sub>x</sub>, GZ-TA-VO<sub>x</sub>), which is anchored to a pH/glucose dual-responsive degradable hydrogel composed of poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) and phenylboronic-acid-grafted sodium alginate (SA-PBA) for managing bacterial infections in diabetic wounds. The GZ-TA-VO<sub>x</sub> nanozymes exhibit efficient peroxidase (POD)-like and glutathione peroxidase (GPx)-like activities, as well as photothermal antibacterial properties. Additionally, the GO<sub>x</sub> in GZ-TA-VO<sub>x</sub> consumes glucose, producing hydrogen peroxide (H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub>) and gluconic acid, which ameliorates hyperglycemia at the wound site and enhances the catalytic activity of the GZ-TA-VO<sub>x</sub> nanozymes. Encapsulation in a PVA/SA-PBA hydrogel provides tissue adhesion, self-healing, and degradable properties, enabling controlled drug release and synergistic effects for enhanced wound healing. <em>In vivo</em> experiments demonstrated that the GZ-TA-VO<sub>x</sub> hydrogel effectively alleviated inflammation, promoted angiogenesis and epithelial cell proliferation, and facilitated wound recovery, highlighting its potential for managing diabetic wounds. Overall, this work introduces a new synthesis approach for metal-phenolic nanozymes and presents a promising strategy for treating bacterial-infected diabetic wounds.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":395,"journal":{"name":"Nano Today","volume":"66 ","pages":"Article 102906"},"PeriodicalIF":10.9,"publicationDate":"2025-09-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145155508","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-09-22DOI: 10.1016/j.nantod.2025.102902
Qiqi Li , Yuhan Dong , Zehong Chen , Hui Zhang , Zengming Wang , Nan Liu , Mei Lu , Wei Zhu , Haonan Xing , Aiping Zheng
Global climate change has created favorable conditions for the transmission and expansion of the Zika virus (ZIKV), with the risk of ZIKV re-emergence posing an ongoing biosecurity threat. However, the lack of effective anti-Zika drugs makes the clinical application of symptom-relieving therapies the only available option. Recent progress in understanding virus–host interactions has significantly accelerated the development of innovative antiviral strategies against ZIKV infection. This review examines the challenges encountered in the development of anti-ZIKV drugs and explores potential therapeutic strategies through a novel ZIKV–host interaction perspective. Moreover, this review systematically outlines novel anti-ZIKV drug strategies, including promising molecular mechanisms and potential targets derived from ZIKV, replication-associated host factors, and immune system elements for drug design. Targeting ZIKV structural components to disrupt its life cycle remains a conventional antiviral strategy, while targeting replication-associated host factors and developing drugs that modulate host cellular processes represent promising therapeutic approaches. The frequently neglected antagonistic effect of ZIKV on innate host immunity and corresponding antiviral strategies are also examined in this review. More importantly, recent progress in antiviral strategies during pregnancy and anti-ZIKV drug delivery strategies are examined, with a focus on potential challenges and future directions for anti-Zika drugs. Further, regulating key placental blood barrier targets represents a promising therapeutic strategy against ZIKV during pregnancy. The progress of anti-ZIKV drug delivery systems enable maximum therapeutic efficacy. This review proposes an integration of potential intervention strategies from the perspective of ZIKV–host interactions, thereby aiming to establish a foundation for future anti-ZIKV research while accelerating the translation of anti-ZIKV therapeutics into clinical practice.
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