Pub Date : 2018-05-10DOI: 10.5325/JMORAHIST.18.1.0047
David A. Schattschneider
abstract:Traditionally, the history of the Moravian Church has been divided into two parts: the Ancient Unity (1457–1620) and the Renewed Unity (1722–today). The author suggests a different division for the history of the American Moravian Church: a colonial period (1735–1857) and a contemporary period (1857–today). Scholars and tourists are almost exclusively interested in the colonial period of the Moravians, while Moravian leaders do not value the external perception of the colonial period but rather create an internal perception of the Moravian Church, rejecting the characteristics of the colonial era. The author examines these two interpretations and offers suggestions to reconcile them in the future.
{"title":"The Roots of the Contemporary Moravian Church in North America","authors":"David A. Schattschneider","doi":"10.5325/JMORAHIST.18.1.0047","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5325/JMORAHIST.18.1.0047","url":null,"abstract":"abstract:Traditionally, the history of the Moravian Church has been divided into two parts: the Ancient Unity (1457–1620) and the Renewed Unity (1722–today). The author suggests a different division for the history of the American Moravian Church: a colonial period (1735–1857) and a contemporary period (1857–today). Scholars and tourists are almost exclusively interested in the colonial period of the Moravians, while Moravian leaders do not value the external perception of the colonial period but rather create an internal perception of the Moravian Church, rejecting the characteristics of the colonial era. The author examines these two interpretations and offers suggestions to reconcile them in the future.","PeriodicalId":40312,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Moravian History","volume":"18 1","pages":"47 - 76"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2018-05-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48248132","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-05-10DOI: 10.5325/JMORAHIST.18.1.0102
P. Peucker
abstract:Multiple copies exist of the earliest months of the Bethlehem diary, showing substantial differences. These differences were made by editors working on multiple copies on both sides of the Atlantic. Zinzendorf's substantial additions to the diary were taken to Europe in the summer of 1742. The final version Georg Neisser later created in Bethlehem therefore does not include these additions. This research note offers an overview of the different versions and their relationship to each other.
{"title":"The Textual History of the 1742 Bethlehem Diary","authors":"P. Peucker","doi":"10.5325/JMORAHIST.18.1.0102","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5325/JMORAHIST.18.1.0102","url":null,"abstract":"abstract:Multiple copies exist of the earliest months of the Bethlehem diary, showing substantial differences. These differences were made by editors working on multiple copies on both sides of the Atlantic. Zinzendorf's substantial additions to the diary were taken to Europe in the summer of 1742. The final version Georg Neisser later created in Bethlehem therefore does not include these additions. This research note offers an overview of the different versions and their relationship to each other.","PeriodicalId":40312,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Moravian History","volume":"18 1","pages":"102 - 112"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2018-05-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49202084","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-05-10DOI: 10.5325/JMORAHIST.18.1.0001
C. Crews
abstract:Luke of Prague (Lukáš Pražský) (ca. 1460–1528) was a theologian and head of the Unitas Fratrum and, as such, one of the most important figures among the Unity of Brethren. During his studies at Charles University in Prague, Luke was introduced to the theological writings of Petr Chelčický. After 1494, during an open schism that occurred within the Unitas Fratrum, Luke helped reconfigure, consolidate, and restore the theology and polity in the Synod's "Major Party." In the last years of his life, when the Protestant Reformation was just underway, he made initial (critical) contacts with Martin Luther and Melanchthon. This study examines the historiography of Luke, his biography, leadership, and controversies. Additionally, the author discusses the role of Luke in the Protestant Reformation, his views on theology and scripture, the church, and the catechism. His theological processes provide insight about how Moravians can bring about church reform today.
{"title":"Luke of Prague: Theologian of the Unity","authors":"C. Crews","doi":"10.5325/JMORAHIST.18.1.0001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5325/JMORAHIST.18.1.0001","url":null,"abstract":"abstract:Luke of Prague (Lukáš Pražský) (ca. 1460–1528) was a theologian and head of the Unitas Fratrum and, as such, one of the most important figures among the Unity of Brethren. During his studies at Charles University in Prague, Luke was introduced to the theological writings of Petr Chelčický. After 1494, during an open schism that occurred within the Unitas Fratrum, Luke helped reconfigure, consolidate, and restore the theology and polity in the Synod's \"Major Party.\" In the last years of his life, when the Protestant Reformation was just underway, he made initial (critical) contacts with Martin Luther and Melanchthon. This study examines the historiography of Luke, his biography, leadership, and controversies. Additionally, the author discusses the role of Luke in the Protestant Reformation, his views on theology and scripture, the church, and the catechism. His theological processes provide insight about how Moravians can bring about church reform today.","PeriodicalId":40312,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Moravian History","volume":"18 1","pages":"1 - 46"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2018-05-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46232450","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-05-10DOI: 10.5325/JMORAHIST.18.1.0077
Peter T. Vogt
abstract:In this article, the author sets forth the paradoxes and shortcomings of the designation "Moravian" for the Moravian Church as the name does neither refer to the historical place of origin nor to the ethnic identity of its members. Furthermore, the name suggests a larger degree of continuity between the Ancient Unity of Brethren and the Renewed Moravian Church than many historians are willing to accept. In fact, so the author argues, the previously widely accepted name Unity of Brethren expresses the theological foundations of Moravian identity much better. The author concludes that the name "Moravian" stands for an association with a story, similar to the narrative theology of the Bible. This is the story of those who left Moravia to form a new community of faith, binding together people from different cultures and backgrounds.
{"title":"How Moravian Are the Moravians?: The Paradox of Moravian Identity","authors":"Peter T. Vogt","doi":"10.5325/JMORAHIST.18.1.0077","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5325/JMORAHIST.18.1.0077","url":null,"abstract":"abstract:In this article, the author sets forth the paradoxes and shortcomings of the designation \"Moravian\" for the Moravian Church as the name does neither refer to the historical place of origin nor to the ethnic identity of its members. Furthermore, the name suggests a larger degree of continuity between the Ancient Unity of Brethren and the Renewed Moravian Church than many historians are willing to accept. In fact, so the author argues, the previously widely accepted name Unity of Brethren expresses the theological foundations of Moravian identity much better. The author concludes that the name \"Moravian\" stands for an association with a story, similar to the narrative theology of the Bible. This is the story of those who left Moravia to form a new community of faith, binding together people from different cultures and backgrounds.","PeriodicalId":40312,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Moravian History","volume":"18 1","pages":"101 - 77"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2018-05-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49352884","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-11-30DOI: 10.5325/JMORAHIST.17.2.0105
Laurence Libin
John Christian Malthaner (1810–73), a German immigrant piano manufacturer in Bethlehem, Pennsylvania, occupied an important position in his community, but his life and career have not previously been studied in detail. This article, based on archival sources, iconographic evidence, and examination of extant instruments, sheds light on the Malthaner family over several generations and considers Malthaner's work in the context of Bethlehem's developing economy and social structure, and of American piano technology and commerce. The article discusses the rise and demise of his business in relation to other contemporary musical instrument production and to events impacting his family, including his joining the Moravian Church in 1841, Bethlehem's incorporation as a free borough, the Civil War, the Panic of 1873, and his sons' and grandsons' competing interests. Bethlehem's Female Seminary emerges as central to Malthaner's dual occupation as piano manufacturer and technician, but in the end, despite endorsement by Louis Moreau Gottschalk, Francis Wolle, and others, his small artisanal workshop proved unable to compete with larger, more prestigious, more innovative urban factories.
约翰·克里斯蒂安·马萨纳(John Christian Malthaner, 1810-73)是宾夕法尼亚州伯利恒的一位德国移民钢琴制造商，在他所在的社区中占有重要地位，但他的生活和事业此前没有被详细研究过。本文以档案资料、图像证据和对现存乐器的考察为基础，揭示了马萨纳家族几代人的历史，并将马萨纳的作品置于伯利恒发展中的经济和社会结构以及美国钢琴技术和商业的背景下。这篇文章讨论了他的生意的兴衰与其他当代乐器生产的关系，以及影响他家庭的事件，包括他在1841年加入摩拉维亚教会，伯利恒作为一个自由的自治市镇，内战，1873年的恐慌，以及他的儿子和孙子的竞争利益。伯利恒的女子神学院成为了马萨纳钢琴制造商和技师双重职业的中心，但最终，尽管得到了路易斯·莫罗·戈特沙尔克、弗朗西斯·沃尔等人的支持，他的小手工作坊被证明无法与更大、更有声望、更有创新精神的城市工厂竞争。
{"title":"More Light on J. C. Malthaner, Moravian Piano Manufacturer","authors":"Laurence Libin","doi":"10.5325/JMORAHIST.17.2.0105","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5325/JMORAHIST.17.2.0105","url":null,"abstract":"John Christian Malthaner (1810–73), a German immigrant piano manufacturer in Bethlehem, Pennsylvania, occupied an important position in his community, but his life and career have not previously been studied in detail. This article, based on archival sources, iconographic evidence, and examination of extant instruments, sheds light on the Malthaner family over several generations and considers Malthaner's work in the context of Bethlehem's developing economy and social structure, and of American piano technology and commerce. The article discusses the rise and demise of his business in relation to other contemporary musical instrument production and to events impacting his family, including his joining the Moravian Church in 1841, Bethlehem's incorporation as a free borough, the Civil War, the Panic of 1873, and his sons' and grandsons' competing interests. Bethlehem's Female Seminary emerges as central to Malthaner's dual occupation as piano manufacturer and technician, but in the end, despite endorsement by Louis Moreau Gottschalk, Francis Wolle, and others, his small artisanal workshop proved unable to compete with larger, more prestigious, more innovative urban factories.","PeriodicalId":40312,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Moravian History","volume":"17 1","pages":"105 - 137"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2017-11-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46386698","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-11-30DOI: 10.5325/JMORAHIST.17.2.0138
Hans J. Rollmann
ABSTRACT:While the Moravian Inuit congregations in Labrador prior to 1840 had a variety of male and female chapel servants and noncommissioned helpers, some of whom also fulfilled pastoral and evangelistic functions, none had ever been officially appointed to the office of a "national helper" ("National-Gehülfe"). In Labrador, this situation would change gradually in the coming decade, in part through prompting by the elders in Saxony. The process leading to that change is studied by examining the exchange of the local missionaries with the Unity Elders' Conference (UEC). While we can thus observe the change in Aboriginal lay leadership through the eyes of church administrators and missionaries, the reactions of the Moravian Inuit affected by these changes can at best be gleaned from the scope and nature of their extended activities, but without any direct access to the reflections of the lay helpers themselves. The story depicted here conveys nevertheless internal knowledge of one side of the process that led to indigenizing the Moravian ministry in Labrador. Official participation in church and ministry remained more limited in Labrador than in other missionary locales, a situation that continued into the twentieth century.
{"title":"\"So that in this part you should not lag behind other missionary congregations …\": The Introduction of National Helpers in the Moravian Mission among the Labrador Inuit","authors":"Hans J. Rollmann","doi":"10.5325/JMORAHIST.17.2.0138","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5325/JMORAHIST.17.2.0138","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT:While the Moravian Inuit congregations in Labrador prior to 1840 had a variety of male and female chapel servants and noncommissioned helpers, some of whom also fulfilled pastoral and evangelistic functions, none had ever been officially appointed to the office of a \"national helper\" (\"National-Gehülfe\"). In Labrador, this situation would change gradually in the coming decade, in part through prompting by the elders in Saxony. The process leading to that change is studied by examining the exchange of the local missionaries with the Unity Elders' Conference (UEC). While we can thus observe the change in Aboriginal lay leadership through the eyes of church administrators and missionaries, the reactions of the Moravian Inuit affected by these changes can at best be gleaned from the scope and nature of their extended activities, but without any direct access to the reflections of the lay helpers themselves. The story depicted here conveys nevertheless internal knowledge of one side of the process that led to indigenizing the Moravian ministry in Labrador. Official participation in church and ministry remained more limited in Labrador than in other missionary locales, a situation that continued into the twentieth century.","PeriodicalId":40312,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Moravian History","volume":"17 1","pages":"138 - 159"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2017-11-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47234045","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-05-09DOI: 10.5325/JMORAHIST.17.1.0027
Kyle Fisher
abstract:This article examines the Moravian missions to Native Americans in the Old Northwest after the massacre of ninety-six Christian Indians at Gnadenhütten, Ohio, in 1782. It argues that the missions grew after the massacre despite the trauma of the event. Natives continued to find the Moravian culture centered on a theology of the suffering Savior a compelling reason to join the church, often in the context of famine, alcoholism, and displacement among Native communities. However, as seen in the White River mission in Indiana, nativist resistance movements presented an alternative to Moravian mission culture and prevented the missions from expanding westward. Missions in Ohio eventually declined because of pressures associated with rapid white settlement. While the Gnadenhütten massacre did not destroy the missions, it affected the way Indians interacted with Moravian Christianity.
{"title":"After Gnadenhütten: The Moravian Indian Mission in the Old Northwest, 1782-1812","authors":"Kyle Fisher","doi":"10.5325/JMORAHIST.17.1.0027","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5325/JMORAHIST.17.1.0027","url":null,"abstract":"abstract:This article examines the Moravian missions to Native Americans in the Old Northwest after the massacre of ninety-six Christian Indians at Gnadenhütten, Ohio, in 1782. It argues that the missions grew after the massacre despite the trauma of the event. Natives continued to find the Moravian culture centered on a theology of the suffering Savior a compelling reason to join the church, often in the context of famine, alcoholism, and displacement among Native communities. However, as seen in the White River mission in Indiana, nativist resistance movements presented an alternative to Moravian mission culture and prevented the missions from expanding westward. Missions in Ohio eventually declined because of pressures associated with rapid white settlement. While the Gnadenhütten massacre did not destroy the missions, it affected the way Indians interacted with Moravian Christianity.","PeriodicalId":40312,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Moravian History","volume":"17 1","pages":"27 - 58"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2017-05-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44389661","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-05-09DOI: 10.5325/JMORAHIST.17.1.0058
Christina Petterson, K. Faull
abstract:The document presented in this essay is a transcription and translation of the minutes of a series of "speakings" held with married couples in Herrnhut and Berthelsdorf during the year 1744. The original was found in the Unity Archives in Herrnhut, Germany, where it survived despite repeated attempts by eighteenth-century archivists to destroy anything considered too confidential. The text offers a rare insight into the intimate realm of married couples and into the reception of Zinzendorf's ideas on marriage among common church members.
{"title":"Speaking about Marriage: Notes from the 1744 Married Choir Conferences","authors":"Christina Petterson, K. Faull","doi":"10.5325/JMORAHIST.17.1.0058","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5325/JMORAHIST.17.1.0058","url":null,"abstract":"abstract:The document presented in this essay is a transcription and translation of the minutes of a series of \"speakings\" held with married couples in Herrnhut and Berthelsdorf during the year 1744. The original was found in the Unity Archives in Herrnhut, Germany, where it survived despite repeated attempts by eighteenth-century archivists to destroy anything considered too confidential. The text offers a rare insight into the intimate realm of married couples and into the reception of Zinzendorf's ideas on marriage among common church members.","PeriodicalId":40312,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Moravian History","volume":"17 1","pages":"103 - 58"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2017-05-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41678663","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-05-09DOI: 10.5325/JMORAHIST.17.1.0001
R. Wheeler, Sarah Eyerly
abstract:One of the core principles of the global Moravian missionary enterprise begun in the eighteenth century was to share the gospel through song. Moravians believed that music had the power to move the human heart, regardless of culture or geographic location. As a result, thousands of hymns were composed in the Native languages of the communities in which Moravian missionaries worked, including Mohican and Delaware communities in New York, Connecticut, and Pennsylvania. A significant body of Mohican language hymns is preserved in the Moravian Archives in Bethlehem. The Moravian mission records allow for an unprecedented examination of the process of creating Native language hymns as well as an exploration of how these hymns came to be used by Native affiliates of the missions. This article argues that the Moravian Mohican hymns carried on Native understandings of the spiritual efficacy of song, while facilitating the engagement of new sources of spiritual power deployed toward easing the suffering caused by colonialism.
{"title":"Songs of the Spirit: Hymnody in the Moravian Mohican Missions","authors":"R. Wheeler, Sarah Eyerly","doi":"10.5325/JMORAHIST.17.1.0001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5325/JMORAHIST.17.1.0001","url":null,"abstract":"abstract:One of the core principles of the global Moravian missionary enterprise begun in the eighteenth century was to share the gospel through song. Moravians believed that music had the power to move the human heart, regardless of culture or geographic location. As a result, thousands of hymns were composed in the Native languages of the communities in which Moravian missionaries worked, including Mohican and Delaware communities in New York, Connecticut, and Pennsylvania. A significant body of Mohican language hymns is preserved in the Moravian Archives in Bethlehem. The Moravian mission records allow for an unprecedented examination of the process of creating Native language hymns as well as an exploration of how these hymns came to be used by Native affiliates of the missions. This article argues that the Moravian Mohican hymns carried on Native understandings of the spiritual efficacy of song, while facilitating the engagement of new sources of spiritual power deployed toward easing the suffering caused by colonialism.","PeriodicalId":40312,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Moravian History","volume":"17 1","pages":"1 - 25"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2017-05-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47627414","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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