The paper deals with the parodic procedure in the novel "The Epic of Water" by Enes Halilović. Considering the significant share of mythical and folklore, the nature of these silts in the work was illuminated and the parodic relationship to tradition was observed. In addition to the above-mentioned elements, the share of the historical can also be seen as significant, which was observed through the prism of the postmodernist text, which results in a specific relationship with the past. The socio-historical context, the system of social and moral values and the influence of the social component, appears as a basis for parodic and satirical effects, but with the final aim of raising it to the level of the universal. Part of the historical elements appear as an inseparable creative element of the parody complex in "The Epic of Water", because it is a particular event from modern history (the emigration of the population and the submergence of fertile land due to the construction of the artificial Lake Gazivode, which Halilović clearly mentions as one of the localities in the index of terms at the end of the book) that is the undisguised inspiration for the creation of the mythological guide to the flood and after it, as the author himself defines his narrative in the subtitle. However, Halilović's historicism is seen in the work as specific, because in his critical consideration of the value of the past, he elevates the local to the level of the universal. The author's attitude that history is subordinate to fiction can be interpreted as a view of history characteristic of postmodernist art, where history figures as a kind of intertext. The postmodernist attitude towards tradition, interpreted on the basis of the material the author takes from folklore and myth, is reflected in an ambivalent attitude towards tradition, where its conventions are established only to be destabilized in a parodic way. The ending of the novel is interpreted in the key of the eschatological vision of the created world, in the form of an aquatic apocalypse. Such an unraveling of narratives is seen as an example of the myth of doom, but also as a necessary stage of purification. Halilović's Paljevo is condemned to complete disappearance. The rapid moral degeneration of Muriz's lineage begins with Zahit's marriage to a mute and weak-minded foreign woman of unknown origin. From such a marriage is born Zaim, the first Paljevac who collects coffins for his closest relatives and who marries a woman who practices black magic, which leads to the culminating degradation of all virtues. It is interesting that in the same generation, Char's lineage visibly deteriorates - Charovac, whom Aljo goes to in order to free himself from the magical effects of Zaim's wife, himself performs black magic rituals. Therefore, in the end, the multiplied sins of the hero of the novel are symbolically dissolved by the water, disappearing in the purifying flood. In addition to the mythic layer that can
{"title":"A PARODY OF MYTHICAL AND FOLKLORE IN THE NOVEL \"THE EPIC OF WATER\" BY ENES HALILOVIĆ","authors":"Milica Ž. Jelenić","doi":"10.31902/fll.44.2023.17","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31902/fll.44.2023.17","url":null,"abstract":"The paper deals with the parodic procedure in the novel \"The Epic of Water\" by Enes Halilović. Considering the significant share of mythical and folklore, the nature of these silts in the work was illuminated and the parodic relationship to tradition was observed. In addition to the above-mentioned elements, the share of the historical can also be seen as significant, which was observed through the prism of the postmodernist text, which results in a specific relationship with the past.\u0000The socio-historical context, the system of social and moral values and the influence of the social component, appears as a basis for parodic and satirical effects, but with the final aim of raising it to the level of the universal. Part of the historical elements appear as an inseparable creative element of the parody complex in \"The Epic of Water\", because it is a particular event from modern history (the emigration of the population and the submergence of fertile land due to the construction of the artificial Lake Gazivode, which Halilović clearly mentions as one of the localities in the index of terms at the end of the book) that is the undisguised inspiration for the creation of the mythological guide to the flood and after it, as the author himself defines his narrative in the subtitle. However, Halilović's historicism is seen in the work as specific, because in his critical consideration of the value of the past, he elevates the local to the level of the universal. The author's attitude that history is subordinate to fiction can be interpreted as a view of history characteristic of postmodernist art, where history figures as a kind of intertext. The postmodernist attitude towards tradition, interpreted on the basis of the material the author takes from folklore and myth, is reflected in an ambivalent attitude towards tradition, where its conventions are established only to be destabilized in a parodic way. The ending of the novel is interpreted in the key of the eschatological vision of the created world, in the form of an aquatic apocalypse. Such an unraveling of narratives is seen as an example of the myth of doom, but also as a necessary stage of purification. Halilović's Paljevo is condemned to complete disappearance. The rapid moral degeneration of Muriz's lineage begins with Zahit's marriage to a mute and weak-minded foreign woman of unknown origin. From such a marriage is born Zaim, the first Paljevac who collects coffins for his closest relatives and who marries a woman who practices black magic, which leads to the culminating degradation of all virtues. It is interesting that in the same generation, Char's lineage visibly deteriorates - Charovac, whom Aljo goes to in order to free himself from the magical effects of Zaim's wife, himself performs black magic rituals. Therefore, in the end, the multiplied sins of the hero of the novel are symbolically dissolved by the water, disappearing in the purifying flood. In addition to the mythic layer that can","PeriodicalId":40358,"journal":{"name":"Folia Linguistica et Litteraria","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43775714","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The aim of this paper 1 is to explore some of the ways in which Christian values are present in contemporary Croatian children’s stories. Contemporary Croatian children’s literature is extremely diverse. However, Christianity has been immanent in Croatian children’s literature from the very beginning and has engaged with contemporary children’s stories through various creative processes. One of the contemporary approaches to Christian themes in Croatian children’s literature will be presented, analyzing the works of the Croatian writers Sonja Tomić and Stjepan Lice. Their stories are inspired by biblical themes, motifs, and forms such as parables, the stories of rich symbolic relationships and strong messages in which Jesus Christ speaks in a vivid and understandable way about ordinary things, elevating them to the level of timeless meaning, thus pointing to correlations between the everyday world, spiritual reality, and the Kingdom of God. Sonja Tomić and Stjepan Lice approach these biblical themes through contemporary narrative concepts of children’s literature and bring the original, complex way of Christ’s teaching closer to the children’s world and the potential experience of religiosity as it applies to children.
{"title":"THE TRANSFORMATION OF THE CONTEMPORARY CHRISTIAN CHILDREN’S STORY – STJEPAN LICE AND SONJA TOMIĆ","authors":"Tea-Tereza Vidović Schreiber, Ivana Odža","doi":"10.31902/fll.44.2023.10","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31902/fll.44.2023.10","url":null,"abstract":"The aim of this paper 1 is to explore some of the ways in which Christian values are present in contemporary Croatian children’s stories. Contemporary Croatian children’s literature is extremely diverse. However, Christianity has been immanent in Croatian children’s literature from the very beginning and has engaged with contemporary children’s stories through various creative processes. One of the contemporary approaches to Christian themes in Croatian children’s literature will be presented, analyzing the works of the Croatian writers Sonja Tomić and Stjepan Lice. Their stories are inspired by biblical themes, motifs, and forms such as parables, the stories of rich symbolic relationships and strong messages in which Jesus Christ speaks in a vivid and understandable way about ordinary things, elevating them to the level of timeless meaning, thus pointing to correlations between the everyday world, spiritual reality, and the Kingdom of God. Sonja Tomić and Stjepan Lice approach these biblical themes through contemporary narrative concepts of children’s literature and bring the original, complex way of Christ’s teaching closer to the children’s world and the potential experience of religiosity as it applies to children.","PeriodicalId":40358,"journal":{"name":"Folia Linguistica et Litteraria","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46466062","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The present paper is devoted to the study of the prejudices and biases in psychiatry toward women and different ethnic groups as “the other” in Sylvia Plath’s The Bell Jar and Ken Kesey’s One Flew over the Cuckoo’s Nest. Through the application of anti-psychiatric and political notions, this study is conducted to depict how psychiatry as an agent of the power structure succeeds in suppressing “the other’s” inclinations and, on the contrary, to what extent “the other” is successful in confronting the power structure by projecting its proclivities in these two notable American fictions of the 1960s. The results of this study suggest that there is always a suppression/resistance dialectic between the power structure and “the other” in these works of fiction.
{"title":"THE ENIGMA OF THE OTHER IN THE EYES OF PSYCHIATRY: MARGINALIZATION IN THE BELL JAR AND ONE FLEW OVER THE CUCKOO’S NEST","authors":"Omid Delbandi, Alireza Anoushiravani, Laleh Atashi","doi":"10.31902/fll.44.2023.16","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31902/fll.44.2023.16","url":null,"abstract":"The present paper is devoted to the study of the prejudices and biases in psychiatry toward women and different ethnic groups as “the other” in Sylvia Plath’s The Bell Jar and Ken Kesey’s One Flew over the Cuckoo’s Nest. Through the application of anti-psychiatric and political notions, this study is conducted to depict how psychiatry as an agent of the power structure succeeds in suppressing “the other’s” inclinations and, on the contrary, to what extent “the other” is successful in confronting the power structure by projecting its proclivities in these two notable American fictions of the 1960s. The results of this study suggest that there is always a suppression/resistance dialectic between the power structure and “the other” in these works of fiction.","PeriodicalId":40358,"journal":{"name":"Folia Linguistica et Litteraria","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45881918","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Eavan Boland has been acclaimed as the foremost feminist poet of modern Ireland, and, although she has been accused of resorting to a depoliticized escapist poetry, her poetry stands for a convergence of both the political/national and the feminine in her homeland. Defined and credited as a nation with a mythological history, Ireland has always already been represented through a temporally male perspective. Correspondingly, in the established canon of Irish poetry, time, mostly as a retrospective concept, is a masculine appropriation of history coupled with the archetypal male and female roles, whose spatio-temporal import are to accommodate to the authorized reductionist historiography. Bakhtin’s idea of chronotope is not only an attempt toward the mutual realization of the time/space motif in a literary work, but also the means to the embodiment of a consciousness, an identity. This study attempts to demonstrate how Boland, in a selection of poems from her collection Outside History (1990), specifically, The Achill Woman, The Making of an Irish Goddess, Daphne Heard with Horror the Addresses of God, and the eponymous poem Outside History, introduces a series of chronotopes which assist her in redefining Irish national history with a feminine hue in the guise of herstory. Furthermore, it will be argued that her poetry may well be seen as a venture to replace the authoritative concept of time as mythology and fiction with a real history.
{"title":"SHADES OF A WOMAN’S TIME: THE CHRONOTOPIC REVISION OF HISTORY IN SELECTED POEMS OF EAVAN BOLAND’S OUTSIDE HISTORY","authors":"Ghulam Yahya Asghar","doi":"10.31902/fll.44.2023.15","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31902/fll.44.2023.15","url":null,"abstract":"Eavan Boland has been acclaimed as the foremost feminist poet of modern Ireland, and, although she has been accused of resorting to a depoliticized escapist poetry, her poetry stands for a convergence of both the political/national and the feminine in her homeland. Defined and credited as a nation with a mythological history, Ireland has always already been represented through a temporally male perspective. Correspondingly, in the established canon of Irish poetry, time, mostly as a retrospective concept, is a masculine appropriation of history coupled with the archetypal male and female roles, whose spatio-temporal import are to accommodate to the authorized reductionist historiography. Bakhtin’s idea of chronotope is not only an attempt toward the mutual realization of the time/space motif in a literary work, but also the means to the embodiment of a consciousness, an identity. This study attempts to demonstrate how Boland, in a selection of poems from her collection Outside History (1990), specifically, The Achill Woman, The Making of an Irish Goddess, Daphne Heard with Horror the Addresses of God, and the eponymous poem Outside History, introduces a series of chronotopes which assist her in redefining Irish national history with a feminine hue in the guise of herstory. Furthermore, it will be argued that her poetry may well be seen as a venture to replace the authoritative concept of time as mythology and fiction with a real history.","PeriodicalId":40358,"journal":{"name":"Folia Linguistica et Litteraria","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41800604","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
U saradnji Evropskog Vergelend centra i Filološkog fakulteta Univerziteta Crne Gore, krajem 2022. godine, izdata je publikacija pod nazivom Medijska pismenost, nastala tokom realizacije istoimenog modula, koji je za studente studijskih programa Crnogorski jezik i južnoslovenske književnosti i Srpski jezik i južnoslovenske književnosti organizovala prof. dr Dušanka Popović. Ona se, takođe, potpisuje kao urednica objavljenog izdanja, te nas u tom svojstvu, u predgovoru sa naslovom O publikaciji, informiše o tome da je pomenuti modul realizovan u okviru projekta Priprema budućih nastavnika na Zapadnom Balkanu – obrazovanje za demokratiju i ljudska prava. Nosilac projekta bio je Evropski Vergelend centar (resursni centar za obrazovanje za interkulturno razumijevanje, ljudska prava i demokratsko građanstvo), a finansijer Ministarstvo vanjskih poslova Norveške. Razvijen je u saradnji s Departmanom IPE Univerziteta za obrazovanje nastavnika iz Ciriha i dvanaest univerziteta iz regiona, među kojima je, u periodu od 2019. do 2022. godine, bio i Univerzitet Crne Gore, odnosno Filološki i Filozofski fakultet, kao fakulteti koji obrazuju nastavnike.
在欧洲Vergelend中心和黑山哲学大学的合作下，于2022年底。今年，该出版物在同一模块的课程中出版，该模块由杜尚卡·波波维奇博士为黑山语言和南方文学以及塞尔维亚语言和南非文学的学生组织。在这一天，tako je e，potpisuje kao urednica objavljenog izdanja，te nas u tom svojstvu，u predgovoru sa naslovom O publicaciji，informiše O tome da je pomnuti modul realizovan u okviru projekta Priprema budućih nastavnika na Zapadom Balkanu–obrazovanje za demokratiju i ljudska prava。项目经理是欧洲Vergelend中心（一个跨文化理解、人权和民主公民身份的资源中心）和挪威外交部的资助者。他是与西里哈教育大学IPE系和该地区12所大学合作开发的，包括2019年。直到2022年。年复一年，他还是黑山大学的哲学家和哲学家，担任大学的教学教师。
{"title":"MEDIJSKA PISMENOST U OBRAZOVANJU BUDUĆIH NASTAVNIKA","authors":"Sonja Nenezić","doi":"10.31902/fll.44.2023.20","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31902/fll.44.2023.20","url":null,"abstract":"U saradnji Evropskog Vergelend centra i Filološkog fakulteta Univerziteta Crne Gore, krajem 2022. godine, izdata je publikacija pod nazivom Medijska pismenost, nastala tokom realizacije istoimenog modula, koji je za studente studijskih programa Crnogorski jezik i južnoslovenske književnosti i Srpski jezik i južnoslovenske književnosti organizovala prof. dr Dušanka Popović. Ona se, takođe, potpisuje kao urednica objavljenog izdanja, te nas u tom svojstvu, u predgovoru sa naslovom O publikaciji, informiše o tome da je pomenuti modul realizovan u okviru projekta Priprema budućih nastavnika na Zapadnom Balkanu – obrazovanje za demokratiju i ljudska prava. Nosilac projekta bio je Evropski Vergelend centar (resursni centar za obrazovanje za interkulturno razumijevanje, ljudska prava i demokratsko građanstvo), a finansijer Ministarstvo vanjskih poslova Norveške. Razvijen je u saradnji s Departmanom IPE Univerziteta za obrazovanje nastavnika iz Ciriha i dvanaest univerziteta iz regiona, među kojima je, u periodu od 2019. do 2022. godine, bio i Univerzitet Crne Gore, odnosno Filološki i Filozofski fakultet, kao fakulteti koji obrazuju nastavnike.","PeriodicalId":40358,"journal":{"name":"Folia Linguistica et Litteraria","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47038907","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Languages change continuously: the changes occur in phonetics, phonology, morphology, syntax, lexicon and semantics. Over time, a treasure trove of new words is created, but also another one containing lost words or, in any case, words with a more or less altered meaning. It also includes forms that have disappeared from use, but which have maintained their vitality for centuries. In this paper, we have considered a category of syncategorematic or grammatical words - conjunctions: their form is often conditioned not only by the function performed but also by the sequence in which they are placed. Their diachronic changes, both in form and function, therefore depend on the syntax, which sometimes modifies their phonetic structure and sometimes their grammatical value. Their changes have a different or perhaps broader influence, because they affect not only the changes in the lexical repertoire, but also in syntactic structures. Analyzing Italian conjunctions in this diachronic light, we found four groups of phenomena that led to the disappearance of variants, forms or meanings: changes in the lexical list of conjunctions and the disappearance of phono-orthographic variants replaced by one form with the result of homologation of the system in contemporary Italian; changes in the semantics of some conjunctions (some forms survive at the lexical level, but with the meaning changed); the disappearance of forms in the contemporary language (where the form survives only in literary use or in certain formal registers) and the definitive disappearance of forms. From the analyzes, it emerges that the disappearances that occurred in the category of conjunctions reflect a general tendency towards a shrinking of the system, to the reduction of the number of forms with the elimination of numerous phonoorthographic variants (which also occurred in other grammatical categories) but also with the fall into disuse of very vital lexical units in the Middle Ages. The analysis of the sample shows that some types of conjunctions, particularly concessive, causal and temporal ones, had a "superabundance" of forms that were eliminated over time, felt increasingly archaic starting from the sixteenth century and fell into disuse entirely in the nineteenth century. The most significant and emblematic example are probably concessive conjunctions. In the first prose in ancient Italian the number of units (and their frequency of use) was rather scarce (for example, in the Novellino we have identified only six concessive conjunctions: ancorché, avvegna che, benché, quanto che, quantunque and (con) tutto che). With the great authors of the fourteenth century, the system was enriched both in the variety of units and in the frequency to such an extent that in the Decameron we recorded 23 different concessive conjunctions (ancorché, avvegna che, benché, che che, come che, donde che, dove che, dovunque, eziandio se, malgrado, nonché, nonostante che, onde che, ove che, perché, per qu
{"title":"FROM THE TREASURES OF ANCIENT ITALIAN: CONJUNCTIONS","authors":"Milica Samardzic","doi":"10.31902/fll.44.2023.5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31902/fll.44.2023.5","url":null,"abstract":"Languages change continuously: the changes occur in phonetics, phonology,\u0000morphology, syntax, lexicon and semantics. Over time, a treasure trove of new words is\u0000created, but also another one containing lost words or, in any case, words with a more\u0000or less altered meaning. It also includes forms that have disappeared from use, but which have maintained their vitality for centuries. In this paper, we have considered a category of syncategorematic or grammatical words - conjunctions: their form is often conditioned not only by the function performed but also by the sequence in which they\u0000are placed. Their diachronic changes, both in form and function, therefore depend on\u0000the syntax, which sometimes modifies their phonetic structure and sometimes their\u0000grammatical value. Their changes have a different or perhaps broader influence,\u0000because they affect not only the changes in the lexical repertoire, but also in syntactic\u0000structures. Analyzing Italian conjunctions in this diachronic light, we found four groups\u0000of phenomena that led to the disappearance of variants, forms or meanings: changes in\u0000the lexical list of conjunctions and the disappearance of phono-orthographic variants\u0000replaced by one form with the result of homologation of the system in contemporary\u0000Italian; changes in the semantics of some conjunctions (some forms survive at the lexical level, but with the meaning changed); the disappearance of forms in the contemporary language (where the form survives only in literary use or in certain formal registers) and the definitive disappearance of forms. From the analyzes, it emerges that the disappearances that occurred in the category of conjunctions reflect a general tendency towards a shrinking of the system, to the reduction of the number of forms with the elimination of numerous phonoorthographic variants (which also occurred in other grammatical categories) but also with the fall into disuse of very vital lexical units in the Middle Ages. The analysis of the sample shows that some types of conjunctions, particularly concessive, causal and temporal ones, had a \"superabundance\" of forms that were eliminated over time, felt increasingly archaic starting from the sixteenth century and fell into disuse entirely in the nineteenth century. The most significant and emblematic example are probably concessive conjunctions. In the first prose in ancient Italian the number of units (and their frequency of use) was rather scarce (for example, in the Novellino we have identified only six concessive conjunctions: ancorché, avvegna che, benché, quanto che, quantunque and (con) tutto che). With the great authors of the fourteenth century, the system was enriched both in the variety of units and in the frequency to such an extent that in the Decameron we recorded 23 different concessive conjunctions (ancorché, avvegna che, benché, che che, come che, donde che, dove che, dovunque, eziandio se, malgrado, nonché, nonostante che, onde che, ove che, perché, per qu","PeriodicalId":40358,"journal":{"name":"Folia Linguistica et Litteraria","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43118758","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In the late medieval England, the long futile wars, famine and death tolls caused by the plagues highlighted the value of laboring bodies. Attitudes to labor changed, especially labor for food production. The attitude of the clergy, however, was paradoxical towards labor. According to the Christian doctrine and ethics, work was a virtue, but, practically speakin, in the feudal system of the medieval period, manual work was allotted to the peasants. To cope with this ideological flaw, the clergy triumphed in their (non-productive) clerical labor and services, meditative and ascetic life. Failure in achieving these ideals is depicted and satirized in the General Prologue of the Canterbury Tales, by the pilgrim-Chaucer’s highlighting the significance of both food and foodmakers.
{"title":"IN PRAISE OF ANIMAL LABORANS, THE LABORING BODIES OF CHAUCER’S GENERAL PROLOGUE","authors":"A. Mahdipour, Hossein Pirnajmuddin","doi":"10.31902/fll.44.2023.14","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31902/fll.44.2023.14","url":null,"abstract":"In the late medieval England, the long futile wars, famine and death tolls caused by the plagues highlighted the value of laboring bodies. Attitudes to labor changed, especially labor for food production. The attitude of the clergy, however, was paradoxical towards labor. According to the Christian doctrine and ethics, work was a virtue, but, practically speakin, in the feudal system of the medieval period, manual work was allotted to the peasants. To cope with this ideological flaw, the clergy triumphed in their (non-productive) clerical labor and services, meditative and ascetic life. Failure in achieving these ideals is depicted and satirized in the General Prologue of the Canterbury Tales, by the pilgrim-Chaucer’s highlighting the significance of both food and foodmakers.","PeriodicalId":40358,"journal":{"name":"Folia Linguistica et Litteraria","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46605864","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This review deals with the evaluation of the research study performed as a part of the doctoral thesis at the South East European University (SEEU) in Tetovo, Republic of North Macedonia. This paper aims to give a review of the thesis, which was published as a book, entitled: “Second language vocabulary acquisition and learning strategies. An empirical research with EFL students at the South East European University, Tetovo, Macedonia.” It describes the importance of acquiring English as a second language, especially its vocabulary and learning strategies. This study was designed to find out the perceived use of vocabulary learning strategies — the strategies that the students actually use and their usefulness. This study has practical significance in the field of vocabulary acquisition and provides some new information to both English teachers and students of English in the Republic of North Macedonia and beyond. The results drawn from this research can help learners become more successful in acquiring the vocabulary of the English language. The purpose of this study is to investigate the vocabulary learning strategies used by students at the SEEU, make them aware of the strategies they used to learn new words, and encourage the teachers to think about strategy training and include it in their regular instruction.
{"title":"SECOND LANGUAGE VOCABULARY ACQUISITION AND LEARNING STRATEGIES","authors":"Biljana Ivanovska, Gzim Xhaferi","doi":"10.31902/fll.44.2023.21","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31902/fll.44.2023.21","url":null,"abstract":"This review deals with the evaluation of the research study performed as a part of the doctoral thesis at the South East European University (SEEU) in Tetovo, Republic of North Macedonia. This paper aims to give a review of the thesis, which was published as a book, entitled: “Second language vocabulary acquisition and learning strategies. An empirical research with EFL students at the South East European University, Tetovo, Macedonia.” It describes the importance of acquiring English as a second language, especially its vocabulary and learning strategies. This study was designed to find out the perceived use of vocabulary learning strategies — the strategies that the students actually use and their usefulness. This study has practical significance in the field of vocabulary acquisition and provides some new information to both English teachers and students of English in the Republic of North Macedonia and beyond. The results drawn from this research can help learners become more successful in acquiring the vocabulary of the English language. The purpose of this study is to investigate the vocabulary learning strategies used by students at the SEEU, make them aware of the strategies they used to learn new words, and encourage the teachers to think about strategy training and include it in their regular instruction.","PeriodicalId":40358,"journal":{"name":"Folia Linguistica et Litteraria","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49346670","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The following paper offers a transgeneric analysis of three contemporary German literary texts which shows how the plot setting - which is in all these cases an urban environment, i.e. a city – can be described as a topos to address ongoing migration crises. These urban places of action and the depicted migration crises create a state of paradox and irony: big cities attract the population and represent a place that is desirable to live in, yet they seem to marginalize and ostracize the very groups that migrate towards them. The research presented in this paper stems from an ongoing research project that deals with the phenomenon of crisis in contemporary English, German and Croatian literature, with an emphasis on systems in crisis, where the systems are defined from a sociological perspective as the family, the local community, the state, the region, and so on. The research was conducted within the installation research project “UIP-2020-02-3695 Analysis of Systems in Crisis and of New Consciousness in 21st Century Literature” (2021.-2026) funded by the Croatian Science Fund. The aim of the project is to prove the hypothesis that what we have at hand is a predominantly subversive attitude on the part of literature towards the phenomenon of crisis and towards systems in crisis. The research done in the first year of the project (2021) shows that of the 126 German-language prose and drama texts included in the corpus, focusing on texts published from 2000 to 2021, 29 deal explicitly with crises in the local community or in the city and 23 with migration crises (cf. Novak et al. 2021, p. 3). The literary works selected for analysis, which offer urban areas as the setting of the narrative, show how, at the expense of the protagonists’/characters’ isolated experience, a shared, global view is illustrated that might indicate literary trends in dealing with contemporary problems in society, such as the attitude towards the ‘other’, the marginalized, or the ‘different’. Paradoxically, at the same time, through the way they subtly address these problematic attitudes, the literary texts become topoi that allow space for criticism. The novel and two plays that are the focus of this research have all been published in German since the year 2000 and are part of the project’s corpus. They have been selected as representative examples of how the urban, civilized, dominant community acts and reacts when it comes into contact with the ‘other’. They encompass both the individual and the collective, tragedy and comedy, but also social satire which addresses many problems of the world we consider to be structured and ordered, revealing that it is in reality a place of complex dynamics of centricity versus provinciality and inclusion versus exclusion. The paper takes a close look at Robert Menasse’s novel Die Hauptstadt (2017), Philipp Löhle’s play Wir sind keine Barbaren! (2015) and Lutz Hübner and Sarah Nemitz’s play Phantom (Ein Spiel) (2015). The transgeneric a
以下论文对三部当代德国文学文本进行了跨性别分析，展示了情节背景——在所有这些情况下都是城市环境，即城市——如何被描述为应对持续移民危机的地形。这些城市活动场所和所描绘的移民危机造成了一种矛盾和讽刺的状态：大城市吸引了人口，代表了一个值得居住的地方，但它们似乎将向它们移民的群体边缘化和排斥。本文提出的研究源于一个正在进行的研究项目，该项目涉及当代英国、德国和克罗地亚文学中的危机现象，重点是危机中的制度，从社会学角度将这些制度定义为家庭、地方社区、国家、地区等。这项研究是在克罗地亚科学基金资助的装置研究项目“UIP-2020-02-3695 21世纪文学中危机中的系统和新意识的分析”（2021-2026）中进行的。该项目的目的是证明这样一种假设，即我们手头的是文学界对危机现象和危机中的系统的主要颠覆性态度。该项目第一年（2021）进行的研究表明，在语料库中包括的126篇德语散文和戏剧文本中，重点关注2000年至2021年出版的文本，其中29篇明确涉及当地社区或城市的危机，23篇涉及移民危机（参见Novak等人，2021，第3页）。选择进行分析的文学作品以城市地区为叙事背景，展示了如何以牺牲主人公/角色的孤立经历为代价，展示一种共享的全球观，这可能表明文学在处理当代社会问题时的趋势，例如对“他者”、边缘化者或“异类”的态度。矛盾的是，与此同时，通过巧妙地处理这些有问题的态度，文学文本成为了允许批评空间的拓扑。这部小说和两部戏剧是本研究的重点，自2000年以来都以德语出版，是该项目语料库的一部分。他们被选为城市、文明、占主导地位的社区在与“他人”接触时如何行动和反应的代表性例子。它们既包括个人和集体，也包括悲剧和喜剧，也包括社会讽刺，它解决了我们认为是结构化和有序的世界的许多问题，揭示了它实际上是一个中心性与地方性、包容性与排斥性的复杂动态之地。本文仔细研究了罗伯特·梅纳斯的小说《死亡》（2017），菲利普·勒的戏剧《Wir sind keine Barbaren！（2015年），以及卢茨·胡布纳和莎拉·涅米兹的戏剧《幻影》（艾恩·斯皮尔）（2015）。对所选文学文本的跨性别分析表明，大城市的移民危机并没有得到明确的解决，而是被推到了一边和边缘——无论是从字面上还是形象上——并被忽视，从而在叙事体系中变得更加深入（即在散文和戏剧文本的叙事中）。在这三个例子中，“我们”经常被强调为占主导地位，而“其他人”由于这种占主导地位而在地理和象征上被边缘化。移民/难民出现并停留在地理边缘，同时甚至没有得到承认和倾听，否则他们将被迫生活在象征性的平行世界中。这三个例子中的社区在经济和传播战略意义上都是全球性的，但在当地限制了其自我形象和“我们”的概念，并在这样做的过程中强调了自己传统的意义，同时减少了其他传统的存在。
{"title":"BIG CITIES AS TOPOI OF MIGRATION CRISES IN GERMAN LITERATURE AT THE BEGINNING OF THE 21ST CENTURY","authors":"Sonja Novak, Stephanie Jug, Iris Spajić","doi":"10.31902/fll.44.2023.18","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31902/fll.44.2023.18","url":null,"abstract":"The following paper offers a transgeneric analysis of three contemporary German literary texts which shows how the plot setting - which is in all these cases an urban environment, i.e. a city – can be described as a topos to address ongoing migration crises. These urban places of action and the depicted migration crises create a state of paradox and irony: big cities attract the population and represent a place that is desirable to live in, yet they seem to marginalize and ostracize the very groups that migrate towards them. The research presented in this paper stems from an ongoing research project that deals with the phenomenon of crisis in contemporary English, German and Croatian literature, with an emphasis on systems in crisis, where the systems are defined from a sociological perspective as the family, the local community, the state, the region, and so on. The research was conducted within the installation research project “UIP-2020-02-3695 Analysis of Systems in Crisis and of New Consciousness in 21st Century Literature” (2021.-2026) funded by the Croatian Science Fund. The aim of the project is to prove the hypothesis that what we have at hand is a predominantly subversive attitude on the part of literature towards the phenomenon of crisis and towards systems in crisis. The research done in the first year of the project (2021) shows that of the 126 German-language prose and drama texts included in the corpus, focusing on texts published from 2000 to 2021, 29 deal explicitly with crises in the local community or in the city and 23 with migration crises (cf. Novak et al. 2021, p. 3). The literary works selected for analysis, which offer urban areas as the setting of the narrative, show how, at the expense of the protagonists’/characters’ isolated experience, a shared, global view is illustrated that might indicate literary trends in dealing with contemporary problems in society, such as the attitude towards the ‘other’, the marginalized, or the ‘different’. Paradoxically, at the same time, through the way they subtly address these problematic attitudes, the literary texts become topoi that allow space for criticism. The novel and two plays that are the focus of this research have all been published in German since the year 2000 and are part of the project’s corpus. They have been selected as representative examples of how the urban, civilized, dominant community acts and reacts when it comes into contact with the ‘other’. They encompass both the individual and the collective, tragedy and comedy, but also social satire which addresses many problems of the world we consider to be structured and ordered, revealing that it is in reality a place of complex dynamics of centricity versus provinciality and inclusion versus exclusion. The paper takes a close look at Robert Menasse’s novel Die Hauptstadt (2017), Philipp Löhle’s play Wir sind keine Barbaren! (2015) and Lutz Hübner and Sarah Nemitz’s play Phantom (Ein Spiel) (2015). The transgeneric a","PeriodicalId":40358,"journal":{"name":"Folia Linguistica et Litteraria","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49033972","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This article focuses on the limits of teaching in times of crisis or Corona times. This article first reports on online lessons in general. At first, the results of the survey are being presented, followed by the analysis of answers from students regarding their attitudes to online lessons (German as a foreign language) at the elementary school “Kole Rasic” in Niš. After that, teachers' answers are analyzed regarding their opinions towards online teaching in Serbia. From the results of the analysis, recommendations for further investigations and the implementation of online lessons are given. The potential of digital for foreign language teaching and learning was recognized at the micro and macro level. Teachers have expanded their knowledge and acquired new skills. Publishers have identified opportunities to modernize their educational materials and develop webinars. International organizations, which e.g., deal with teacher training, such as the Goethe Institute, now offer various options for teaching and learning in the field of German as a foreign language. According to the results of the analysis, the following can be stated: In terms of satisfaction with the materials, we can see that the students' answers are very different from those of the teachers. The pupils were happier than the largely unsure teachers. As far as communication with other classmates and teachers is concerned, we can see that both had different impressions. Over 80% of teachers felt that communication was good, while pupils had divided opinions about this question. Regarding the development of language skills, we see that the students' answers differ greatly from the answers of the teachers. Almost half of the students were more satisfied with their knowledge (selfevaluation) whereas the teachers were not. They were dissatisfied or could not comment on this question and could not evaluate the knowledge of the pupils.
{"title":"GLOBAL CRISIS - LOCAL CONSEQUENCES: ONLINE TEACHING OF GERMAN AS A FOREIGN LANGUAGE FROM THE POINT OF VIEW OF STUDENTS AND TEACHERS IN SERBIA IN THE SPECIAL CIRCUMSTANCES CAUSED BY COVID-19","authors":"Ana Đorđević","doi":"10.31902/fll.41.2022.6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31902/fll.41.2022.6","url":null,"abstract":"This article focuses on the limits of teaching in times of crisis or Corona times. This article first reports on online lessons in general. At first, the results of the survey are being presented, followed by the analysis of answers from students regarding their attitudes to online lessons (German as a foreign language) at the elementary school “Kole Rasic” in Niš. After that, teachers' answers are analyzed regarding their opinions towards online teaching in Serbia. From the results of the analysis, recommendations for further investigations and the implementation of online lessons are given. The potential of digital for foreign language teaching and learning was recognized at the micro and macro level. Teachers have expanded their knowledge and acquired new skills. Publishers have identified opportunities to modernize their educational materials and develop webinars. International organizations, which e.g., deal with teacher training, such as the Goethe Institute, now offer various options for teaching and learning in the field of German as a foreign language. According to the results of the analysis, the following can be stated: In terms of satisfaction with the materials, we can see that the students' answers are very different from those of the teachers. The pupils were happier than the largely unsure teachers. As far as communication with other classmates and teachers is concerned, we can see that both had different impressions. Over 80% of teachers felt that communication was good, while pupils had divided opinions about this question. Regarding the development of language skills, we see that the students' answers differ greatly from the answers of the teachers. Almost half of the students were more satisfied with their knowledge (selfevaluation) whereas the teachers were not. They were dissatisfied or could not comment on this question and could not evaluate the knowledge of the pupils.","PeriodicalId":40358,"journal":{"name":"Folia Linguistica et Litteraria","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45711148","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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