Pub Date : 2020-11-24DOI: 10.5325/jmorahist.20.2.0149
Thomas J. McCullough
abstract:In late 1741 Benigna von Zinzendorf, a fifteen-year-old woman, arrived in North America from Europe, right around the period in which the Moravian community in Bethlehem, Pennsylvania, was organized. Scholarship on the founding years of the Moravian Church in North America has been largely based upon the communal Bethlehem Diary, and narrated through the writings of Nicolaus Ludwig von Zinzendorf, Benigna's father, August Gottlieb Spangenberg, and other patriarchal figures. Archivists recognize the importance of increasing access to handwritten archival materials and manuscript collections, especially those that give historical agency to underrepresented groups in archives. In an effort to diversify the body of accessible source materials from this era, transcribed and translated here are four reports that Benigna wrote and addressed from North America, 1741–42, to Moravian women in Europe.
1741年末，15岁的妇女Benigna von Zinzendorf从欧洲来到北美，大约在宾夕法尼亚州伯利恒的摩拉维亚社区成立的时候。关于北美摩拉维亚教会成立年份的奖学金主要基于《伯利恒日记》，并通过贝尼尼亚的父亲奥古斯特·戈特利布·斯潘根伯格和其他父权制人物尼古拉斯·路德维希·冯·津岑多夫的著作进行叙述。档案工作者认识到增加获得手写档案材料和手稿收藏的机会的重要性，特别是那些为档案中代表性不足的群体提供历史代理的材料和手稿。为了使这个时代的可获取来源材料多样化，这里转录和翻译了贝尼尼亚1741-42年在北美写给欧洲摩拉维亚妇女的四份报告。
{"title":"Benigna von Zinzendorf's Reports about Her American Travels, 1741–1742","authors":"Thomas J. McCullough","doi":"10.5325/jmorahist.20.2.0149","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5325/jmorahist.20.2.0149","url":null,"abstract":"abstract:In late 1741 Benigna von Zinzendorf, a fifteen-year-old woman, arrived in North America from Europe, right around the period in which the Moravian community in Bethlehem, Pennsylvania, was organized. Scholarship on the founding years of the Moravian Church in North America has been largely based upon the communal Bethlehem Diary, and narrated through the writings of Nicolaus Ludwig von Zinzendorf, Benigna's father, August Gottlieb Spangenberg, and other patriarchal figures. Archivists recognize the importance of increasing access to handwritten archival materials and manuscript collections, especially those that give historical agency to underrepresented groups in archives. In an effort to diversify the body of accessible source materials from this era, transcribed and translated here are four reports that Benigna wrote and addressed from North America, 1741–42, to Moravian women in Europe.","PeriodicalId":40312,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Moravian History","volume":"20 1","pages":"149 - 189"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2020-11-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46897800","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-05-14DOI: 10.5325/jmorahist.20.1.0073
P. Peucker
Abstract:In 1727 Zinzendorf issued two regulatory documents for the community of Herrnhut, the Manorial Commandments and the Brotherly Agreement, that regulated civic affairs and spiritual matters for the new town and defined the settlement as a Philadelphian community. Here an English translation of these two documents, together with the German original, is presented. The edition and translation are based on the original manuscript versions of both the Manorial Commandments and the Brotherly Agreement as found in the Unity Archives in Herrnhut, Germany.
{"title":"The 1727 Statutes of Herrnhut","authors":"P. Peucker","doi":"10.5325/jmorahist.20.1.0073","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5325/jmorahist.20.1.0073","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract:In 1727 Zinzendorf issued two regulatory documents for the community of Herrnhut, the Manorial Commandments and the Brotherly Agreement, that regulated civic affairs and spiritual matters for the new town and defined the settlement as a Philadelphian community. Here an English translation of these two documents, together with the German original, is presented. The edition and translation are based on the original manuscript versions of both the Manorial Commandments and the Brotherly Agreement as found in the Unity Archives in Herrnhut, Germany.","PeriodicalId":40312,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Moravian History","volume":"20 1","pages":"113 - 73"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2020-05-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48059878","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-05-14DOI: 10.5325/jmorahist.20.1.0001
Brent Ranalli
Abstract:It is well documented that Comenius's (1592–1670) "pansophic" program of intellectual reform was influenced by a variety of European authors (e.g., Andreae, Campanella, Bacon, Patrizi) and trends such as Ramism and German Reformed encyclopedism. This article enumerates some of the debts the pansophic program owes to a source closer to home: the Unity of Brethren, Comenius's own Hussite religious tradition. First, we examine several ways in which Comenius's intellectual-reform goals and methods echo the search for unity and harmony that was characteristic of the Brethren (internally, in the group's decision-making techniques, and externally, in its irenic efforts). Second, we see how the virtues Comenius prescribes for philosophers in his pansophic writings parallel the virtues considered necessary for religious irenics.
{"title":"Unity of Brethren Tradition and Comenius's Pansophy","authors":"Brent Ranalli","doi":"10.5325/jmorahist.20.1.0001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5325/jmorahist.20.1.0001","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract:It is well documented that Comenius's (1592–1670) \"pansophic\" program of intellectual reform was influenced by a variety of European authors (e.g., Andreae, Campanella, Bacon, Patrizi) and trends such as Ramism and German Reformed encyclopedism. This article enumerates some of the debts the pansophic program owes to a source closer to home: the Unity of Brethren, Comenius's own Hussite religious tradition. First, we examine several ways in which Comenius's intellectual-reform goals and methods echo the search for unity and harmony that was characteristic of the Brethren (internally, in the group's decision-making techniques, and externally, in its irenic efforts). Second, we see how the virtues Comenius prescribes for philosophers in his pansophic writings parallel the virtues considered necessary for religious irenics.","PeriodicalId":40312,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Moravian History","volume":"20 1","pages":"1 - 29"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2020-05-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47951775","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-05-14DOI: 10.5325/jmorahist.20.1.0030
Craig D. Atwood
Abstract:The first Moravian General Synod to be held outside of Europe met in Bethlehem, PA, in 1957, and it was historic in many ways. It was the first synod in nearly two centuries to have a woman delegate and the first synod held in English instead of German. The synod made some of the most profound changes in the structure and doctrine of the Moravian Church since the days of Zinzendorf. Former mission fields, like South Africa West and Jamaica, were made self-dependent provinces of the new Unity. Synod adopted a new structure of self-governing provinces loosely joined in the Unity, which was similar to the British Commonwealth of Nations. And the church adopted a new doctrinal statement called the Ground of the Unity. This article places the 1957 in its historical context and examines how the Moravians adapted to the end of European colonialism by adopting a new understanding of its mission to the world.
{"title":"General Synod of 1957 and the Creation of the Modern Moravian Unity","authors":"Craig D. Atwood","doi":"10.5325/jmorahist.20.1.0030","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5325/jmorahist.20.1.0030","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract:The first Moravian General Synod to be held outside of Europe met in Bethlehem, PA, in 1957, and it was historic in many ways. It was the first synod in nearly two centuries to have a woman delegate and the first synod held in English instead of German. The synod made some of the most profound changes in the structure and doctrine of the Moravian Church since the days of Zinzendorf. Former mission fields, like South Africa West and Jamaica, were made self-dependent provinces of the new Unity. Synod adopted a new structure of self-governing provinces loosely joined in the Unity, which was similar to the British Commonwealth of Nations. And the church adopted a new doctrinal statement called the Ground of the Unity. This article places the 1957 in its historical context and examines how the Moravians adapted to the end of European colonialism by adopting a new understanding of its mission to the world.","PeriodicalId":40312,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Moravian History","volume":"20 1","pages":"30 - 72"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2020-05-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42925717","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-11-22DOI: 10.5325/jmorahist.19.2.0156
Th F Olsthoorn
abstract:This article considers sickness and health within the context of intercultural encounter. The focus is on Moravian medical practitioners and the cure of diseases in eighteenth-century Labrador. Data is taken from the earliest Nain diaries, additional Moravian manuscripts, and ethnographic studies. An examination of Moravian healing techniques and their appreciation by the indigenous population shows that Inuit judged the missionaries' practices in accordance with their own beliefs and incorporated them into their traditional healing system. Pietists' holistic methods, which included the treatment of the patient's soul together with his body, corresponded with the Inuit's conviction that most physical ailments arose from a moral cause (violation of taboo). Despite the Moravians' hope of the persuasiveness of their cures, the success of their medical procedures—invariably attributed to the healing force of the Savior—did not convince Inuit to abandon their allegiance to the spirits and convert to Christianity. They continued to call on the angakkuit (shamans) for help and followed their instructions alongside of the brethren's medical treatments. The consulted primary sources also suggest that shamans only resorted to the missionaries' cures in life-threatening situations.
{"title":"Healing Body and Soul in Labrador: The Practice of Medicine by Early Moravian Missionaries","authors":"Th F Olsthoorn","doi":"10.5325/jmorahist.19.2.0156","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5325/jmorahist.19.2.0156","url":null,"abstract":"abstract:This article considers sickness and health within the context of intercultural encounter. The focus is on Moravian medical practitioners and the cure of diseases in eighteenth-century Labrador. Data is taken from the earliest Nain diaries, additional Moravian manuscripts, and ethnographic studies. An examination of Moravian healing techniques and their appreciation by the indigenous population shows that Inuit judged the missionaries' practices in accordance with their own beliefs and incorporated them into their traditional healing system. Pietists' holistic methods, which included the treatment of the patient's soul together with his body, corresponded with the Inuit's conviction that most physical ailments arose from a moral cause (violation of taboo). Despite the Moravians' hope of the persuasiveness of their cures, the success of their medical procedures—invariably attributed to the healing force of the Savior—did not convince Inuit to abandon their allegiance to the spirits and convert to Christianity. They continued to call on the angakkuit (shamans) for help and followed their instructions alongside of the brethren's medical treatments. The consulted primary sources also suggest that shamans only resorted to the missionaries' cures in life-threatening situations.","PeriodicalId":40312,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Moravian History","volume":"19 1","pages":"156 - 180"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2019-11-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43899494","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-11-22DOI: 10.5325/jmorahist.19.2.0133
F. Marquardt
abstract:Beginning in the 1740s, an increasing amount of anti-Moravian polemics was published through the eighteenth century. Scholars from various denominations marked many of Zinzendorf's theological ideas as controversial or even heretical. The question arises: how did disputes in Europe influence Moravian missions overseas? With a micro-historical perspective this article focuses on how local missionaries' decisions in the Danish West Indies were impacted by struggles between Moravians and members of the Reformed and the Danish Lutheran churches. Suggestions and guidelines from leading figures like August Gottlieb Spangenberg, David Nitschmann, and Johannes von Watteville played an important role in the way the missionaries tried to cope with these disputes and reflected on their own Moravian identity. By tracing the missionaries' self-representation as well as adaptations to their religious practices, this article develops a better understanding of the Moravians' entanglement in a dynamic colonial setting.
{"title":"\"Distinguishing ourselves from the other Religions\": Confessional Conflicts and Their Influence on the Early Moravian Danish West Indies Mission","authors":"F. Marquardt","doi":"10.5325/jmorahist.19.2.0133","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5325/jmorahist.19.2.0133","url":null,"abstract":"abstract:Beginning in the 1740s, an increasing amount of anti-Moravian polemics was published through the eighteenth century. Scholars from various denominations marked many of Zinzendorf's theological ideas as controversial or even heretical. The question arises: how did disputes in Europe influence Moravian missions overseas? With a micro-historical perspective this article focuses on how local missionaries' decisions in the Danish West Indies were impacted by struggles between Moravians and members of the Reformed and the Danish Lutheran churches. Suggestions and guidelines from leading figures like August Gottlieb Spangenberg, David Nitschmann, and Johannes von Watteville played an important role in the way the missionaries tried to cope with these disputes and reflected on their own Moravian identity. By tracing the missionaries' self-representation as well as adaptations to their religious practices, this article develops a better understanding of the Moravians' entanglement in a dynamic colonial setting.","PeriodicalId":40312,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Moravian History","volume":"19 1","pages":"133 - 155"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2019-11-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44289403","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-11-22DOI: 10.5325/jmorahist.19.2.0182
Jared S. Burkholder
abstract:As a central part of the Moravian Church's origin story, the experience of renewal that took place in Berthelsdorf on August 13, 1727, has become part of the Moravians' collective memory. Imbued with spiritual significance, the event has often been compared to the biblical Pentecost. In commemorating the event, Moravians have continued to draw meaning from the story of August 13, though its significance at times reflected differing impulses. In the American context, August 13 has served as a precedent for seeking experiences of revival. As some Moravian congregations, particularly in the south, organized protracted meetings, revivals could coincide with August 13 commemoration. In the twentieth century, proponents of evangelistic campaigns, who worked to establish institutional support for their activity, also used the memory of August 13 to support evangelical methods and a greater emphasis on the Holy Spirit's Pentecostal power. Perhaps the best example is John Greenfield, a minister and traveling evangelist who adopted evangelical revival techniques and authored a popular book on August 13. Greenfield, and others during this time, not only used a revival and Holiness paradigm to interpret the events of 1727, but conceived of the Moravian tradition as historically aligned with Anglo-American evangelicalism.
{"title":"\"As on the day of Pentecost\": Revivalism, John Greenfield, and the Memory of August 13, 1727","authors":"Jared S. Burkholder","doi":"10.5325/jmorahist.19.2.0182","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5325/jmorahist.19.2.0182","url":null,"abstract":"abstract:As a central part of the Moravian Church's origin story, the experience of renewal that took place in Berthelsdorf on August 13, 1727, has become part of the Moravians' collective memory. Imbued with spiritual significance, the event has often been compared to the biblical Pentecost. In commemorating the event, Moravians have continued to draw meaning from the story of August 13, though its significance at times reflected differing impulses. In the American context, August 13 has served as a precedent for seeking experiences of revival. As some Moravian congregations, particularly in the south, organized protracted meetings, revivals could coincide with August 13 commemoration. In the twentieth century, proponents of evangelistic campaigns, who worked to establish institutional support for their activity, also used the memory of August 13 to support evangelical methods and a greater emphasis on the Holy Spirit's Pentecostal power. Perhaps the best example is John Greenfield, a minister and traveling evangelist who adopted evangelical revival techniques and authored a popular book on August 13. Greenfield, and others during this time, not only used a revival and Holiness paradigm to interpret the events of 1727, but conceived of the Moravian tradition as historically aligned with Anglo-American evangelicalism.","PeriodicalId":40312,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Moravian History","volume":"19 1","pages":"182 - 210"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2019-11-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44110808","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-06-01DOI: 10.5325/JMORAHIST.19.1.0001
Jessica Cronshagen
abstract:This article argues that the idea of political neutrality did not work in the mission of the eighteenth-century Maroons in Surinam. The author outlines the extent to which the missionaries acted politically, made political decisions, used political quarrels for their own interests, and, for the main part, were used for the political interests of the different groups in Surinam. Colonial politics in Surinam were shaped by many different agents and networks: by the Dutch Society of Surinam and the colonial government, but also by indigenous tribes, Saramaccans, slaves, planters, merchants, officials, soldiers, and missionaries. Every daily practice could be read as a political act, as a representation of rebellion or imperialism. Under such circumstances, the idea of neutrality had to fail.
{"title":"“A Loyal Heart to God and the Governor”: Missions and Colonial Policy in the Surinamese Saramaccan Mission (c. 1750–1813)","authors":"Jessica Cronshagen","doi":"10.5325/JMORAHIST.19.1.0001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5325/JMORAHIST.19.1.0001","url":null,"abstract":"abstract:This article argues that the idea of political neutrality did not work in the mission of the eighteenth-century Maroons in Surinam. The author outlines the extent to which the missionaries acted politically, made political decisions, used political quarrels for their own interests, and, for the main part, were used for the political interests of the different groups in Surinam. Colonial politics in Surinam were shaped by many different agents and networks: by the Dutch Society of Surinam and the colonial government, but also by indigenous tribes, Saramaccans, slaves, planters, merchants, officials, soldiers, and missionaries. Every daily practice could be read as a political act, as a representation of rebellion or imperialism. Under such circumstances, the idea of neutrality had to fail.","PeriodicalId":40312,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Moravian History","volume":"19 1","pages":"1 - 24"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2019-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43897502","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-06-01DOI: 10.5325/jmorahist.19.1.0045
G. P. McAllister
abstract:In his report to the 1818 Synod of the Moravian Church in Herrnhut, Germany, Abraham Steiner gives a detailed account of the Female Boarding School in Salem, North Carolina. Steiner, who was inspector of the school, provides his readers with an outline of what female education looked like in the early republic. In addition to the descriptions of curriculum and extracurricular activities, the letter also reveals important economic peculiarities and cultural attitudes, including slave labor. The letter is printed here in the original German with an English translation.
{"title":"The Girls Boarding School in Salem, North Carolina: A Report by Abraham Steiner for the 1818 Synod in Herrnhut, Germany","authors":"G. P. McAllister","doi":"10.5325/jmorahist.19.1.0045","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5325/jmorahist.19.1.0045","url":null,"abstract":"abstract:In his report to the 1818 Synod of the Moravian Church in Herrnhut, Germany, Abraham Steiner gives a detailed account of the Female Boarding School in Salem, North Carolina. Steiner, who was inspector of the school, provides his readers with an outline of what female education looked like in the early republic. In addition to the descriptions of curriculum and extracurricular activities, the letter also reveals important economic peculiarities and cultural attitudes, including slave labor. The letter is printed here in the original German with an English translation.","PeriodicalId":40312,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Moravian History","volume":"19 1","pages":"45 - 85"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2019-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48286182","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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