Pub Date : 2008-11-01DOI: 10.1109/BIOCAS.2008.4696944
P. Podsiadlo, N. Kotov
The preparation of a high-strength and highly transparent thin-film nanocomposites via layer-by-layer assembly technique from poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) and Na+-montmorillonite clay nanosheets is reported here. We show that a high density of weak bonding interactions between the polymer and the clay particles: hydrogen, dipole-induced dipole, and van der Waals undergoing break-reform deformations, can lead to high strength nanocomposites: ultimate tensile strength, sigmaUTS = 150 MPa and in-plane modulus of elasticity, E' = 13 GPa. Further introduction of covalent or ionic bonds into the polymeric matrix creates a double network of bonds which dramatically increases the mechanical properties to values as high as sigmaUTS = 400 MPa and E' = 110 GPa. The resulting nanocomposites can be applied as robust multifunctional coatings and free-standing membranes for micromechanical or microfluidic devices, biosensors, actuators, valves, and implantable biomedical devices.
{"title":"Nanoscale design of ultrastrong materials by LBL assembly","authors":"P. Podsiadlo, N. Kotov","doi":"10.1109/BIOCAS.2008.4696944","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/BIOCAS.2008.4696944","url":null,"abstract":"The preparation of a high-strength and highly transparent thin-film nanocomposites via layer-by-layer assembly technique from poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) and Na+-montmorillonite clay nanosheets is reported here. We show that a high density of weak bonding interactions between the polymer and the clay particles: hydrogen, dipole-induced dipole, and van der Waals undergoing break-reform deformations, can lead to high strength nanocomposites: ultimate tensile strength, sigmaUTS = 150 MPa and in-plane modulus of elasticity, E' = 13 GPa. Further introduction of covalent or ionic bonds into the polymeric matrix creates a double network of bonds which dramatically increases the mechanical properties to values as high as sigmaUTS = 400 MPa and E' = 110 GPa. The resulting nanocomposites can be applied as robust multifunctional coatings and free-standing membranes for micromechanical or microfluidic devices, biosensors, actuators, valves, and implantable biomedical devices.","PeriodicalId":415200,"journal":{"name":"2008 IEEE Biomedical Circuits and Systems Conference","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130688368","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2008-11-01DOI: 10.1109/BIOCAS.2008.4696867
P. Pouliquen, J. Vogelstein, R. Etienne-Cummings
We analyze the Howland current source circuit topology in detail with regards to non-ideal circuit component properties. This circuit is one of the few which can be built with a small number of discrete components, offers very good performance due to the use of an operational amplifier, and supplies true symmetric bi-directional currents, and is hence well suited for use in the multi-channel electrical stimulation of nerve fibers and neurons.
{"title":"Practical considerations for the use of a Howland current source for neuro-stimulation","authors":"P. Pouliquen, J. Vogelstein, R. Etienne-Cummings","doi":"10.1109/BIOCAS.2008.4696867","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/BIOCAS.2008.4696867","url":null,"abstract":"We analyze the Howland current source circuit topology in detail with regards to non-ideal circuit component properties. This circuit is one of the few which can be built with a small number of discrete components, offers very good performance due to the use of an operational amplifier, and supplies true symmetric bi-directional currents, and is hence well suited for use in the multi-channel electrical stimulation of nerve fibers and neurons.","PeriodicalId":415200,"journal":{"name":"2008 IEEE Biomedical Circuits and Systems Conference","volume":"2 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134357372","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2008-11-01DOI: 10.1109/BIOCAS.2008.4696905
Ruida Yun, V. Joyner
Time-resolved techniques for optical spectroscopy are emerging as a promising diagnostic tool for mammography providing richer information content of optical images and improved tumor detectability. This paper presents the design of an integrated optical sensor for phase and amplitude detection of RF-modulated optical signals up to 110 MHz in the near-infrared (NIR) region (650-850 nm) for use in frequency-domain instruments that measure both amplitude and phase changes in photon migration between source and detector. The sensor consists of an NIR-sensitive photodetector monolithically integrated with front-end analog amplifier and signal processing circuitry for amplitude and phase detection in an unmodified CMOS process. The differential transimpedance amplifier (TIA) achieves a transimpedance-bandwidth product of 28 THzOmega and input-referred current noise of 1.92 pA/radicHz at 110 MHz. The amplitude detector exhibits 49.2 mV/muA resolution with 0.5% linearity and 26 dB dynamic range. The proposed phase detector can detect 360 degree phase difference with phase resolution of 5 mV/degree. The sensor is implemented in a 0.18 mum CMOS technology and consumes 22.5 mW from a 1.8 V supply voltage. The integrated sensor presented is envisaged as a building block towards a low-power, low-cost optical sensor array system for concurrent measurement of multiple tissue sites, thus improving spatial resolution.
{"title":"Design of an integrated sensor for noninvasive optical mammography based on frequency-domain NIR spectroscopy","authors":"Ruida Yun, V. Joyner","doi":"10.1109/BIOCAS.2008.4696905","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/BIOCAS.2008.4696905","url":null,"abstract":"Time-resolved techniques for optical spectroscopy are emerging as a promising diagnostic tool for mammography providing richer information content of optical images and improved tumor detectability. This paper presents the design of an integrated optical sensor for phase and amplitude detection of RF-modulated optical signals up to 110 MHz in the near-infrared (NIR) region (650-850 nm) for use in frequency-domain instruments that measure both amplitude and phase changes in photon migration between source and detector. The sensor consists of an NIR-sensitive photodetector monolithically integrated with front-end analog amplifier and signal processing circuitry for amplitude and phase detection in an unmodified CMOS process. The differential transimpedance amplifier (TIA) achieves a transimpedance-bandwidth product of 28 THzOmega and input-referred current noise of 1.92 pA/radicHz at 110 MHz. The amplitude detector exhibits 49.2 mV/muA resolution with 0.5% linearity and 26 dB dynamic range. The proposed phase detector can detect 360 degree phase difference with phase resolution of 5 mV/degree. The sensor is implemented in a 0.18 mum CMOS technology and consumes 22.5 mW from a 1.8 V supply voltage. The integrated sensor presented is envisaged as a building block towards a low-power, low-cost optical sensor array system for concurrent measurement of multiple tissue sites, thus improving spatial resolution.","PeriodicalId":415200,"journal":{"name":"2008 IEEE Biomedical Circuits and Systems Conference","volume":"15 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114407185","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2008-11-01DOI: 10.1109/BIOCAS.2008.4696906
Kailiang Chen, Jonathan Leu, Neil Gershenfeld
Analog logic circuits work on digital problems using an analog representation of the digital variables, relaxing the state space of the digital system from the vertices of a hypercube to the interior. This lets us gain speed, power, and accuracy over digital implementations. Logic automata are distributed, scalable and programmable digital computation media with local connections and logic operations. Here we propose analog logic automata (ALA), which relax binary constraints on logic automata states and introduce programmability into analog logic circuits. The localized interaction and scalability of the ALA provide a new way to do neuromorphic engineering, enabling systematic designs in a digital work flow. Low-power, biomedical, decoding and communication applications are described and a 3times3 ALA chip is prototyped, which works at 50 kHz, with a power consumption of 64 muW. With the chip configured as a programmable noise-locked loop (NLL), we obtain a bit error rate (BER) of 1E-7 at an SNR of -1.13 dB.
{"title":"Analog Logic Automata","authors":"Kailiang Chen, Jonathan Leu, Neil Gershenfeld","doi":"10.1109/BIOCAS.2008.4696906","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/BIOCAS.2008.4696906","url":null,"abstract":"Analog logic circuits work on digital problems using an analog representation of the digital variables, relaxing the state space of the digital system from the vertices of a hypercube to the interior. This lets us gain speed, power, and accuracy over digital implementations. Logic automata are distributed, scalable and programmable digital computation media with local connections and logic operations. Here we propose analog logic automata (ALA), which relax binary constraints on logic automata states and introduce programmability into analog logic circuits. The localized interaction and scalability of the ALA provide a new way to do neuromorphic engineering, enabling systematic designs in a digital work flow. Low-power, biomedical, decoding and communication applications are described and a 3times3 ALA chip is prototyped, which works at 50 kHz, with a power consumption of 64 muW. With the chip configured as a programmable noise-locked loop (NLL), we obtain a bit error rate (BER) of 1E-7 at an SNR of -1.13 dB.","PeriodicalId":415200,"journal":{"name":"2008 IEEE Biomedical Circuits and Systems Conference","volume":"24 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133269450","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2008-11-01DOI: 10.1109/BIOCAS.2008.4696885
F. Mounaim, M. Sawan, M. El-Gamal
Wirelessly powered implantable biomedical devices require a near-field inductive link to provide enough power for high current stimulation of large electrode-nerve impedances. In that situation, the induced voltage may be much larger than the compliance of low-voltage integrated circuits, especially during low-load conditions. In fact, most power recovery approaches limit the voltage with an inefficient off-chip solution using discrete components such as a Zener diode or a shunt regulator, or even on-chip voltage clipping. In this paper, we propose the approach where the induced voltage is not limited at all, using a high-voltage (HV) CMOS technology. In order to fully integrate the inductive power recovery stage, we report the design of a HV custom integrated circuit (IC) that includes a full-wave rectifier and a 10 V regulator using a multiple-outputs voltage reference. The IC has been fabricated in DALSA-C08G technology and the total silicon area including pads is 4 mm2. This front-end stage can be driven by an input voltage as high as 50 V. Measurement tests are successful as the HV regulator shows good response to a power-on 50 V step, and good stability in presence of large input variations.
{"title":"Fully-integrated inductive power recovery front-end dedicated to implantable devices","authors":"F. Mounaim, M. Sawan, M. El-Gamal","doi":"10.1109/BIOCAS.2008.4696885","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/BIOCAS.2008.4696885","url":null,"abstract":"Wirelessly powered implantable biomedical devices require a near-field inductive link to provide enough power for high current stimulation of large electrode-nerve impedances. In that situation, the induced voltage may be much larger than the compliance of low-voltage integrated circuits, especially during low-load conditions. In fact, most power recovery approaches limit the voltage with an inefficient off-chip solution using discrete components such as a Zener diode or a shunt regulator, or even on-chip voltage clipping. In this paper, we propose the approach where the induced voltage is not limited at all, using a high-voltage (HV) CMOS technology. In order to fully integrate the inductive power recovery stage, we report the design of a HV custom integrated circuit (IC) that includes a full-wave rectifier and a 10 V regulator using a multiple-outputs voltage reference. The IC has been fabricated in DALSA-C08G technology and the total silicon area including pads is 4 mm2. This front-end stage can be driven by an input voltage as high as 50 V. Measurement tests are successful as the HV regulator shows good response to a power-on 50 V step, and good stability in presence of large input variations.","PeriodicalId":415200,"journal":{"name":"2008 IEEE Biomedical Circuits and Systems Conference","volume":"134 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116403845","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2008-11-01DOI: 10.1109/BIOCAS.2008.4696913
A. Sarje, S. Satsangi, A.C. Skipwith, J.-P. Chiang, P. Abshire
This paper presents an analog CMOS architecture for on-chip pattern recognition. The system comprises a CMOS imager in the front end followed by low power computation circuitry for determining a match between the captured image and image patterns stored in on-chip memory. The imager has a programmable kernel selector and correlated double sampling circuit for suppression of fixed pattern noise. The closeness of a successful match can be controlled by an input bias current. The prototype with a 6 times 6 pixel array in a 0.5 mum CMOS process is being implemented. This chip can be used for applications requiring dedicated pattern recognition.
本文提出了一种用于片上模式识别的模拟CMOS结构。该系统包括前端的CMOS成像仪，随后是用于确定捕获图像与存储在片上存储器中的图像模式之间的匹配的低功耗计算电路。成像仪具有可编程核选择器和相关双采样电路，用于抑制固定模式噪声。成功匹配的紧密程度可以通过输入偏置电流来控制。在0.5 μ m CMOS工艺中实现了6 × 6像素阵列的原型。该芯片可用于需要专用模式识别的应用。
{"title":"Integrated CMOS imager for pattern recognition","authors":"A. Sarje, S. Satsangi, A.C. Skipwith, J.-P. Chiang, P. Abshire","doi":"10.1109/BIOCAS.2008.4696913","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/BIOCAS.2008.4696913","url":null,"abstract":"This paper presents an analog CMOS architecture for on-chip pattern recognition. The system comprises a CMOS imager in the front end followed by low power computation circuitry for determining a match between the captured image and image patterns stored in on-chip memory. The imager has a programmable kernel selector and correlated double sampling circuit for suppression of fixed pattern noise. The closeness of a successful match can be controlled by an input bias current. The prototype with a 6 times 6 pixel array in a 0.5 mum CMOS process is being implemented. This chip can be used for applications requiring dedicated pattern recognition.","PeriodicalId":415200,"journal":{"name":"2008 IEEE Biomedical Circuits and Systems Conference","volume":"331 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124665567","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2008-11-01DOI: 10.1109/BIOCAS.2008.4696877
H. Vemulachedu, S. Pavan, E. Bhattacharya
We present the design of readout electronics for an Electrolyte Insulator Semiconductor capacitor (EISCAP) sensor. The sensor detects the presence of bioanalytes by sensing the change in the pH of the electrolyte. Our technique uses an EISCAP relaxation oscillator embedded in a successive approximation analog-to-digital conversion algorithm to give a digital readout of the pH of the test solution. A microcontroller based pH readout instrument, incorporating calibration to account for sensor variations, is described. Experimental results that demonstrate the efficacy of our techniques are given.
{"title":"Readout circuit design for an EISCAP biosensor","authors":"H. Vemulachedu, S. Pavan, E. Bhattacharya","doi":"10.1109/BIOCAS.2008.4696877","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/BIOCAS.2008.4696877","url":null,"abstract":"We present the design of readout electronics for an Electrolyte Insulator Semiconductor capacitor (EISCAP) sensor. The sensor detects the presence of bioanalytes by sensing the change in the pH of the electrolyte. Our technique uses an EISCAP relaxation oscillator embedded in a successive approximation analog-to-digital conversion algorithm to give a digital readout of the pH of the test solution. A microcontroller based pH readout instrument, incorporating calibration to account for sensor variations, is described. Experimental results that demonstrate the efficacy of our techniques are given.","PeriodicalId":415200,"journal":{"name":"2008 IEEE Biomedical Circuits and Systems Conference","volume":"10 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129684083","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2008-11-01DOI: 10.1109/BIOCAS.2008.4696870
T. Harczos, S. Werner, G. Szepannek
It is known for a long time that vowels can be classified using spectrum analysis and formant map templates. But in systems having poor spectral resolution, e.g. in cochlear implants, it may be interesting to see if a map of vowel classes can be constructed based on temporal cues only. We present a bio-inspired approach to extract the shape of cochlear pressure wave trajectories for speech signals and provide a simple vowel classification method not requiring any spectral information directly. Experiments and results included in this study emphasize the importance of biotic cochlear delays and urge their application in future cochlear implant speech processing strategies.
{"title":"Formant map counterpart in auditory processing based on cochlear pressure wave trajectories","authors":"T. Harczos, S. Werner, G. Szepannek","doi":"10.1109/BIOCAS.2008.4696870","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/BIOCAS.2008.4696870","url":null,"abstract":"It is known for a long time that vowels can be classified using spectrum analysis and formant map templates. But in systems having poor spectral resolution, e.g. in cochlear implants, it may be interesting to see if a map of vowel classes can be constructed based on temporal cues only. We present a bio-inspired approach to extract the shape of cochlear pressure wave trajectories for speech signals and provide a simple vowel classification method not requiring any spectral information directly. Experiments and results included in this study emphasize the importance of biotic cochlear delays and urge their application in future cochlear implant speech processing strategies.","PeriodicalId":415200,"journal":{"name":"2008 IEEE Biomedical Circuits and Systems Conference","volume":"55 6","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121011540","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2008-11-01DOI: 10.1109/BIOCAS.2008.4696920
T. Elkhatib, K. Salama
A new imaging sensor with high resolution independent of the image sensorpsilas pixel size is presented. This sensor combines an integrated nanohole patterned in the first metal layer within each pixel and it can be fabricated in any standard submicron CMOS process. The final high resolution image requires a relative scanning motion between the sensor and the object under test; this relative motion can be achieved in an optofluidic microscopy system whereas the sample flows in a microfluidic channel while the image sensor acquires the high resolution image. Here, we describe the concept of the presented high resolution imaging sensor and elaborate on the optofludic microscopy system as one example of its implementation for a real biomedical imaging application.
{"title":"High resolution imaging through integrated nanoholes image sensor","authors":"T. Elkhatib, K. Salama","doi":"10.1109/BIOCAS.2008.4696920","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/BIOCAS.2008.4696920","url":null,"abstract":"A new imaging sensor with high resolution independent of the image sensorpsilas pixel size is presented. This sensor combines an integrated nanohole patterned in the first metal layer within each pixel and it can be fabricated in any standard submicron CMOS process. The final high resolution image requires a relative scanning motion between the sensor and the object under test; this relative motion can be achieved in an optofluidic microscopy system whereas the sample flows in a microfluidic channel while the image sensor acquires the high resolution image. Here, we describe the concept of the presented high resolution imaging sensor and elaborate on the optofludic microscopy system as one example of its implementation for a real biomedical imaging application.","PeriodicalId":415200,"journal":{"name":"2008 IEEE Biomedical Circuits and Systems Conference","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130772375","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2008-11-01DOI: 10.1109/BIOCAS.2008.4696863
N. Neihart, B. House
This paper presents models and simulation results for two different tunable biological oscillators realized inside of the bacteria Escherichia Coli (E. coli). The first system considered is the Elowitz repressilator and simulations show that the period of oscillation can be varied between 151.4 minutes and 225.8 minutes. The second system is a relaxation oscillator whose period of oscillation varies between 61.8 minutes and 72.7 minutes. The period of oscillation of both oscillators is controlled using IPTG. These types of systems will be important in characterizing and developing models for the molecular and protein interactions within a biological cell.
{"title":"Frequency controllable in vivo biological oscillators","authors":"N. Neihart, B. House","doi":"10.1109/BIOCAS.2008.4696863","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/BIOCAS.2008.4696863","url":null,"abstract":"This paper presents models and simulation results for two different tunable biological oscillators realized inside of the bacteria Escherichia Coli (E. coli). The first system considered is the Elowitz repressilator and simulations show that the period of oscillation can be varied between 151.4 minutes and 225.8 minutes. The second system is a relaxation oscillator whose period of oscillation varies between 61.8 minutes and 72.7 minutes. The period of oscillation of both oscillators is controlled using IPTG. These types of systems will be important in characterizing and developing models for the molecular and protein interactions within a biological cell.","PeriodicalId":415200,"journal":{"name":"2008 IEEE Biomedical Circuits and Systems Conference","volume":"27 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128738842","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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