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Genuine Words: Deception as a War Tactic and a Mode of Writing in Third-Century China 真言:三世纪中国的一种战争战术与写作方式
IF 0.1 4区 社会学 Q2 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2022-09-21 DOI: 10.1080/15299104.2022.2101766
M. Goh
The late Eastern Han (roughly the Jian’an era, 196–220) through the Three Kingdoms (220–265) period witnessed a historic turn at which war, deception, and writing coincided in more intricate ways than ever before. By closely examining three cases of fabricated letters, I untangle the complex phenomenon of “writing in deception” from the lens of war tactic and mode of writing. My basic question is how and why writing created or facilitated new possibilities for deceit in war during this period. More broadly, how was a voice created in deception different from one that was “genuine”? What does “writing in deception” reveal about the nature and perception of literature or wenzhang 文章? My inquiries shed light on a fiercely pragmatic approach to writing, while exposing the line between “deceptive” and “non-deceptive” writings to be extremely fine and tenuous. Ultimately, these cases of fabricated letters challenge us to think about authorship and other properties of a literary work, such as authenticity, legitimacy, genuineness, and sincerity, as the results—that is, the effect and affect—of writing, and not the other way around.
东汉晚期(大致是建安时期,196-220年)到三国时期(220-265年)见证了一个历史转折,战争、欺骗和文字的结合比以往任何时候都更加复杂。本文通过对三起伪造信件案件的仔细考察,从战争战术和写作方式的角度,梳理了“欺骗写作”的复杂现象。我的基本问题是,在这一时期,文字是如何以及为什么为战争中的欺骗创造了新的可能性。更广泛地说,在欺骗中产生的声音与“真实”的声音有什么不同?“欺骗写作”揭示了文学或文章的本质和感知?我的调查揭示了一种极其务实的写作方式,同时也揭示了“欺骗性”和“非欺骗性”作品之间的界限极其细微和脆弱。最终,这些伪造信件的案例挑战我们去思考作者身份和文学作品的其他属性,如真实性、合法性、真实性和真诚,作为写作的结果,也就是写作的效果和影响,而不是反过来。
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引用次数: 0
Imperiled Destinies: The Daoist Quest for Deliverance in Medieval China 危险的命运:道教在中世纪中国寻求解脱
IF 0.1 4区 社会学 Q2 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2022-09-21 DOI: 10.1080/15299104.2022.2101774
J. Pettit
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引用次数: 0
Politicization of Ritual Matters: Debates on “Two Principal Wives” (Liangdi) in Early Medieval China 仪式事务的政治化:中世纪早期中国“两主妻”之争
IF 0.1 4区 社会学 Q2 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2022-09-21 DOI: 10.1080/15299104.2022.2101768
Qiaomei Tang
The tumultuous political environment of early medieval China gave rise to a social phenomenon known as liangdi 兩嫡, a situation in which a man kept two principal wives. This anomaly caused a great deal of confusion not only in terms of inheritance of title, rank, and property for the sons born of the two wives, but more importantly, in mourning observances by the sons for their mothers. To provide guidance for those involved in such situations, many discussions and debates around liangdi cases took place, both publicly among officials in courts and privately between colleagues and friends. This article, through analyzing four recorded discussions and debates on liangdi cases from the Jin dynasty (265–420), examines how a private issue of having two wives, resulting from the geopolitical conditions of civil war and segregation following the disintegration of the Han empire, became a public matter that had a profound ritual and political significance. At the heart of the politicization of ritual matters was the question of the political legitimacy of a newly unified empire.
中世纪早期中国动荡的政治环境催生了一种社会现象,称为“两弟”(liangdi),即一个男人有两个主要妻子。这种反常现象不仅在两位妻子所生的儿子对头衔、等级和财产的继承上造成了很大的混乱,更重要的是,在儿子对母亲的哀悼仪式上。为了给那些卷入这种情况的人提供指导,围绕“两地案”展开了许多讨论和辩论,既有法庭上的官员公开讨论,也有同事和朋友私下讨论。本文通过分析金朝(265-420)关于两弟案件的四次有记录的讨论和辩论,探讨了在汉朝解体后,由于内战和种族隔离的地缘政治条件,有两个妻子的私人问题是如何成为具有深刻仪式和政治意义的公共问题的。仪式问题政治化的核心是一个新统一帝国的政治合法性问题。
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引用次数: 0
Visions and Dreams in Early and Medieval China: A Few Thoughts on Neutrality and Authorial Voice 中国早期和中世纪的异象与梦:关于中立性与作者声音的几点思考
IF 0.1 4区 社会学 Q2 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2022-09-21 DOI: 10.1080/15299104.2022.2101771
Dominic Steavu
In early and medieval China, thinkers waxed poetic about the blurriness of the line that set apart dreams from reality. The famed “ butterfly dream ” from the Zhuangzi is the locus classicus for this view. If the boundary between dreams and reality is so porous, how much more is the demarcation between dreams and visions, two states of alternate consciousness that are strikingly similar in their basic grammar and core features. Indeed, both were understood as spontaneous forms of insight con-sisting of an encounter with beings who were inaccessible under normal waking cir-cumstances. A passage from the “ Explanation of Dreams ” ( Mengshuo 夢 說 ), a succinct fourteenth-century Daoist work, strikingly illustrates how dreams and visions —“ the marvels of the spirit ’ s excursions ”— could be two sides of the same coin:
在早期和中世纪的中国,思想家们对梦与现实之间界限的模糊充满诗意。《庄子》中著名的“蝴蝶梦”就是这种观点的经典例证。如果梦和现实之间的界限如此模糊,那么梦和幻象之间的界限又有多模糊呢?这两种交替的意识状态在基本语法和核心特征上惊人地相似。事实上,两者都被理解为自发形式的洞察力,包括与在正常清醒情况下无法接近的生物的相遇。《梦说》是十四世纪的一部简明的道教著作,其中一段话引人注目地说明了梦和幻象——“精神漫游的奇迹”——是同一枚硬币的两面:
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引用次数: 0
Lords of the Marches: Imperial Identity on the Margins in Early Fourth-Century China 进行区领主:四世纪早期中国边缘的帝国身份
IF 0.1 4区 社会学 Q2 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2022-09-21 DOI: 10.1080/15299104.2022.2101767
Charles Holcombe
This study explores group identity perception in early medieval China at a time of peak ethno-cultural complexity, as north China was falling under the control of multiple ostensibly “non-Chinese” peoples in the early fourth century. The subject is approached through an examination of the careers of two especially significant northern frontier officials, Liu Kun (271–318) and Wang Jun (252–314), and their interactions with neighboring Xianbei peoples, as well as with the Jin dynasty imperial court. We conclude that, although there were ethno-cultural differences and multiple distinct, separately named, population groups, the crucial factor for identity formation—at least as portrayed in the surviving textual sources—was the dynastic state. Also important to identity formation was the embodiment of civilizational norms. Jin dynasty people were distinguished from non-Jin “others,” yet some of the non-Jin others behaved more like true participants in the ideals of Chinese civilization than some of the native-born Jin people.
本研究探讨了在民族文化复杂性达到顶峰的中世纪早期中国的群体认同认知,因为在4世纪早期,中国北方正处于多个表面上的“非中国”民族的控制之下。这个主题是通过考察两位特别重要的北方边疆官员刘琨(271-318)和王军(252-314)的职业生涯,以及他们与邻近的鲜卑人以及与金朝朝廷的互动来实现的。我们的结论是,尽管存在民族文化差异和多个不同的、单独命名的人口群体,但身份形成的关键因素——至少在现存的文本来源中是这样描述的——是王朝状态。对身份形成同样重要的是文明规范的体现。金朝人与非金朝的“其他人”是有区别的,然而一些非金朝的“其他人”比一些土生土长的金朝人表现得更像中国文明理想的真正参与者。
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引用次数: 1
Structures of the Earth: Metageographies of Early Medieval China 地球的结构:中世纪早期中国的地理志
IF 0.1 4区 社会学 Q2 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2022-09-21 DOI: 10.1080/15299104.2022.2101773
Alexis Lycas
Although the geographical knowledge of the second millennium of the empire is well studied, D. Jonathan Felt’s monograph marks, following the remarkable work of Jörg Hüsemann, the revival of studies on the history of early medieval geographical knowledge. As far as the formal aspects of the book are concerned, the quality of the editorial work done on the manuscript is laudable—I did not find any glaring mistakes or typos. Felt’s text is clear, informative, and without jargon, even if he sometimes tends to repeat sentences from one page to the next to emphasize certain points. The author must be commended for choosing to include short lines of translations of primary sources in the body of his demonstration instead of adding numerous independent translation blocks. The reader can thus clearly follow his reasoning, and the text gains in fluidity. The excellent schematic maps produced with GIS are particularly relevant and allow one to visualize Felt’s hypotheses or conclusions. The bibliography is thorough, and the index useful. The only problem concerns the notes, which are inexplicably placed at the end of the volume. This may have been an editorial decision not attributable to the author, but the otherwise pleasant and informative reading of the book suffers from such unnecessary hindrance. The book is organized around four thematic chapters, whose titles function through conceptual or spatial oppositions that Felt takes on in his analysis, often with great nuance. The main body of the text is flanked at one end by an introduction and an indispensable first chapter presenting the genres of geographical writing, and at the other end by a conclusion that takes up the themes addressed in the main chapters to assess their late medieval and post-medieval fortune. The four themes of the study touch on the notions of regionalism, borders, natural geography, and competing world orders. They also follow a relatively chronological order which culminates in the last two chapters, more specifically focused on Li Daoyuan’s 酈道元 (d. 527) Shuijing zhu 水經注. Felt’s objective is to present four ways of seeing the world. He does so according to historical or historiographical oppositions, which enrich his arguments. The introduction and the first chapter are particularly useful to gain an overview and a precise history of the evolution of ancient and especially medieval geographical knowledge. In line with the works of Andrew Chittick and Liu Weiyi 劉緯毅,
尽管帝国第二个千年的地理知识得到了很好的研究,但D.Jonathan Felt的专著标志着继Jörg Hüsemann的杰出工作之后,中世纪早期地理知识史研究的复兴。就这本书的形式而言,手稿的编辑工作质量值得称赞——我没有发现任何明显的错误或打字错误。费尔特的文章清晰、翔实,没有行话,即使他有时倾向于从一页到下一页重复句子来强调某些要点。必须赞扬作者选择在演示的正文中包括主要来源的简短翻译行,而不是添加许多独立的翻译块。因此,读者可以清楚地遵循他的推理,文本也变得流畅起来。使用GIS制作的优秀示意图特别相关,可以直观地看到Felt的假设或结论。参考书目详尽,索引有用。唯一的问题是笔记,它们莫名其妙地被放在了卷的末尾。这可能是一个不可归因于作者的编辑决定,但本书在其他方面令人愉快和信息丰富的阅读却受到了不必要的阻碍。这本书围绕四个主题章节组织,这些章节的标题通过费尔特在分析中所采用的概念或空间对立发挥作用,通常有很大的细微差别。正文的一端是引言和不可或缺的第一章,介绍了地理写作的流派,另一端是结论,总结了主要章节中的主题,以评估其中世纪晚期和中世纪后的财富。这项研究的四个主题涉及区域主义、边界、自然地理和相互竞争的世界秩序的概念。它们也遵循相对的时间顺序,在最后两章达到高潮,更具体地说,集中在李道元的酈道元 (d.527)《水经注》水經注. 费尔特的目标是呈现四种看待世界的方式。他这样做是根据历史或历史的对立,这丰富了他的论点。引言和第一章特别有助于概述和准确了解古代,尤其是中世纪地理知识的演变史。与Andrew Chittick和刘伟毅的作品一致劉緯毅,
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引用次数: 2
Audible Empire: Musical Orthodoxy and Spectacle in the Sui Dynasty 听觉帝国:隋朝的音乐正统与奇观
IF 0.1 4区 社会学 Q2 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2022-09-21 DOI: 10.1080/15299104.2022.2101770
Lu Kou
After conquering the Chen in 589, the Sui became a powerful empire that ruled over both the northern and southern regions, a vast territory that featured distinct regional cultures and customs. To foster an impression of political unity, the Sui court initiated a series of projects aimed at implementing central control over remote areas and reconciling interests of different cultural groups. This ideology of concordia discors found no better avenue of expression than music, which included musical performance, lyric composition, and standardization of pitches and musical scales. This article investigates the politics of music and the creation of an “audible empire” in the first decade of the Sui. Specifically, it examines how imperial subjects at the time perceived and articulated the Sui court ritual music, including both its history and its public display. Based on court memorials, historical records, and poems, I argue that the Sui’s musical lineage—how the music of orthodoxy was transmitted and inherited by the Sui—was carefully constructed and often contested in the empire’s early years and that poems that describe viewers’ experience of observing the Sui music performance reveal courtiers’ ambivalent attitudes towards music as an imperial tool of persuasion.
589年,隋朝征服陈后,成为一个强大的帝国,统治着南北两个地区,这是一个幅员辽阔的地区,具有独特的地区文化和习俗。为了营造政治团结的印象,隋朝启动了一系列项目,旨在对偏远地区实施中央控制,并调和不同文化群体的利益。这种迪斯科舞厅的意识形态没有比音乐更好的表达方式了,音乐包括音乐表演、歌词创作、音高和音阶的标准化。本文考察了隋朝第一个十年的音乐政治和“听觉帝国”的创建。具体而言,它考察了当时的帝国臣民是如何看待和表达隋朝礼乐的,包括其历史和公开展示。根据朝廷的奏折、历史记录和诗歌,我认为,隋的音乐谱系——正统音乐是如何由隋传播和继承的——是经过精心构建的,在帝国早期经常受到质疑,描述观众观察隋音乐表演的经历的诗歌揭示了朝臣对音乐作为帝国说服工具的矛盾态度。
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引用次数: 0
Gesture and the Movements of Literary Creativity: Lu Ji’s “Rhapsody on Literature” 手势与文学创作运动——鲁的《文学狂想曲》
IF 0.1 4区 社会学 Q2 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2021-01-01 DOI: 10.1080/15299104.2021.1974738
W. Swartz
“That ’tis as great a fault to judge ill, as to write ill, and a more dangerous one to the public . . .” —Alexander Pope, “An Essay on Criticism” (1711) In his work of meta-literature, “Rhapsody on Literature,” Lu Ji (261–303) expounds his theories on the creative act. The rhapsody lays out the entire writing process, from reading, assimilation, and imagination or mnemonic recall to writing and its host of challenges, raising thorny questions about originality and tradition, and conception and representation. His discourse points to an overarching concern with the workings of literary creativity. The notion of gesture is key to understanding his theory of creativity, for it outlines the fitful movements and signifying potentiality of incipient ideas in the changeable current of mental cogitations and the flow and flux of language. This essay explores the figuration of gesture in Lu Ji’s theory of literary creativity.
吕基(261-303)在他的元文学著作《文学狂想曲》中阐述了他的创作行为理论,他说:“判断不好,写不好,这是一个很大的错误,对公众来说,这是一个更危险的错误。”狂想曲展示了整个写作过程,从阅读、同化、想象或记忆回忆到写作及其一系列挑战,提出了关于原创性和传统、概念和表现的棘手问题。他的论述指出了对文学创造力运作的总体关注。手势的概念是理解他的创造力理论的关键,因为它概述了在不断变化的心理认知和语言的流动中,早期思想的断断续续的运动和表示潜力。本文对陆基文学创作理论中的姿态拟态进行了探讨。
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引用次数: 0
“Autumn Thoughts”: Shared Images, Shifting Phrases, and Promiscuous Poetics “秋思”:共象、移句、杂诗
IF 0.1 4区 社会学 Q2 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2021-01-01 DOI: 10.1080/15299104.2021.1974740
S. West
The famous short sanqu lyric known as “Autumn Thoughts” to the tune “Tianjing sha” has been attributed to Ma Zhiyuan since the late sixteenth century. Despite the skepticism of a long list of important qu scholars from the fourteenth to the twentieth century, this attribution is still repeated in textbooks from grade school to doctoral programs. A careful examination of extant versions from 1309 onward shows some degree of difference, from narrow to wide, dependent on contextual use. Phrases from the lyric may also be found as early as the late twelfth century. By carefully investigating these sources and the way in which the tonal pattern of “Tianjing sha” is expanded, contracted, and exploited in other sources, we can see that the use of the famous phrases making up the poem occurs when context and rhyme come together. This leads one to doubt whether attributable authorship of the lyric is possible, or if it is simply the use of nearly cliché phrases that just happened to combine in exactly the perfect order. This would fit with what we know about the performance tradition and about its tendency for collective and anonymous creation through accretion.
十六世纪末,马致远创作了以《秋思》为曲调的著名短曲《天经沙》。尽管从十四世纪到二十世纪,一长串重要的瞿学者持怀疑态度,但从小学到博士课程,这种归因仍然在教科书中重复。仔细研究1309年以后的现存版本可以发现,根据上下文的使用,从窄到宽存在一定程度的差异。歌词中的短语也可能早在十二世纪末就被发现。通过仔细研究这些来源以及《天经沙》的音调模式在其他来源中的扩展、收缩和利用方式,我们可以看出,构成这首诗的名句的使用是在语境和韵律结合的时候发生的。这让人怀疑这首歌词的作者身份是否可能,或者这只是使用了几乎陈词滥调的短语,而这些短语恰好以完美的顺序组合在一起。这将符合我们对表演传统的了解,以及它通过积累进行集体和匿名创作的趋势。
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引用次数: 0
Rome, China, and the Barbarians: Ethnographic Traditions and the Transformation of Empires 罗马、中国与野蛮人:民族志传统与帝国转型
IF 0.1 4区 社会学 Q2 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2021-01-01 DOI: 10.1080/15299104.2021.1974744
Lu Kou
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引用次数: 6
期刊
Early Medieval China
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