Progress in Materials Science最新文献_第8页

Bioinspired waterproof, breathable materials: How does nature transport water across its surfaces and through its membranes? 仿生防水透气材料：大自然是如何将水输送到其表面和膜上的？

IF 4 1区材料科学 Q1 MATERIALS SCIENCE, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

Progress in Materials Science

Pub Date : 2025-09-11 DOI: 10.1016/j.pmatsci.2025.101578

Sara K. Fleetwood , Maya Kleiman , Victoria French , Joice Kaschuk , E. Johan Foster

The controlled transport of water vapor and liquid water across membranes is a crucial biological process observed in natural systems for over 460 million years. Through evolution, plants have developed various methods to regulate water gradients between their internal structures and the external environment. The primary natural mechanisms used to modulate the water gradient effectively involve integrating specialized organs, like those responsible for gas exchange, in tandem with developing impermeable outer surfaces. Several applications in engineered materials – including rainwear, wound dressings, textiles, packaging, and building materials require breathability and waterproofing properties. Breathable materials can enable water vapor movement within their structure, while waterproof materials effectively resist the penetration and absorption of liquid water. Developing materials that can simultaneously exhibit waterproofness, and breathability presents a significant scientific and engineering challenge due to the inherent conflict between these properties. This review aims to delve into the physicochemical mechanisms governing plant water transport and establish a connection with developing bio-based and bio-inspired materials. We explore how plant components can give rise to hydrophobic, hydrophilic, porous, and responsively porous bio-inspired materials, addressing challenges encountered in the waterproof-breathable textile industry.

水蒸气和液态水在膜上的控制运输是一个重要的生物过程，在自然系统中已观察到超过4.6亿年。在进化过程中，植物已经发展出各种方法来调节其内部结构和外部环境之间的水分梯度。用于有效调节水梯度的主要自然机制包括整合专门的器官，如负责气体交换的器官，以及发展不渗透的外表面。工程材料中的一些应用-包括雨衣，伤口敷料，纺织品，包装和建筑材料需要透气性和防水性能。透气材料可以使水蒸气在其结构内部运动，而防水材料可以有效地抵抗液态水的渗透和吸收。由于这些特性之间的内在冲突，开发同时具有防水和透气性的材料提出了重大的科学和工程挑战。本文旨在深入探讨植物水分运移的物理化学机制，并将其与生物基和仿生材料的发展联系起来。我们探索植物成分如何产生疏水、亲水、多孔和响应多孔的仿生材料，解决防水透气纺织行业遇到的挑战。

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引用次数: 0

An invisible dartboard: Commercialization targets for metal and anode-free batteries 看不见的飞镖：金属和无阳极电池的商业化目标

IF 4 1区材料科学 Q1 MATERIALS SCIENCE, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

Progress in Materials Science

Pub Date : 2025-09-11 DOI: 10.1016/j.pmatsci.2025.101580

Emily Cooper , Lingbing Ran , Ian Gentle , Ruth Knibbe

Alkali metal batteries (MBs) and anode-free batteries (AFBs) can offer high energy density and simple construction for future electric vehicles. The short lifespan of these batteries is regularly labelled as a significant commercialization barrier, however no clear targets have been defined. In this Snapshot Review, we determine lifespan and other targets for Li- and Na-MBs and AFBs using NMC Li-ion batteries (Li-IBs) as a benchmark. AFBs require lifespans over 1400 cycles to reach Li-IB parity, but currently last only a few hundred cycles. MBs are closer to parity, though large manufacturing challenges remain. Additionally, we assess other requirements including thermal operating ranges, fast charging thresholds, and fabrication demands which must be addressed in MB and AFB research to better match electric vehicle operation. These clear targets will align our efforts to bring these next-generation technologies out of the lab and into mainstream application.

碱金属电池（mb）和无阳极电池（afb）可以为未来的电动汽车提供高能量密度和简单的结构。这些电池的短寿命通常被认为是一个重大的商业化障碍，但目前还没有明确的目标。在这篇快照评论中，我们以NMC锂离子电池（Li- ibs）为基准，确定了Li- mb和na - mb和afb的寿命和其他目标。afb需要超过1400次循环才能达到Li-IB平价，但目前只能持续几百次循环。MBs更接近平价，尽管大型制造挑战依然存在。此外，我们还评估了其他要求，包括热工作范围、快速充电阈值和制造要求，这些要求必须在MB和AFB研究中得到解决，以更好地匹配电动汽车的运行。这些明确的目标将使我们努力使这些下一代技术走出实验室并进入主流应用。

引用次数: 0

Fiber-based electrochemical sweat sensors toward personalized monitoring 基于纤维的电化学汗液传感器实现个性化监测

IF 4 1区材料科学 Q1 MATERIALS SCIENCE, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

Progress in Materials Science

Pub Date : 2025-09-09 DOI: 10.1016/j.pmatsci.2025.101579

Zixu Chang , Faqiang Wang , Zongqian Wang , Jianyong Yu , Bin Ding , Zhaoling Li

As skin-interfaced wearable sensors undergo rapid evolution, the real-time and non-invasive detection of health-pertinent biomarkers in human sweat has emerged as a cornerstone for gaining profound insights into our physiological status and fostering the development of tailored healthcare systems. Electrochemical sweat sensors (ECSSs) are under high pursuit for their unparalleled capabilities to enable high-performance health monitoring, movement tracking, and predictive parsing in an accurate and continuous manner. Within the realm of ECSSs fabrication, fiber materials have been served as ideal alternatives owing to their characteristic advantages. This review provides a comprehensive overview of ECSSs constructed with fiber materials for portable personalized monitoring. Initially, the recent advancements in selection of functional constructing materials, fabrication methods, and sensing mechanisms are thoughtfully demonstrated. Subsequently, hybrid multiplexed and multimodal sensors are presented, along with considerations for developing integrated electrochemical sensing systems for emerging wearable applications. Furthermore, the potential challenges and future perspectives of fiber-based ECSSs are outlined, aiming to inspire readers with insightful ideas.

随着皮肤界面可穿戴传感器的快速发展，对人体汗液中健康相关生物标志物的实时、无创检测已成为深入了解人体生理状态和促进量身定制医疗保健系统发展的基石。电化学汗液传感器（ecss）以其无与伦比的功能，以准确和连续的方式实现高性能的健康监测，运动跟踪和预测分析，受到高度追捧。在ecss制造领域，纤维材料由于其特性优势而成为理想的替代品。本文综述了用于便携式个性化监测的纤维材料ecss。首先，在选择功能性建筑材料，制造方法和传感机制方面的最新进展进行了深思熟虑的论证。随后，介绍了混合多路复用和多模态传感器，以及开发用于新兴可穿戴应用的集成电化学传感系统的考虑。此外，还概述了基于光纤的ecss的潜在挑战和未来前景，旨在为读者提供有见地的想法

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引用次数: 0

Advanced strategies to boost sustainable high-rate Ni-rich cathodes toward durable LIBs 先进的策略，促进可持续的高速率富镍阴极到耐用的锂离子电池

IF 4 1区材料科学 Q1 MATERIALS SCIENCE, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

Progress in Materials Science

Pub Date : 2025-09-08 DOI: 10.1016/j.pmatsci.2025.101574

Parnaz Asghari , Farshad Boorboor Ajdari , Fereshteh Abbasi , Sasan Rostami , Ali Asghar Sadeghi Ghazvini , Ali Molaei Aghdam

The rapid rise in demand for high-performance lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) highlights the importance of high-rate nickel-rich cathode materials as a key step toward next-generation LIBs, offering high discharge capacity, increased energy density, stable operating voltage, and cost-effectiveness. However, issues such as cation mixing, side reactions, microcrack formation, and thermal instability limit their rate capability and long-term durability. This review provides a detailed assessment of these challenges. It outlines strategies to overcome them, including surface coating, doping, core–shell structures, full-concentration gradients, and particle or additive engineering. Surface coatings improve surface stability and ion transport, while doping methods, including pillar and gradient doping, reduce cation mixing and strengthen structural stability. Core–shell and full-concentration gradients designs relieve mechanical stress and suppress phase transitions, and advanced particle engineering reduces microcrack formation. Computational tools such as density functional theory and machine learning, together with in-situ characterization, provide valuable insights into degradation mechanisms, enabling more precise material optimization. Importantly, combined and modified approaches that integrate multiple strategies show the greatest potential to address these challenges while maintaining sustainability and scalability. This work clarifies operational mechanisms, aiding researchers in developing advanced high-rate Ni-rich cathode LIBs for future energy storage.

高性能锂离子电池（lib）需求的快速增长凸显了高倍率富镍阴极材料的重要性，这是迈向下一代锂离子电池的关键一步，具有高放电容量、更高的能量密度、稳定的工作电压和成本效益。然而，诸如阳离子混合、副反应、微裂纹形成和热不稳定性等问题限制了它们的速率能力和长期耐久性。本综述对这些挑战进行了详细的评估。它概述了克服它们的策略，包括表面涂层，掺杂，核壳结构，全浓度梯度以及颗粒或添加剂工程。表面涂层提高了表面稳定性和离子输运，而掺杂方法，包括柱和梯度掺杂，减少了阳离子混合，增强了结构稳定性。核壳梯度和全浓度梯度设计减轻了机械应力，抑制了相变，先进的颗粒工程减少了微裂纹的形成。密度泛函理论和机器学习等计算工具，以及现场表征，为降解机制提供了有价值的见解，从而实现了更精确的材料优化。重要的是，整合多种策略的组合和改进方法显示出解决这些挑战的最大潜力，同时保持可持续性和可扩展性。这项工作澄清了操作机制，帮助研究人员开发先进的高速率富镍阴极锂电池，用于未来的能源存储。

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引用次数: 0

Advancing ionic thermoelectric materials for heat recovery 热回收离子热电材料的研究进展

IF 4 1区材料科学 Q1 MATERIALS SCIENCE, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

Progress in Materials Science

Pub Date : 2025-09-06 DOI: 10.1016/j.pmatsci.2025.101575

Yifan Wang , Ibrahim Mwamburi Mwakitawa , Hao Yang , Mingyu Song , Qian Huang , Xinzhe Li , Pengchi Zhang , Wei Fang , Lijun Hu , Yongli Zhou , Chen Li , Jianyong Ouyang , Kuan Sun

Ionic thermoelectrics (i-TEs) are emerging as a promising, sustainable technology for low-grade heat recovery, notable for their absence of moving mechanical parts. In recent years, significant advancements in i-TE materials and devices have been propelled by their advantages in thermal power generation, compatibility with room-temperature operation, and potential for integration into flexible, wearable devices. However, challenges remain to be addressed for practical future applications, primarily due to insufficient evaluations of innovative operational modes and materials. This review aims to bridge this gap by summarizing key existing theories and providing an in-depth analysis of ion migration mechanisms within i-TE capacitors. We also highlight significant contributions from leading studies, focusing on material selection, operational modes, performance characteristics, and pivotal discoveries. Ultimately, this review seeks to identify transformative approaches in i-TEs to foster innovative designs for practical applications.

离子热电（i-TEs）正成为一种有前途的、可持续的低等级热回收技术，值得注意的是它们没有移动的机械部件。近年来，i-TE材料和器件在热发电、与室温操作的兼容性以及集成到灵活可穿戴设备中的潜力方面的优势推动了它们的重大进步。然而，由于对创新操作模式和材料的评估不足，未来的实际应用仍然面临挑战。本文旨在通过总结现有的关键理论和深入分析i-TE电容器中的离子迁移机制来弥补这一空白。我们还强调了主要研究的重要贡献，重点是材料选择，操作模式，性能特征和关键发现。最后，这篇综述试图找出i-TEs的变革方法，以促进实际应用的创新设计

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引用次数: 0

Elaborately designed intelligent responsive sensing materials for development of flexible gas sensors 为开发柔性气体传感器精心设计了智能响应传感材料

IF 4 1区材料科学 Q1 MATERIALS SCIENCE, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

Progress in Materials Science

Pub Date : 2025-09-04 DOI: 10.1016/j.pmatsci.2025.101565

Yonghui Deng , Luyang Liu , Yidan Chen , Yu Deng , Jichun Li , Xiaoqing Liu , Yidong Zou , Limin Wu , Wenhe Xie

With the development of artificial intelligence and Internet of Things, flexible gas sensors have emerged as vital functional devices by integrating with smart wearable electronics, which exhibit irreplaceable advantages in medical diagnosis, aerospace, environmental remediation, robotics, and electronic skin. The elaborately designed sensing materials are critical to developing high-performance gas sensors in terms of sensitivity, selectivity, stability, and response/recovery dynamics. In addition, to achieve the reliable and consistent operation of the flexible sensing devices, it is essential to ensure an effective and stable integration between sensing materials and device substrates. Consequently, it is distinctly meaningful to comprehensively summarize the design principles and surface properties of gas-sensitive materials in flexible gas sensors. This review originates from the precise synthesis, regulation and structure optimization of sensing materials for flexible gas sensors, and the new concept of “chemical microenvironment” is proposed to elucidate the sensing mechanism from molecular-atomic level. Specifically, various carrier migration models (e.g., electron, proton, ion) and surface/interfacial interaction are highlighted. Finally, the emerging opportunities and challenges in flexible gas sensors are proposed and predicted, aiming to provide insight about the development of flexible gas sensors into the next-generation sensing applications and further satisfy the growing requirements of smart sensors for long-life, biocompatibility, and real-time communication capabilities.

随着人工智能和物联网的发展，柔性气体传感器与智能可穿戴电子产品融合，成为重要的功能器件，在医疗诊断、航空航天、环境修复、机器人、电子皮肤等领域展现出不可替代的优势。精心设计的传感材料对于开发高性能气体传感器在灵敏度、选择性、稳定性和响应/恢复动力学方面至关重要。此外，为了实现柔性传感器件的可靠和一致的运行，必须确保传感材料与器件基板之间有效和稳定的集成。因此，全面总结柔性气体传感器中气敏材料的设计原理和表面特性具有重要意义。本文从柔性气体传感器传感材料的精确合成、调控和结构优化等方面入手，提出了“化学微环境”的新概念，从分子-原子水平阐述传感机理。具体来说，各种载流子迁移模型（例如，电子，质子，离子）和表面/界面相互作用被强调。最后，提出并预测了柔性气体传感器的新机遇和挑战，旨在为柔性气体传感器在下一代传感应用中的发展提供见解，并进一步满足智能传感器对长寿命、生物相容性和实时通信能力日益增长的需求。

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引用次数: 0

Peptide-based co-assembling materials: bridging fundamental science and versatile applications 肽基共组装材料：桥梁基础科学和多功能应用

IF 4 1区材料科学 Q1 MATERIALS SCIENCE, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

Progress in Materials Science

Pub Date : 2025-09-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.pmatsci.2025.101562

Xin Su , Bingbing Yang , Liqin Chen, Qingxi Liu, Anfeng Liu, Mei-Ling Tan, Wei Ji

Inspired by biomolecular assembly in natural systems, peptides have emerged as building blocks for constructing diverse structures and materials through bottom-up self-assembly approach. However, it remains a challenge to manipulate the peptide supramolecular architectures and expand their functionality for versatile applications. Notably, co-assembly strategy provides a promising solution as it enables the integration of multiple components into extended architectural space and functional diversity of peptide-based materials. Herein, a comprehensive review is proposed to summarize the design principles and recent advances of peptide-based co-assembling materials for applications in biomedicine and nanotechnology. First, the design strategies and assembly mechanism of peptide co-assembly are introduced. Next, an overview of nanostructures formed by peptide co-assembly is summarized, ranging from nanoparticles, nanotubes, nanorods, nanoribbons to hydrogels. Subsequently, the various applications of peptide co-assembling materials are provided in details, including anticancer treatment, tissue engineering, wound healing, gene delivery, catalysis, functional electronic components, and adhesive. Finally, remaining challenges and future prospects in peptide co-assembly are discussed. It is believed that this review bridges fundamental co-assembly science with extensive applications, providing new insights for rational design and development of innovative peptide-based biomaterials in the future.

受自然系统中生物分子组装的启发，肽已成为通过自下而上的自组装方法构建各种结构和材料的基石。然而，如何操纵肽超分子结构并扩展其功能以实现多功能应用仍然是一个挑战。值得注意的是，协同组装策略提供了一个有前途的解决方案，因为它可以将多个组件集成到扩展的建筑空间和肽基材料的功能多样性中。本文就肽基共组装材料的设计原理及在生物医学和纳米技术领域的应用进展进行了综述。首先，介绍了多肽共组装的设计策略和组装机理。其次，概述了肽共组装形成的纳米结构，从纳米颗粒、纳米管、纳米棒、纳米带到水凝胶。随后，详细介绍了肽共组装材料的各种应用，包括抗癌治疗、组织工程、伤口愈合、基因传递、催化、功能电子元件和粘合剂。最后，讨论了多肽共组装存在的挑战和未来的发展前景。相信这一综述将为基础的共组装科学与广泛的应用连接起来，为未来合理设计和开发创新的肽类生物材料提供新的见解。

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引用次数: 0

Recent advances and remaining challenges of solid-state electrolytes for lithium batteries 锂电池固态电解质的最新进展与挑战

IF 4 1区材料科学 Q1 MATERIALS SCIENCE, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

Progress in Materials Science

Pub Date : 2025-08-30 DOI: 10.1016/j.pmatsci.2025.101559

Qing Qiao , Yingxue Li , Chang Song , Mariyam Niyaz , Yang Zhang , Songqiang Zhu , Tengfei Zhang , Weiming Teng , Hongge Pan , Xuebin Yu

All-solid-state lithium batteries (ASSLBs) have garnered significant attention as a next-generation energy storage technology, providing superior safety, enhanced stability, and high energy density. However, current research predominantly remains confined to laboratory-scale demonstrations, with limited translation into scalable technological solutions. Addressing this academia-industry disconnect is critical to unlocking the commercial viability of ASSLBs. This review focuses on bridging this gap by systematically analyzing advancements in solid-state electrolytes (SSEs)—the cornerstone of ASSLB technology. We delve into the structural characteristics, ion transport mechanisms, and performance metrics of various SSEs, alongside a comprehensive summary of modification strategies. Beyond theoretical advancements, we emphasize the practical implications of these strategies in addressing energy density limitations, interfacial instability, and safety concerns. A distinctive feature of this review lies in its multidimensional analysis of early-stage ASSLB industrialization hurdles, integrating perspectives from materials synthesis scalability, electrode processing innovations, device-level performance validation, advanced characterization methodologies, and application-specific requirements. This work not only maps current research frontiers but also establishes actionable guidelines for academia–industry collaboration, offering scientists a roadmap for targeted innovation and equipping enterprises with evidence-based insights to streamline technology development and commercialization strategies.

全固态锂电池（ASSLBs）作为新一代储能技术，具有安全性好、稳定性好、能量密度高等优点，备受关注。然而，目前的研究主要仍然局限于实验室规模的演示，有限的转化为可扩展的技术解决方案。解决学术界与行业之间的这种脱节，对于释放assb的商业可行性至关重要。这篇综述的重点是通过系统地分析固态电解质（ssi）的进展来弥补这一差距，固态电解质是ASSLB技术的基石。我们深入研究了各种sse的结构特征、离子传输机制和性能指标，并对改性策略进行了全面总结。除了理论进步，我们强调这些策略在解决能量密度限制、界面不稳定性和安全问题方面的实际意义。这篇综述的一个显著特点在于其对早期ASSLB产业化障碍的多维分析，整合了从材料合成可扩展性、电极加工创新、设备级性能验证、先进表征方法和特定应用要求等方面的观点。这项工作不仅描绘了当前的研究前沿，还为学术界和工业界的合作建立了可操作的指导方针，为科学家提供了有针对性的创新路线图，并为企业提供了基于证据的见解，以简化技术开发和商业化战略。

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引用次数: 0

Advanced fast-charging anode designs for sodium-ion batteries 用于钠离子电池的先进快速充电阳极设计

IF 4 1区材料科学 Q1 MATERIALS SCIENCE, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

Progress in Materials Science

Pub Date : 2025-08-29 DOI: 10.1016/j.pmatsci.2025.101564

Jiaxin Wang , Yanling Yang , Jingeng Chen , Xiao-Lei Shi , Yu Sun , Xuefeng Tian , Hao Che , Yuefeng Chen , Zhi-Gang Chen

Sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) are emerging as a promising next-generation fast-charging technology due to their abundant raw resources, low cost, and low desolvation energy advantages that are especially beneficial under low-temperature conditions. However, achieving ultra-fast charging (i.e., charging times under 15 min) remains challenging. The kinetics of Na⁺ ions are primarily hindered by Na⁺ desolvation sluggish, restricted ion transport within the solid electrolyte interphase (SEI), and slow solid-state diffusion in the anode. Moreover, several fundamental challenges, such as significant volume changes during sodiation/desodiation and interfacial chemistry-induced side reactions, are further exacerbated. This review provides a comprehensive analysis of the key factors limiting the fast-charging capability of SIB anodes and outlines targeted optimization strategies, including bulk structure engineering, synergistic electrolyte design, and the controlled formation of favorable SEI layers. Representative case studies are presented to illustrate both the challenges and recent advances. Finally, this review presents future perspectives and potential pathways to guide the rational design of advanced fast-charging anode materials for SIBs.

钠离子电池（sib）因其原料资源丰富、成本低、低溶解能量的优势，特别是在低温条件下的优势，正在成为有前景的下一代快速充电技术。然而，实现超快速充电（即充电时间低于15 min）仍然具有挑战性。Na+离子的动力学主要受到Na+溶解缓慢、在固体电解质界面（SEI）内离子传输受限以及在阳极中缓慢的固态扩散等因素的阻碍。此外，一些基本的挑战，如在钠化/脱钠过程中显著的体积变化和界面化学诱导的副反应，将进一步加剧。本文全面分析了限制SIB阳极快速充电能力的关键因素，并概述了有针对性的优化策略，包括体结构工程、协同电解质设计和有利SEI层的可控形成。提出了具有代表性的案例研究，以说明挑战和最近的进展。最后，综述了未来的发展趋势和可能的途径，以指导sib先进快速充电阳极材料的合理设计。

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引用次数: 0

A comprehensive review on nature-inspired redox systems based on humic acids: Bridging microbial electron transfer and high-performance supercapacitors 基于腐植酸的自然激发氧化还原系统综述：桥接微生物电子转移和高性能超级电容器

IF 4 1区材料科学 Q1 MATERIALS SCIENCE, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

Progress in Materials Science

Pub Date : 2025-08-24 DOI: 10.1016/j.pmatsci.2025.101563

Fangzhi Jiang , Ziyao Mu , Chenxu Zhang , Liang Deng , Xuecheng Zhang , Yaya Sun , He Liu , Xuedong Zhang , Salma Tabassum , Hongbo Liu

Humic acids (HAs) have attracted increasing attentions owing to their vibrant bioelectrochemical activities. Although recent research on HAs demonstrated their ability to promote electron transfer via quinone and phenolic moieties, which allow them to perform various functions in metal immobilization, microbial energy metabolism, and pollutant degradation. The underlying redox mechanisms are still unclear and occasionally reported as contradictory. According to this study, electron shuttling and metal ion-mediated internal electron “bridges” are probably essential to the functional roles of HAs in microbial systems. As natural redox mediators and electron conductors, HAs facilitate microbial metabolism and enhance redox efficiency through direct and indirect pathways. Furthermore, in bioelectrochemical systems, HAs serve as effective electrode modifiers or electron transfer enhancers, improving charge storage and transport efficiency. However, numerous unresolved queries remain regarding their structure–function interactions, synergies with conductive materials, and microscale electron transport behavior. Existing research often overlooks the structural and performance instability of HAs under different environmental conditions, leading to reduced predictability of its application effectiveness. Future research should explore the mechanisms underlying HAs’ role in microbial community succession and the dynamic changes in electron transfer pathways to provide innovative strategies for sustainable development.

腐植酸（HAs）由于其活跃的生物电化学活性而受到越来越多的关注。尽管最近对HAs的研究表明它们能够通过醌和酚基团促进电子转移，这使得它们在金属固定，微生物能量代谢和污染物降解中发挥各种功能。潜在的氧化还原机制尚不清楚，有时报道相互矛盾。根据本研究，电子穿梭和金属离子介导的内部电子“桥”可能是HAs在微生物系统中发挥功能作用的必要条件。HAs作为天然的氧化还原介质和电子导体，通过直接和间接途径促进微生物代谢，提高氧化还原效率。此外，在生物电化学系统中，HAs作为有效的电极修饰剂或电子转移增强剂，提高电荷存储和传输效率。然而，关于它们的结构-功能相互作用、与导电材料的协同作用和微尺度电子传递行为，仍有许多未解决的问题。现有的研究往往忽略了HAs在不同环境条件下的结构和性能的不稳定性，导致其应用效果的可预测性降低。未来的研究应探索HAs在微生物群落演替中的作用机制和电子传递途径的动态变化，为可持续发展提供创新策略。

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引用次数: 0