Dhiraj D Kandre, Ankita V. Patel, Prakash I. Mehta
Introduction: Adult attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) has a prevalence of 4.4% worldwide. Adults with ADHD are more prone to risk taking behaviours, behavioural addictions and substance abuse. Studies have shown that adults with ADHD are more likely to develop internet addiction (IA). Aim of the study: To determine scoring of medical students on an adult ADHD scale and internet addiction scale and to compare it. To compare the scoring in context to demographic characteristics and substance use. Material and methods: Medical students from two medical colleges from Gujarat participated in the study. Students filled in a semi-structured proforma which included sociodemographic details and details regarding internet use. Students completed self-report scales such as the Adult ADHD Self Report Scale (ASRS) and Young Internet Addiction Scale (IAS). Descriptive analysis was done using SPSS 20.0. Results: Out of 427 subjects, 233 (54.6%) were male and 194 (45.4%) were female. On IAS, 359 (84.15%) were found to be average online users (no addiction), 64 (15%) had frequent problems with internet use (pos-sibly addicted) and only 4 (0.9%) students had excessive internet use (severely addicted). In screening for adult ADHD, 84 (19.7%) were found to be positive. Adult ADHD was found to be significantly associated with IA and substance use. Discussion: Deficiency in inhibitory control, reward deficiency syndrome and cognitive and motivational dysfunction have been observed in ADHD, which makes subjects with ADHD at risk of developing IA and substance use. Conclusions: Being positive on the Adult ADHD Scale was found to be significantly associated with IA and substance use.
{"title":"Analytical study of adult attention deficit hyperactivity disorder symptoms and internet addiction among medical students","authors":"Dhiraj D Kandre, Ankita V. Patel, Prakash I. Mehta","doi":"10.5114/nan.2020.97398","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5114/nan.2020.97398","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction: Adult attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) has a prevalence of 4.4% worldwide. Adults with ADHD are more prone to risk taking behaviours, behavioural addictions and substance abuse. Studies have shown that adults with ADHD are more likely to develop internet addiction (IA). Aim of the study: To determine scoring of medical students on an adult ADHD scale and internet addiction scale and to compare it. To compare the scoring in context to demographic characteristics and substance use. Material and methods: Medical students from two medical colleges from Gujarat participated in the study. Students filled in a semi-structured proforma which included sociodemographic details and details regarding internet use. Students completed self-report scales such as the Adult ADHD Self Report Scale (ASRS) and Young Internet Addiction Scale (IAS). Descriptive analysis was done using SPSS 20.0. Results: Out of 427 subjects, 233 (54.6%) were male and 194 (45.4%) were female. On IAS, 359 (84.15%) were found to be average online users (no addiction), 64 (15%) had frequent problems with internet use (pos-sibly addicted) and only 4 (0.9%) students had excessive internet use (severely addicted). In screening for adult ADHD, 84 (19.7%) were found to be positive. Adult ADHD was found to be significantly associated with IA and substance use. Discussion: Deficiency in inhibitory control, reward deficiency syndrome and cognitive and motivational dysfunction have been observed in ADHD, which makes subjects with ADHD at risk of developing IA and substance use. Conclusions: Being positive on the Adult ADHD Scale was found to be significantly associated with IA and substance use.","PeriodicalId":41766,"journal":{"name":"Neuropsychiatria i Neuropsychologia","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.5114/nan.2020.97398","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70464565","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Introduction: The present study investigates the differential evaluation, motivational preference and ideomotor action (decision making) of Psychology students over pieces of graphical art. Material and methods: Abstract and figurative art pictures were presented in two different visual hemifields in a decision task to 31 Psychology students. There were 90 trials in which participants had to make this decision/ preference. Results: The findings indicate that there is no laterality effect in the two dependent variables used: count of preferences and response times (RTs). This statement is based on the fact that there is no interaction effect of more preferences or longer RTs depending on the side where the decision task was presented. On the other hand, there is a preference effect in the sense that the participants chose significantly more times the figurative art than the abstract one. In this sense, when preferring abstract art, participants spend significantly longer RTs than when they preferred figurative art. Conclusions: The results suggest that, for high level cognitive processes (such as paying attention and making decisions with art; in comparison to the plain perception and evaluation of it), there is no laterality effect. This conclusion is based on the lack of interaction effect depending on the side/hemifield where the decision task was presented. Moreover, Psychology students make a more analytical analysis of art since they prefer figurative art over abstract art. Finally, we can quantify the time that participants spent in extracting abstract art meaning, since they spent (as a mean) 231.78 ms longer when preferring abstract art than when they preferred figurative art.
{"title":"Quantifying the extraction of art meaning: no laterality effect","authors":"J. Vilchez, Wendy Lizbeth Michay Valarezo","doi":"10.5114/nan.2020.101292","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5114/nan.2020.101292","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction: The present study investigates the differential evaluation, motivational preference and ideomotor action (decision making) of Psychology students over pieces of graphical art. Material and methods: Abstract and figurative art pictures were presented in two different visual hemifields in a decision task to 31 Psychology students. There were 90 trials in which participants had to make this decision/ preference. Results: The findings indicate that there is no laterality effect in the two dependent variables used: count of preferences and response times (RTs). This statement is based on the fact that there is no interaction effect of more preferences or longer RTs depending on the side where the decision task was presented. On the other hand, there is a preference effect in the sense that the participants chose significantly more times the figurative art than the abstract one. In this sense, when preferring abstract art, participants spend significantly longer RTs than when they preferred figurative art. Conclusions: The results suggest that, for high level cognitive processes (such as paying attention and making decisions with art; in comparison to the plain perception and evaluation of it), there is no laterality effect. This conclusion is based on the lack of interaction effect depending on the side/hemifield where the decision task was presented. Moreover, Psychology students make a more analytical analysis of art since they prefer figurative art over abstract art. Finally, we can quantify the time that participants spent in extracting abstract art meaning, since they spent (as a mean) 231.78 ms longer when preferring abstract art than when they preferred figurative art.","PeriodicalId":41766,"journal":{"name":"Neuropsychiatria i Neuropsychologia","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70464156","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Neuroplasticity, a concept recognised about 50 years ago, is now considered the core mechanism of brain function. Neuroplasticity is defined as a durable change in the way neurons respond to a stimulus. At the cellular level, synaptic plasticity is the leading mechanism of modification of synaptic strength, operating via long-term potentiation and long-term depression. It operates according to Hebb’s principle of simultaneous activation of preand postsynaptic neurons. Synaptic plasticity leads to structural changes of synapses, dendritic spines, and axonal modifications. An additional form of plasticity, homeostatic plasticity, changes neuronal reactivity in a less specific way, in response to intensive input or input elimination. On a macroscopic level, neuroplasticity modifies neural pathways, strengthening those with strong and correlated activity. In a developing brain, neuroplasticity serves developmental adjustments triggered by external stimuli and allows learning. In an adult brain, neuroplastic changes are the basis of learning and memory, i.e. formation of new neuronal circuits dedicated to the memory engram. Such changes also underlie modifications of sensory and motor representations by activity or by denervation. Neuroplasticity in brain repair after stroke acts via coordination of activation of weak connections, axonal sprouting, and synaptogenesis, which can result in functional recovery of lost abilities – motor, sensory, and cognitive.
{"title":"Basic mechanism of neuroplasticity","authors":"M. Kossut","doi":"10.5114/nan.2019.87727","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5114/nan.2019.87727","url":null,"abstract":"Neuroplasticity, a concept recognised about 50 years ago, is now considered the core mechanism of brain function. Neuroplasticity is defined as a durable change in the way neurons respond to a stimulus. At the cellular level, synaptic plasticity is the leading mechanism of modification of synaptic strength, operating via long-term potentiation and long-term depression. It operates according to Hebb’s principle of simultaneous activation of preand postsynaptic neurons. Synaptic plasticity leads to structural changes of synapses, dendritic spines, and axonal modifications. An additional form of plasticity, homeostatic plasticity, changes neuronal reactivity in a less specific way, in response to intensive input or input elimination. On a macroscopic level, neuroplasticity modifies neural pathways, strengthening those with strong and correlated activity. In a developing brain, neuroplasticity serves developmental adjustments triggered by external stimuli and allows learning. In an adult brain, neuroplastic changes are the basis of learning and memory, i.e. formation of new neuronal circuits dedicated to the memory engram. Such changes also underlie modifications of sensory and motor representations by activity or by denervation. Neuroplasticity in brain repair after stroke acts via coordination of activation of weak connections, axonal sprouting, and synaptogenesis, which can result in functional recovery of lost abilities – motor, sensory, and cognitive.","PeriodicalId":41766,"journal":{"name":"Neuropsychiatria i Neuropsychologia","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.5114/nan.2019.87727","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70463669","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
K. Jankowiak-Siuda, N. Krakowska, K. Gaździcka, Jan Kundziołka, J. Topczewski
In a multidimensional approach two aspects of empathy are distinguished: emotional – sharing affective states of others with concern, and cognitive – taking the perspective of others, leading to an understanding of what the other person feels. The aim of this paper is to review the research on the genetic basis of cognitive and emotional empathy, and to indicate further directions of research in this area. The inheritance of the cognitive aspect of empathy is 0.26, and of the emotional one is 0.30. This means that to a large extent the variability of empathy is shaped by the environment. Although it is indicated that as many as 25 genes (including 37 polymorphisms) are associated with both aspects of empathy including mainly genes encoding oxytocin and vasopressin receptors, and neurotransmitters (e.g. serotonin, dopamine), genes encoding cannabinoids and opioids, there is still a lack of data showing how the genes influence each other, and how they interact with the environment. A group of genes involved in empathizing, closely related to the regulation of gene expression (genes encoding transcription factors, growth and development factors, e.g. BDNF) could possibly fill this gap. The expression of these genes is closely related to the plasticity of the nervous system and may have a direct relationship with the development of empathy not only in the first stages of life, but in various environmental interactions, such as parenting skills training, or educational programs for children, aimed at modeling empathic behavior.
{"title":"Genetic basis of affective and cognitive empathy","authors":"K. Jankowiak-Siuda, N. Krakowska, K. Gaździcka, Jan Kundziołka, J. Topczewski","doi":"10.5114/nan.2019.89790","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5114/nan.2019.89790","url":null,"abstract":"In a multidimensional approach two aspects of empathy are distinguished: emotional – sharing affective states of others with concern, and cognitive – taking the perspective of others, leading to an understanding of what the other person feels. The aim of this paper is to review the research on the genetic basis of cognitive and emotional empathy, and to indicate further directions of research in this area. The inheritance of the cognitive aspect of empathy is 0.26, and of the emotional one is 0.30. This means that to a large extent the variability of empathy is shaped by the environment. Although it is indicated that as many as 25 genes (including 37 polymorphisms) are associated with both aspects of empathy including mainly genes encoding oxytocin and vasopressin receptors, and neurotransmitters (e.g. serotonin, dopamine), genes encoding cannabinoids and opioids, there is still a lack of data showing how the genes influence each other, and how they interact with the environment. A group of genes involved in empathizing, closely related to the regulation of gene expression (genes encoding transcription factors, growth and development factors, e.g. BDNF) could possibly fill this gap. The expression of these genes is closely related to the plasticity of the nervous system and may have a direct relationship with the development of empathy not only in the first stages of life, but in various environmental interactions, such as parenting skills training, or educational programs for children, aimed at modeling empathic behavior.","PeriodicalId":41766,"journal":{"name":"Neuropsychiatria i Neuropsychologia","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.5114/nan.2019.89790","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70464197","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Aim of the study: Chemical warfare survivors are at risk of various psychological traumas due to physical problems caused by chemical weapons, which can affect the quality of life and resilience of these people. The aim of this research is to examine the effectiveness of mindfulness-based training for the quality of life and resilience of chemical warfare disabled veterans in Sardasht, Iran. Material and methods: This research is a quasi-experimental study with a pre-test and post-test design and a control group. The statistical population consists of all male disabled veterans in the city of Sardasht, 30 of whom were selected via convenience sampling and randomly divided into two groups, experimental and control (15 per each). The experimental group received the mindfulness-based plan during eight 1.5-hour sessions. The tools used in this research were the World Health Organization Quality of Life (WHOQOL) questionnaires and the Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale, which were used in two phases of pre-test and post-test, and the research data were assessed by SPSS v.22 and univariate analysis of covariance with adjustment of the pre-test effect. Results: There was a significant difference between the mean post-test scores of the experimental group and the control group. In other words, mindfulness-based intervention increased the quality of life (p < 0.001) as well as the resilience (p < 0.001) in chemical warfare disabled veterans. Conclusions: According to the findings, it can be concluded that the mindfulness-based plan increases the mental health and improve the quality of life of chemical warfare disabled veterans.
{"title":"Effect of mindfulness-based training on quality of life and resilience of chemical warfare disabled veterans in Sardasht, Iran","authors":"Esfandiar Azad, T. Ahmadi","doi":"10.5114/nan.2019.89786","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5114/nan.2019.89786","url":null,"abstract":"Aim of the study: Chemical warfare survivors are at risk of various psychological traumas due to physical problems caused by chemical weapons, which can affect the quality of life and resilience of these people. The aim of this research is to examine the effectiveness of mindfulness-based training for the quality of life and resilience of chemical warfare disabled veterans in Sardasht, Iran. Material and methods: This research is a quasi-experimental study with a pre-test and post-test design and a control group. The statistical population consists of all male disabled veterans in the city of Sardasht, 30 of whom were selected via convenience sampling and randomly divided into two groups, experimental and control (15 per each). The experimental group received the mindfulness-based plan during eight 1.5-hour sessions. The tools used in this research were the World Health Organization Quality of Life (WHOQOL) questionnaires and the Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale, which were used in two phases of pre-test and post-test, and the research data were assessed by SPSS v.22 and univariate analysis of covariance with adjustment of the pre-test effect. Results: There was a significant difference between the mean post-test scores of the experimental group and the control group. In other words, mindfulness-based intervention increased the quality of life (p < 0.001) as well as the resilience (p < 0.001) in chemical warfare disabled veterans. Conclusions: According to the findings, it can be concluded that the mindfulness-based plan increases the mental health and improve the quality of life of chemical warfare disabled veterans.","PeriodicalId":41766,"journal":{"name":"Neuropsychiatria i Neuropsychologia","volume":"47 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.5114/nan.2019.89786","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70463820","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Introduction: Subjective cognitive decline (SCD) may reflect cognitive deficits or be associated with depression. Cognitive reserve (CR), understood as rich and varied experiences and knowledge gained during life, may promote the cognitive condition in the late years of life, protect against depression and reduce the SCD. The results of previous studies are not uniform. The aims of the research were to determine whether and how the level of CR, depression intensity, age and level of cognitive functions predict the risk of a higher sense of cognitive difficulties in adults, whether the analyzed compounds will manifest themselves in relation to different types of complaints and will characterize different groups of adults. Material and methods: The research included two independent groups (N1 = 130, N2 = 90) of adult Poles. To assess cognitive functions, the MoCA test was used, to assess the intensity of depression, BDI II was used, and to assess the intensity of sense of cognitive difficulties, DEX-S, MFS, SCL and MMQ were used. The CR indicator was the sum of points obtained in the questionnaire regarding activity in various spheres of life, level of education and professional activity. Results: Higher severity of depression increased the risk of SCD, while better cognitive performance reduced this risk. Cognitive reserve and age were not predictors of higher SCD. Conclusions: There are various mechanisms of SCD: associated with a higher level of depressive mood and/ or related to cognitive deficits. The role of depressive mood in SCD is more important in younger adults, while with age the role of actual cognitive performance in formulating SCD increases.
{"title":"Do cognitive reserve, current cognitive functioning, depression \u0000and age affect the subjective cognitive decline in Polish adults?","authors":"E. Szepietowska, A. Boiko","doi":"10.5114/nan.2019.89789","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5114/nan.2019.89789","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction: Subjective cognitive decline (SCD) may reflect cognitive deficits or be associated with depression. Cognitive reserve (CR), understood as rich and varied experiences and knowledge gained during life, may promote the cognitive condition in the late years of life, protect against depression and reduce the SCD. The results of previous studies are not uniform. The aims of the research were to determine whether and how the level of CR, depression intensity, age and level of cognitive functions predict the risk of a higher sense of cognitive difficulties in adults, whether the analyzed compounds will manifest themselves in relation to different types of complaints and will characterize different groups of adults. Material and methods: The research included two independent groups (N1 = 130, N2 = 90) of adult Poles. To assess cognitive functions, the MoCA test was used, to assess the intensity of depression, BDI II was used, and to assess the intensity of sense of cognitive difficulties, DEX-S, MFS, SCL and MMQ were used. The CR indicator was the sum of points obtained in the questionnaire regarding activity in various spheres of life, level of education and professional activity. Results: Higher severity of depression increased the risk of SCD, while better cognitive performance reduced this risk. Cognitive reserve and age were not predictors of higher SCD. Conclusions: There are various mechanisms of SCD: associated with a higher level of depressive mood and/ or related to cognitive deficits. The role of depressive mood in SCD is more important in younger adults, while with age the role of actual cognitive performance in formulating SCD increases.","PeriodicalId":41766,"journal":{"name":"Neuropsychiatria i Neuropsychologia","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.5114/nan.2019.89789","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70464059","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Dopaminergic signalling is crucial for a variety of brain functions, and abnormal dopamine regulation leads to neuropsychiatric disorders. Dopamine (DA) receptors are members of the G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) superfamily, with seven transmembrane spanning domains. DA, upon release from pre-synaptic neurons, activates dopamine receptor subtypes D1 to D5 and induces Gαs/olfand Gαi/o-mediated intracellular signalling. Defects in DA signalling cause either over-activation or dysfunction of DA regulation, leading to major psychiatric and neurological disorders, including Parkinson’s, schizophrenia, attention deficit with hyperactivity disorder, and bipolar disorder. Molecules that act as antagonists/agonists on D2/D3 receptors have been used clinically to treat many neuropsychiatric and neurodegenerative disorders. Most of the anti-psychotic drugs in use are primarily based on D2 receptor antagonism and serotonin receptor antagonism. However, antipsychotic drugs were developed 50 years ago, and the efficacy of these drugs has not been refined/upgraded very much. Thus, there is a great need to develop novel therapeutic strategies in designing/discovering a newer class of drugs. This can be achieved by having a better understanding about DA regulation and dopaminergic signalling in neuropsychiatric disorders. The in silico approach can be a tool for studying DA receptors and other protein targets involved in dopaminergic signalling. Utilising the existing knowledge on DA signalling in combination with various in silico approaches can be helpful in designing new chemical entities (NCEs). This review focuses on receptor functioning and dopaminergic signalling in major neuropsychological disorder, current therapeutic strategies, and future perspectives.
{"title":"Dopaminergic dysfunction in neuropsychiatric disorders. Pathophysiology, current therapeutics, and future perspectives","authors":"Chandrasekhar Chanda, Sobhitha Surepalli","doi":"10.5114/nan.2019.87724","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5114/nan.2019.87724","url":null,"abstract":"Dopaminergic signalling is crucial for a variety of brain functions, and abnormal dopamine regulation leads to neuropsychiatric disorders. Dopamine (DA) receptors are members of the G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) superfamily, with seven transmembrane spanning domains. DA, upon release from pre-synaptic neurons, activates dopamine receptor subtypes D1 to D5 and induces Gαs/olfand Gαi/o-mediated intracellular signalling. Defects in DA signalling cause either over-activation or dysfunction of DA regulation, leading to major psychiatric and neurological disorders, including Parkinson’s, schizophrenia, attention deficit with hyperactivity disorder, and bipolar disorder. Molecules that act as antagonists/agonists on D2/D3 receptors have been used clinically to treat many neuropsychiatric and neurodegenerative disorders. Most of the anti-psychotic drugs in use are primarily based on D2 receptor antagonism and serotonin receptor antagonism. However, antipsychotic drugs were developed 50 years ago, and the efficacy of these drugs has not been refined/upgraded very much. Thus, there is a great need to develop novel therapeutic strategies in designing/discovering a newer class of drugs. This can be achieved by having a better understanding about DA regulation and dopaminergic signalling in neuropsychiatric disorders. The in silico approach can be a tool for studying DA receptors and other protein targets involved in dopaminergic signalling. Utilising the existing knowledge on DA signalling in combination with various in silico approaches can be helpful in designing new chemical entities (NCEs). This review focuses on receptor functioning and dopaminergic signalling in major neuropsychological disorder, current therapeutic strategies, and future perspectives.","PeriodicalId":41766,"journal":{"name":"Neuropsychiatria i Neuropsychologia","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.5114/nan.2019.87724","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70463805","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
When it comes to eating disorders, more attention is being paid to social cognition deficits and their influence on the course of eating pathology. One of the forms of social cognition is mentalisation. It can be defined as the ability to interpret one’s own behaviour as well as the behaviour of others in terms of underlying mental states. Even though mentalising ability in patients with eating disorders has been already addressed in the scientific literature, little is known about how mentalising ability differs across specific eating disorder diagnoses. Therefore, the aim of this paper is to conduct a literature review that will summarise, compare, and contrast mentalising ability in patients with anorexia nervosa (AN) and bulimia nervosa (BN). We predicted that patients with AN have poorer mentalising skills than those with BN. In the second part of this paper, we propose treatment options aimed at remediating mentalising abilities. The electronic database PsycInfo was used to identify relevant articles. Our findings were largely in line with our hypothesis. We found the evidence for impaired mentalising skills in patients with AN. When it comes to BN, it was found that despite relatively well-preserved mentalising skills, the patients tended to use maladaptive emotional regulation strategies. Mentalisation-based therapy (MBT) as well as social cognition training programs are discussed as promising therapies aimed at remediating mentalising abilities and addressing problems with emotional regulation in eating disorders.
{"title":"“Walk a mile in my shoes”. Mentalising ability in patients with eating disorders – literature review\u0000„Przejdź milę w moich butach”. Umiejętność mentalizacji u pacjentów z anoreksją i bulimią – przegląd literatury","authors":"Katarzyna Kordynska, B. Kostecka, K. Kucharska","doi":"10.5114/nan.2019.87728","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5114/nan.2019.87728","url":null,"abstract":"When it comes to eating disorders, more attention is being paid to social cognition deficits and their influence on the course of eating pathology. One of the forms of social cognition is mentalisation. It can be defined as the ability to interpret one’s own behaviour as well as the behaviour of others in terms of underlying mental states. Even though mentalising ability in patients with eating disorders has been already addressed in the scientific literature, little is known about how mentalising ability differs across specific eating disorder diagnoses. Therefore, the aim of this paper is to conduct a literature review that will summarise, compare, and contrast mentalising ability in patients with anorexia nervosa (AN) and bulimia nervosa (BN). We predicted that patients with AN have poorer mentalising skills than those with BN. In the second part of this paper, we propose treatment options aimed at remediating mentalising abilities. The electronic database PsycInfo was used to identify relevant articles. Our findings were largely in line with our hypothesis. We found the evidence for impaired mentalising skills in patients with AN. When it comes to BN, it was found that despite relatively well-preserved mentalising skills, the patients tended to use maladaptive emotional regulation strategies. Mentalisation-based therapy (MBT) as well as social cognition training programs are discussed as promising therapies aimed at remediating mentalising abilities and addressing problems with emotional regulation in eating disorders.","PeriodicalId":41766,"journal":{"name":"Neuropsychiatria i Neuropsychologia","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.5114/nan.2019.87728","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70463681","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Aim of the study: The aim of the study was to assess the effectiveness of working memory (WM) training. The vast majority of n-back training studies were conducted on populations of young people at the peak of their cognitive functioning. This study addressed the population of people over 60 years old (N = 30). Material and methods: Volunteers were randomly assigned to training groups. Effectiveness of trainings (n-back task in the experimental group and general knowledge quiz in the active control group) was examined across training groups. Participants were tested before and after a 25-day training regime, with the use of following tasks: Sternberg, Linear Syllogisms, Go No Go, Task Switching, Running Span, and Operation Span (OSPAN). Participants trained for about 20 minutes per day via the Internet. Results: Training gains were similar in both groups – there were no significant differences in changes of results between both groups. In most of the tasks the groups achieved better results in the second measurement. The advantage of n-back training were significantly shorter reaction times in difficult conditions in the Sternberg task, which can serve as an example of near transfer. Conclusions: Numerous studies show that some cognitive functions decrease with age, so the potential beneficiaries of WM training are older people. This study did not show differences in the effectiveness of the training methods used in this study. Further studies with larger samples are recommended to evaluate the possible effectiveness of WM training in older people.
研究目的:研究的目的是评估工作记忆(WM)训练的有效性。绝大多数的n-back训练研究都是针对处于认知功能巅峰的年轻人进行的。本研究针对60岁以上人群(N = 30)。材料和方法:志愿者被随机分配到训练组。不同训练组的训练效果(实验组为n-back任务，积极对照组为常识测验)比较。参与者在为期25天的训练前后进行测试，使用以下任务:Sternberg，线性三段论，Go No Go，任务切换，运行广度和操作广度(osspan)。参与者每天通过互联网进行大约20分钟的训练。结果:两组的训练收益相似，两组之间的结果变化无显著差异。在大多数任务中，小组在第二次测量中取得了更好的结果。n-back训练的优势是在Sternberg任务的困难条件下显著缩短反应时间，这可以作为近迁移的一个例子。结论:大量研究表明，一些认知功能随着年龄的增长而下降，因此WM训练的潜在受益者是老年人。这项研究并没有显示研究中使用的训练方法的有效性差异。建议进行更大样本的进一步研究，以评估WM训练对老年人的可能有效性。
{"title":"The effectiveness of working memory training with the use of n-back task \u0000in a group of older adults","authors":"Agnieszka Chojak","doi":"10.5114/nan.2019.87725","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5114/nan.2019.87725","url":null,"abstract":"Aim of the study: The aim of the study was to assess the effectiveness of working memory (WM) training. The vast majority of n-back training studies were conducted on populations of young people at the peak of their cognitive functioning. This study addressed the population of people over 60 years old (N = 30). Material and methods: Volunteers were randomly assigned to training groups. Effectiveness of trainings (n-back task in the experimental group and general knowledge quiz in the active control group) was examined across training groups. Participants were tested before and after a 25-day training regime, with the use of following tasks: Sternberg, Linear Syllogisms, Go No Go, Task Switching, Running Span, and Operation Span (OSPAN). Participants trained for about 20 minutes per day via the Internet. Results: Training gains were similar in both groups – there were no significant differences in changes of results between both groups. In most of the tasks the groups achieved better results in the second measurement. The advantage of n-back training were significantly shorter reaction times in difficult conditions in the Sternberg task, which can serve as an example of near transfer. Conclusions: Numerous studies show that some cognitive functions decrease with age, so the potential beneficiaries of WM training are older people. This study did not show differences in the effectiveness of the training methods used in this study. Further studies with larger samples are recommended to evaluate the possible effectiveness of WM training in older people.","PeriodicalId":41766,"journal":{"name":"Neuropsychiatria i Neuropsychologia","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.5114/nan.2019.87725","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70463899","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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